LESSON VII.

CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
CONCEPT OF CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Global governance or world governance is a movement
towards political cooperation among transnational actors,
aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect
more than one state or region. It aims to prepare
professionals to face challenges that require specific legal
and economic competencies, as well as a wide range of
technical knowledge and skills to manage cultural
mediations. It is certainly necessary because humanity
increasingly faces transnational problems such as violence
and pandemics that routinely reach across borders.
 THERE IS A SERIES OF
SPECIFIC FACTORS
BEHIND THE EMERGENCE
OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 1.Declining Power of Nation-
State
Nation- States defined as a typical
sovereign country dominated by a
particular ethnicity mainly in the nations of
Europe. This is a kind of state that always
based on fiction so that the equality of
citizens demanded by liberal states was
held to be compatible with the national
homogeneity
But as different ethnic groups demanded of the nation.
recognition and rights and as
refugees advocated for rights within the nation- states, the tension
between legal quality and national recognitions set the nations of Europe
against the states and established their own kind of government.
 2. Flows of Digital Information
through the Internet
It is difficult, if not impossible, for a nation-
state to stop such flow and in any case, it is
likely that such action would be politically
unpopular and bring much negative reaction
to the nation- state involved in such an effort.

For example;
China’s periodic efforts to interfere with the internet have brought great
condemnation both internally and externally. It is for the reason that
Chinese government block website contents and monitors individual’s
internet access.
3. Illegal Mass Migration
If states are unable to control this flow,
then there is a need for some sort of
global governance to help deal with the
problem. The flow of criminal elements,
as well as their products (drugs,
laundered money, those bought and
sold in sex trafficking, etc.), is a strong
factor in the call for global governance
(Levy and Sznaider, 2006).
4. Inability to control the Country
Another set of issues that has led to calls for global governance involves
horrendous events within nation - states the states themselves either
fome nt and carry out, or are unable to control (Nordstrom, 2004). For
example, the Sudan government is responsible for ‘ethnic cleansing’
and crimes against humanity in Darfur, one of the world’s poorest and
most inaccessible regions (2004 Human Rights Watch). It is for the
reason that black Africans from Darfur rebelled against the country’s
Arab Muslim leadership demanding improved infrastructure in the
region, proceeds from oil wealth and power - sharing government. The
Sudanese government retaliated by send ing its military forces to quell
the rebellion. This is a conflict in which hundreds of thousands of people
were killed and millions of them were displaced. The government is also
accused of burning and destroying villages in parts of Darfur and of
slaught ering men, women and children.
5. Global Financial Crises
There are problems that single nation cannot hope to tackle on their own.
Some nations (e.g. the nations
in Southeast Asia) have often been, and are being, victimized by such
crises. Unable to help themselves,
such nations are in need of assistance from so me type of global
governance. For example, the monetary assistance of China to the
countries that need recovery rom some economic loss. China is the
largest market in the world due to its large population. In last decade
around 8% of the total manufacturi ng output in the world came from
China itself and China ranked 3rd worldwide in industrial output. Plus,
China is the largest steel producer in the world, producing 45% of the
world’s steel. All these led to the high growth in their GDP. Plus, following
are the examples based on true events of neo colonialism that are
spreading by China:
1.Chinese government had
given loan to Sri Lanka for
building airport and Hambantota
port. Sri Lankan government
failed to recover the loan amount
and,on that basis, gaveaccess
of hambantota port to China for
99years on lease. Revenue part
will be taken care by China.
2. China also gave loan to Malaysia, South
Africa, Venezula, are the countries facing debt
trap and due to whic gave some or the other
access to their assets and stake to China.

The above examples are known as Debt Trap

Diplomacy means when a higher income
country gives a loan to middle- or lower-
income countries with the alleged intention of
making power and money from the debtor
country when it is unable to repay the debts.
This loan is not publicly disclosed. This
diplomacy is only applicable in bilateral
relationships and not multilateral relationships.
INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
International Relations
Is concerned with relations across boundaries of nation- states. It
addresses international political economy, global governance,
intercultural relations, national and ethnic identities, foreign policy
analysis, development studies, environment, international security,
diplomacy, terrorism, media, social movements and more. In this
section, the institutions that govern International Relation is
highlighted for those are greatly influence countries in many
governmental matters and concerns.
United Nations
The main function of the United Nations; is to preserve international
peace and security. Chapter 6 of the Charter provides for thepacific
settlement of disputes, through the intervention of the Security
Council, by means such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and
judicial decisions. The Security Council may investigate any
dispute or situation to determine whether it is likely to endanger
international peace and security. At any stage of the dispute, the
council may recommend appropriate procedures or methods of
adjustment, and, ifthe parties fail to settle the dispute by peaceful
means, the council may recommend terms of settlement.
WORLD BANK AND
INTERNATIONAL
MONETARY FUND
The World Bank and the IMF , often called the Bretton
Woods Institutions, are twin intergovernmental pillars
supporting the structure of the world’s economic and
financial order. Both have taken on expanding roles, and
there have been renewed calls for additional expansion of
their re reponsibilities, particularly in the continuing absence
of a single global monetary agreement. The two institutions
may seem to have confusing or overlapping functions.
However, while some similarities exist (see the following
figure), they are two distinct organizations with different
roles.
The World Bank is internationally recognized and supported that
provides technical and financial assistance to many developing
countries in the world. Also, it aids their advancement, in an
economy with a primary goal of reducing poverty. World bank has
the largest knowledge of developing countries. Also, they are the
largest source when it comes to funding. The World Bank provides
long -term loans for various development projects of 5 to 20 years
duration.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) i s an international
organization that aims to accomplish a number of different goals.
These include reducing global poverty , encouraging international
trade, and promoting financial stability and economic growth. The
IMF has three main functions: overseeing economic development,
lending, and capacity development.
THANK
YOU!!!
CHARUTTTT
LANGGGG!!!
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO GOVERNMENTS

One of the key concepts of state sovereignty is the government.

It is a group of people who have ultimate authority to act on
behalf of state. Each state has its own right to self -determination
and that other country should not intervene in the affairs of the
state unless there are extraordinary reasons to do so.
Each state is autonomous unto itself and
responsible within its own system of
government to those who are
governed.
A civil society within a state can also act as a counterweight or as a
supplement to government. Civil society includes the private
economy, educational institutions, churches, hospitals, fraternal
organizations and other non -profit organizations. There have been
several challenges to the government and ultimately, to state
autonomy. We can divide these challenges into four:
traditional challenges, challenges from
national or identity movements, global
economics and global social
movements.
Traditional Challenges Movements
External intervention can generally be described as invasion
b y other countries. For example, when Saddam Hussein
was the ruler of Iraq in 1990, he decided to take over the oil
field of Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait and took it over. As a
result, he was dislodged by an international coalition led by
the United States.
Challenges from National or Identity
The next challenges are part of a national or identity movement . It
is important to know that a nation has cultural identity that people
attached to, while a state is a definite entity due to its specific
boundaries. However, different people with different identities can
live in different states. For example, the Kurds reside in several
different countries including Iraq, Iran and Turkey. The Catalans live
primarily in Spain but we can also fi nd some of them in France.
Global Economics
The third major source of challenge comes from global
economics. It demands the states to conform to the rules of
free market capitalism. It focuses on free trade and
dismantling trade barriers.
A specific example to expand global economic influence is
the use of IMF and the World Bank in forcing government
reforms in poorer country
Global Social Movements
Social Movements are movements of people that are
spontaneous or that emerge through enormous
Grass root organization.
For example, the human rights movements create a public
sentiment, value and agenda. This advocate certain rights like
what we call human rights. If a country decides that they are going
to have a certain policy and if that policy violates the international
standard of human rights, there is a challenge to the ability of the
states to fully implement it.
There is also an increased role in international organizations like
the United Nations and the International Criminal Court in Hague,
the role of non -governmental organizations like Amnesty
International and the role of global media.
The Relevance of the State amid Globalization
he state is the distinctive political community with its own set of
rules and practices that is more or less separate from other
communities. It has four elements: people, territory, government
and sovereignty. The first element of the state is a permanent
population. This does not refer to nomadic people that changes
residences in indefinite time. The permanent presence in one
location is strengthened by the second element of a state, a defined
territory and its pertained to the boundaries of the state. The third
element is the government that regulates relations among its
people and with other states. This means that the state is a formally
constituted sovereign political structure encompassing people,
territory, and its institutions on the one hand, and maintaining its
autonomy from other states on the other hand.
It is important to differentiate the idea of nation from state.
Nation refers to a people rather than any kind of formal
territorial boundaries or institutions. It is a collective identity
grounded on a notion of shared history and culture. If we talk
about the Philippines as a state, we may refer to the Philippine
government, the Philippine territory and its internal and external
sovereignty. In other words, the state is a political concept
while a nation is a cultural concept.
The role of the nation -state in a global world is largely a
regulatory one as the chief factor in global interdependence. A
variety of arguments are made including that nation - states
continue to be the major players on the global stage (Gilpin,
2001), that they “retain at least some power in the face of
globalization” (Conley, 2002, pp.378-3 99), that they vary greatly
in “ their efficacy in the face of Globalization” (Mann, 2007, p.472),
and that the rumors of the demise of the nation- state are greatly
exaggerated. A related point is that it would be a mistake simply
“to see globalization as a threat to, a constraint on, the nation-
state; it can be also be an opportunity for the nation - state”
(Conley, 2002, pp. 378- 399).
 FINALLY

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