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    11 views18 pages

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    Uploaded by

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    Registers

    Registers are high-speed storage locations directly inside the CPU, designed to
    be accessed at much higher speed than conventional memory.
    Types of registers
    • General purpose Registers
    • Segment Registers
    • Status Flags Register
    • Instruction Pointer
    General Purpose Register: Can be divided into Data and Index
    Data Registers: Are used for arithmetic and data movement
    • AX (Accumulator register) -> perform operations
    • BX (Base Register) -> Address
    • CX (Counter Register) -> Loop
    • DX (Data Register) -> Data Storage
    Index Register: Contains the offsets of data and instructions.
    • BP (Base pointer Register)
    • SP (Stack pointer Register)
    • SI (Source Index Register)
    • DI (Destination Index Register)
    OPCODE OPERAND EXPLANATION EXAMPLE
    ADD D, S D=D+S ADD AX, [2050]
    D = D + S + prev.
    ADC D, S ADC AX, BX
    carry
    SUB D, S D=D–S SUB AX, [SI]
    D = D – S – prev.
    SBB D, S SBB [2050], 0050
    carry
    AX = AL * 8-bit
    MUL 8-bit register MUL BH
    reg.
    DX AX = AX * 16-
    MUL 16-bit register MUL CX
    bit reg.
    AX = AX / 8-bit
    reg. ; AL =
    DIV 8-bit register DIV BL
    quotient ; AH =
    remainder
    DX AX / 16-bit
    reg. ; AX =
    DIV 16-bit register DIV CX
    quotient ; DX =
    remainder
    ;8+4-2+3

    .code
    add ax,bx
    main proc
    mov ax,8 sub ax,cx
    mov bx,4
    mov cx,2 add ax,dx
    mov dx,3
    hlt
    main endp

    end main
    .exit
    Practice (Addition)
    org 100h ; Start at offset 100h for .COM file compatibility
    ; Define variables
    num1 db 10h ; First number (hexadecimal 10 = decimal 16)
    num2 db 05h ; Second number (hexadecimal 05 = decimal 5)
    add_result db ? ; Storage for addition result
    sub_result db ? ; Storage for subtraction result
    start:
    ; Addition
    mov al, num1 ; Load num1 into AL
    add al, num2 ; Add num2 to AL
    mov add_result, al ; Store addition result in add_result
    ; Exit program
    mov ax, 4C00h
    int 21h
    Practice (Subtraction)
    org 100h ; Start at offset 100h for .COM file compatibility
    ; Define variables
    num1 db 10h ; First number (hexadecimal 10 = decimal 16)
    num2 db 05h ; Second number (hexadecimal 05 = decimal 5)
    add_result db ? ; Storage for addition result
    sub_result db ? ; Storage for subtraction result
    start:
    ; Subtraction
    mov al, num1 ; Reload num1 into AL
    sub al, num2 ; Subtract num2 from AL
    mov sub_result, al ; Store subtraction result in sub_result
    ; Exit program
    mov ax, 4C00h
    int 21h
    Practice (Multiplication)
    org 100h ; Start at offset 100h for .COM file compatibility
    ; Define variables
    num1 db 4 ; First number (4)
    num2 db 3 ; Second number (3)
    result dw ? ; Storage for 16-bit result (since 8-bit * 8-bit = 16-bit result)
    start:
    ; Load first number into AL
    mov al, num1 ; Move num1 (4) into AL
    ; Perform unsigned multiplication with num2
    mov bl, num2 ; Move num2 (3) into BL
    mul bl ; Multiply AL by BL (AL * BL). Result is in AX.
    Practice (Division)
    org 100h ; Start at offset 100h for .COM file compatibility

    ; Define variables
    num1 db 20 ; Dividend (20 in decimal)
    num2 db 6 ; Divisor (6 in decimal)
    quotient db ? ; Storage for quotient
    remainder db ? ; Storage for remainder

    start:
    ; Load the dividend into AX (AL for 8-bit operations)
    mov al, num1 ; Move the value of num1 (20) into AL
    Tasks:
    1. Write a program in assembly language that calculates the square of
    six by adding six to the accumulator six times.
    2. Write a program to solve the following equation
    DX = AX + BH – CL + DX
    Initialize AX, BH, CL, DX registers with 0100h, 55ABh, 0A11h, and
    0001h values respectively.

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