LIGHT Final

LIGHT
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
The change in direction of a ray of light when it
strikes a surface without passing through it is
known as reflection of light.
Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
Incidence (i) reflection (r)
Mirror
Incident ray
A ray of light striking a surface
Reflected ray
A ray of light that has been reflected after striking a surface
Angle of incidence
The angle between a incident ray and the normal to the surface at
point where it reflects from a surface
Angle of reflection
The angle between a reflected ray and the normal to the surface at
point where it meets a surface
Normal
The line drawn at right angle to a surface at the point where a ray
strikes the surface
Law of reflection
The angle of incidence is equals to angle of
reflection (i = r)
i=r
Let’s learn about Real and Virtual Image
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyYaDeTonVQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwBK_cXUTZI
Experiment to illustrate the law of reflection
Equipment:, A4 paper, ruler, plane mirror, pencil and ray box.
Procedure:
• Draw a line AB on a piece of paper.

• Mark M the midpoint of AB.
• Draw MN the line perpendicular to AB at M.
• Draw OM the line making an angle of 45° with MN.
• Place the mirror on the line AB.
• Position the ray box so that the ray is directed along the line
OM.
• Mark the position of the reflected ray, IM.
• Remove the mirror and measure the angle between MN and
IM.
• Repeat the experiment for different angles of OMN.
Observation & Conclusion

It is found that angle OMN is equal to angle IMN, i.e. the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Experiment to find the position and characteristics of
an optical image formed by a plane mirror.
Equipment: optic pins, A4 paper, ruler, plane mirror, pencil.
Procedure
• Draw a line AB on a piece of paper and place a mirror
vertically on AB.
• Stick a pin O in front of the plane mirror.
• View the image of O from position X
• Place pin P so that it covers the image of O.
• Place another pin Q so that it is in line with pin P and the image of O.
• Repeat the same procedure from position Y.
• Place a pin R to cover the image of O.
• Place another pin S in line with both R and the image of O.
• Remove the mirror and mark the position of the pins.
• Draw line from X which pass through point P and Q, also draw line from Y which
pass through point S and R and mark I where both lines meet.
• Join O and I to meet the mirror AB at M.
• Measure the distances IM and OM.
Observation & Conclusion

• It is found that IM = OM.
• This shows that the image in a
mirror is as far behind the mirror
as the object is in front of it.
• Image is same size as object.
• Image formed is laterally inverted.
• Erect (up right) image
• Image is virtual
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
The bending of a ray of light on passing from one medium to
another is called refraction of light.
Angle of incident
Incident ray
normal
Glass block
refracted ray
Angle of
refraction
emergent ray
• When the light is travelling from optically less dense medium
to denser medium the light ray bend towards the normal,
because the speed of the light decreases.
• When the light travelling from optically dense medium to less

dense medium the light ray bend away from the normal,
because the speed of the light increases.
Angle of refraction
The angle between a refracted ray and the normal to the surface
at point where it passes from one material to another.
Refractive index
The property of material that determines the extent to which it
causes ray of light to be refracted.
Refractive index = ɳ=
Results:
Angle of incidence Angle of
refraction Sin i Sin r Sin i/Sin r
45o
30o
60o
Conclusion:
The value of sin i / sin r is ……………………………… for light
travelling from given medium to another.
Applications of Snell’s Law
Snell’s Law has many real-life applications in many optical
apparatuses such as eyeglasses, contact lenses, and cameras. There
is an instrument called a refractometer that uses Snell’s Law to
calculate the refractive index of liquids.
Snell’s Law is the basis of optical technology. Optical components and

systems are designed using Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection. An
essential application of Snell’s Law is fiber optics. Fiber optic cables
are used in telecommunications, especially data transmission in high-
speed servers
If a light ray is refracted in air at an angle of 45 o and its refractive
index 1.00 then it enters in another medium with index of
refraction is 1.33. Find ϴr using snell’s law.
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
When the light is travelling from optically dense medium to low
dense medium, the refracted ray bend away from the normal and
also some ray of light reflected in the dense medium as shown
below.
If the angle of incident is increased, more light is reflected inside

the block. The refracted light bends even further away from the
normal
Eventually at one particular angle, the refracted ray emerges
along and parallel to the surface of the block and perpendicular
to the normal as shown below.
When the refracted ray is perpendicular to the normal, the angle

between incident ray and normal in the dense medium is called
critical angle.
Or the largest angle at which the refraction occur.
Critical angle (c)

If the light ray incident on the block is greater than the critical
angle, the light is entirely reflected inside the glass block. This
phenomenon is known as total internal reflection .
Angle of incidence is greater

than critical angle (c)
When the light is travelling from optically dense medium to

optically less dense medium and if the angle of incidence is
greater than the critical angle , all the light is reflected back
into denser medium. This is known as total internal reflection.
Optical fibres
Optical fibres are thin and flexible. When light enters it , it is
totally reflected many times until it comes from the other end.
Telephone or computer messages can be transmitted by light
along optical fibres.
There are some advantages of using optical fibres rather than
copper wire:
Each of these fibres are capable of carrying thousands of
telephone calls simultaneously.
The speed of signal is also faster.
LENSES
Convex (converging) lens
Convex lenses are thicker in the middle and thin round the edge.
When parallel light rays pass through a convex lens , they are bent
inwards. The point F where they converge(meet) is called the
principal focus (f) or focus point.
The distance from centre of the lens to the principal focus is called
the focal length.
Concave (diverging) lens
Concave lenses are thin in the middle and thickest round the edge.
When parallel light rays pass through a concave lens , they are bent
outwards. The principal focus is the point from which the rays
appear to diverge (spread out). A concave lens is a diverging lens.
Images Formed by convex(converging) lens
Object between center of the lens and principal focus
2F I 1F O 1F 2F
Characteristics of image formed:

Image is virtual, magnified (enlarged), upright
This type of image is formed in magnifying glass
Images of by convex(converging) lens
Object at principal focus F
2F 1F 1F 2F
O

At infinity
Object between 1F and 2F
I
2F O 1F 1F 2F

Image is real, magnified (enlarged), upside down (inverted)
This type of image formed in projectors and photographic
enlarger
Object at 2F
I
2F 1F 1F 2F
O

Image is real, same size as object, upside down (inverted)
Object beyond 2F
I
O 2F 1F 1F 2F

Image is real, smaller than object (diminished), upside down
(inverted)
This type of image formed in camera
Images Formed by concave(diverging) lens
2F O 1F I 1F 2F

For concave lens the image formed has same characters,
when the object is at any position. That is virtual, upright and
image is smaller than object (diminished).
Linear magnification
An image can be MAGNIFIED so that it appears larger than the
object (i.e. the magnification is greater than 1) or DIMINISHED
so that it appears smaller than the object (i.e. the magnification
is less than 1)
Linear magnification = =
Example:
Linear magnification = = = 1.5

Image from a human eye
Normal eye
In a normal human eye the image is formed in retina.
Short sight eye
In the short sight eye the image is formed infront of the retina.
Correcting short sight

Short sight can be corrected by using concave lens infront of
the eye.
Long sight eye
In the long sight eye the image is formed beyond the retina.
Correcting long sight

long sight can be corrected by using convex lens infront of the
eye.

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LIGHT

Incident ray Reflected ray

• Draw a line AB on a piece of paper.

Observation & Conclusion

Observation & Conclusion

• When the light travelling from optically dense medium to less

Snell’s Law is the basis of optical technology. Optical components and

If the angle of incident is increased, more light is reflected inside

When the refracted ray is perpendicular to the normal, the angle

Critical angle (c)

Angle of incidence is greater

When the light is travelling from optically dense medium to

Characteristics of image formed:

Characteristics of image formed:

Characteristics of image formed:

Characteristics of image formed:

Characteristics of image formed:

Characteristics of image formed:

Linear magnification = = = 1.5

Correcting short sight

Correcting long sight

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