MIRRORS & LENSES

P R E P A R E D B Y:
MARINEL N. AMERICA
SCIENCE TEACHER
 LIGHT

• A form of energy that can be

converted into other forms.

Light to Chemical

in photosynthesis which occurs in leaves

Photographic film records images

 NATURE OF LIGHT

Is it a wave
or a
particle?
 ISAAC NEWTON

advocated the the particle theory

“Lightconsists of tiny particles of

matter emitted by a source and
spreads outward in straight lines
called rays.
 CHRISTIAN HUYGENS

Dutch Mathematician and scientist,

He theorized that light

consists of a series of waves
with their wave fronts at right
angles to the path of the rays.
 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

• It weakened the wave theory of light.

• According to the Huygens’ theory “ an
increase in light intensity should result in
the increase in the velocity of the
photoelectrons but it did not happen.
Because an increase in intensity increased
the number of electrons emitted, but
velocities were the same as those emitted
at lower light intensity.”
 THE QUANTUM THEORY

• Max Planck ( German Physicists)

Presented the theory that electrons absorbed
energy only in discrete quantities proportional to
their frequencies.

Albert Einstein adopted Planck’s concept and

formulated the quantum theory which helped Niels
Bohr build a workable and acceptable model of the
atomic structure.
 DUAL NATURE OF LIGHT

Bohr’s concept of discrete energy levels provided

the French Physicist Louis de Broglie with the
theory of the dual nature of light.

Light had both particles and wavelike properties.

 REFLECTION

• The bouncing back of light as it hits a barrier or

medium.
 REFLECTION

REGULAR/ SPECULAR IRREGULAR/ DIFFUSE

 REFRACTION

• Bending of light as it travels from one medium to

another.
• Refraction occurs when light’s velocity changes

OPTICAL DENSITY
The property of a transparent substance which
measures the speed of light through the
substance.
Substance of HOD allows light to travel slowly
( water )
Substance of LOD allows light to travel fast ( air )
 ANGLE OF INCIDENCE VS. ANGLE OF
REFRACTION

Incident ray Ray of light travel from

LOD to HOD
• Speed decreases
• Angle of incidence > angle
of refraction
Air I
Ray of light travel from
Water HOD to LOD
r • Speed increases
• Angle of incidence < angle
of refraction
refracted ray
LENSES
TRANSPARENT OBJECT BOUNDED BY ONE OR MORE CURVED
SURFACES.

• Convex Lens • Concave Lens

CONVEX LENS

Thicker at the
center than the
edges
A converging lens
Rays of light meet
at a common point
called the focus
CONVEX LENSES AND IMAGES
Examples of CONVEX lenses
1. Magnifying glass

2. Cameras

3. Telescopes

4. Our Eyes

5. Glasses
CONCAVE LENS
 Thinner at the center than
at the edges

 When parallel rays of light

pass through a concave
lens the refracted rays
diverge so that they appear
to come from one point
called the principal focus.

 The image formed is

virtual and diminished
(smaller)
CONCAVE LENSES AND IMAGES
 EXAMPLE OF CONCAVE LENSES

• Nearsighted eyeglasses
(can’t see far away)
 LENS TERMINOLOGY

1. Principal axis- line that passes through the

optical center of the lens.
2. Principal focus-the point where rays of light
parallel to the principal axis converge after
being refracted by the lens.
3. Optical center-the geometric center of the lens
through which the secondary axes pass.
4. Focal length-the distance from the principal
focus to the optical center.
 PARTS OF A LENS

Lens axis

Principal focus
Optical Center
Principal
axis
F O F
 RULES FOR DRAWING REFERENCE RAYS

CONVEX LENS CONCAVE LENS

FROM FROM FROM FROM
OBJECT CONVER OBJECT CONVER
RAY TO LENS GING RAY TO LENS GING
LENS TO LENS TO
IMAGE IMAGE
Parallel Parallel to Passes Parallel Parallel to Directed
ray principal through ray principal away
axis the focal axis from focal
point point
Central To the From the Central To the From the
Ray center of center of Ray center of center of
the lens the lens the lens the lens
Focal ray Passes Parallel to Focal ray Proceedin Parallel to
through the g toward the
the focal principal back principal
point axis focal axis
point
 RAY DIAGRAM FOR CONVEX LENS

For an object outside the focal point,

a real inverted image will be formed.
RAY DIAGRAM FOR CONVEX LENS

For an object inside the focal point, a

virtual erect image will be formed.
RAY DIAGRAM FOR CONCAVE LENS
Location of Object Locatio Orientation Size Type
n (upright or (same, (real or
inverted) reduced or virtual)
enlarged)
CONVEX LENS
A. Beyond 2F’

B. At 2F’

C. Between 2F’and
F’
D. At the Focal
point, F’
E. Between F’ and O
CONCAVE LENS
F. At 2F’
G. At the Focal
point, F’

H. Between F’ and O
 SIGN CONVENTION FOR THIN LENS

+ Converging lens
Focal length
- Diverging lens
+ if the object is to the left of the lens (real object)

Distance of the if the object is to the right of the lens (virtual object)
object ( do )
+ for an image (real) formed to the right of the lens
by a real object
Distance of the
Image ( di ) - for an image (virtual) formed to the left of the lens
by a real object
+ for an image that is upright with respect to the
Magnification object

-for an image that is inverted with respect to the

object.
THE LENS EQUATION
 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1

What is the image distance

and image size if a 5.00-cm
tall light bulb is placed a
distance of 45.5 cm from a
convex lens having a focal
length of 15.4 cm?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2

What is the image distance

and image size if a 3.00-cm
tall light bulb is placed a
distance of 30.5 cm from a
diverging lens having a focal
length of -10.2 cm?
 TRY SOLVING THIS…
1. Determine the image distance and
image height for a 8.00-cm tall
object placed 46.5 cm from a convex
lens having a focal length of 16.0
cm.

2. A 3.10-cm diameter coin is placed a

distance of 25.0 cm from a concave
lens that has a focal length of -11.0 cm.
Determine the image distance and the
diameter of the image.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Magnifying glass
A single positive
lens

Its main function is

to provide an image
of an object that is
bigger than that
seen by the naked
eye.
 A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

• It uses two
converging lenses
with short focal
lengths.
• Objective lens-
forms a real, enlarge
inverted image
• Eyepiece- enlarged
erect, and virtual
final image
 TELESCOPE
=ALLOWS TO SEE DISTANT OBJECTS

Has two converging lens

The objective lens forms
a real image of a very
distant object within the
focus of the eyepiece
lens. Meanwhile, the
focal length of the
objective lens must be
relatively longer than
the eyepiece lens for
bigger magnification.
 CAMERA

• A box- like device

used for taking
pictures. It uses a lens
that produces real
image on a
photographic film. It
has a shutter that
opens just long
enough to allow the
image to fall on the
film before closing
again.
 BINOCULARS
A PAIR OF TELESCOPE MOUNTED TOGETHER
• The image formed by
the objective lens is
upside-down, and the
left and right sides are
reversed.
• It uses a system of
prisms to switch the
image left to right and
right to left. Then the
eyepieces create
enlarged, virtual ,
upright images.
 ENDOSCOPE

• A long flexible tube • It has a converging

that is inserted in lens and bunches of
optical fibers that
the body so that
convey the image to
the doctor can the end of the tube,
observe internal where the image can
passages such as a be observed through a
person’s computer monitor or
esophagus or screen.
intestines. • An endoscope uses the
concept of total
internal reflection.
 SCPECTROMETER

• Uses the principle

of diffraction to
create a spectrum
of colors emitted
by a light source.
This aids scientists
and engineers in
identifying different
substances.
 OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

• Has a mirror, which

focuses light from an
intense source onto a
pair of converging
lenses. These lenses
direct the light through
the slide to a projection
lens. The lens is
mounted on a sliding
tube so that it can be
adjusted to be able to
focus the real image on
the screen.
 PERISCOPE

• An optical device
consisting of a tube
attached to a set of
mirrors or prisms,
through which an
observer ( typically in
a submerged
submarine or behind
a high obstacle) can
see things that are
otherwise out of sight.
 INTERFEROMETER

• An optical device that

uses the concepts of
diffraction and
interference to make
precise
measurements of
very small distances.
It can also be used to
measure changes in
the index of
refraction.