Chapter No 2

Computer Hardware
And

Software
 Computer
Hardware
 Basic Architecture of Computer
System
Computer Architecture:
• -> The conceptual structure around which a
given computer is designed.

• -> computer architecture is the practical art of

selecting and interconnecting hardware components
to create computers that meet functional,
performance and cost goals and the formal modeling
of those systems.
So,
Different Computers have different architecture,
But the organization remains the same for all
computer systems.
The central Processing Unit (CPU) used in
microcomputers is also called the “microprocessor”.
Basic Parts of Digital Computer

There are three Parts of

Digital computer CPU,
Memory and input/out put
Devices
 Microprocessor
CPU stand for (Central Processing Unit ). It is the
Brain of Computer. It is also called Processor.
So its means a computer cannot work without CPU.

CPU consist of two units

1) ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)

2) CU (Control Unit)
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
All Arithmetic and Logical operations are
performed in “Arithmetic and Logic Unit ”.
such as (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division and logical Operations such as less
then “<“,
grater then “>”,and equality “=“)
 CU (Control Unit)
It acts as a supervisor of the Computer.
(Selecting, interpreting and seeing to the
execution of the program instructions).
So,
The CU doesn’t process data, it acts as a
central nervous system.
 Memory unit (MU)

The Memory storage area of CPU is

called MU (Memory Unit)
OR
CPU Register.
 These are the fastest storage area in a
computer.
Few most commonly used registers of a CPU
are (AX, BX, CX, DX)

These registers are available in different in sizes

like 16 bits,32 bits and 64 bits
 Types of Memory

1). RAM (Random Access Memory )

2).ROM (Read only Memory )

RAM (Random Access Memory)

•It is volatile memory

•It is easier to replace in a computer.
•It is available in different sizes and
speeds.
 ROM (Read only Memory)
A Computer Memory on which the data has been
“prerecorded” is called ROM.
Data written into a ROM at the time of
manufacture.
Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it
cannot be removed and can only be read.
 Types of ROM
1) PROM (Programmable ROM)
2) EPROM (Erasable
Programmable ROM)
3) EEPROM
PROM (Programmable ROM)

A PROM allows the data to be loaded

by the user, by connecting a fuse
between the emitter and the bit-line.
PROM Provide a faster and less
expensive approach for storing.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable
ROM)

EPROM chip allows the data to be erased

and new data can be reprogrammed.
This can be accomplished by exposing the
chip to ultraviolet light.
 EEPROM (Electrically erasable
Programmable ROM)

EEPROM, the content of cells can be

erased by the application of high
voltage.
 Computer Bus
A collection of wires through which data is
transmitted from one part of a computer to
another.
Data Bus
It is used to carry data signals

Address Bus
It is used to carry Address signals

Control Bus
It is used to carry Control signals
 Input Devices
The devices used in computer system to enter
data in to a computer.

Key Board

(Ergonomic, Compact, Multimedia & gaming

and Virtual Key Boards)
 Mouse

Mechanical, optical, Joystick, Trackball,

Mouse pen.
Track Pads, Image Scanner, Digital Camera.
 Output Devices
Monitors, Monochrome Monitors,
Color Monitors, Flat Panel Monitors,
touch screen Monitors,
Printers, Dot Matrix Printers, Ink-Jet
Printers, Laser Printers, Plotters,
 Plotter
A device that draws pictures on paper based on
commands from a computer. Plotters differ from
printers in that they draw lines using a pen. As a result,
they can produce continuous lines, whereas printers
can only simulate lines by printing a closely spaced
series of dots. Multicolor plotters use different-colored
pens to draw different colors.
In general, plotters are considerably more expensive
than printers. They are used in engineering applications
where precision is mandatory.
Storage Devices

1): Primary Storage

RAM
2): Secondary Storage
Magnetic Disks
Magnetic Disks
Floppy Disk
Hard Dik
Magnetic Tap
 CD-ROM
USB Flash Drive
 Computer Software

Set of Ordered instructions that enable a

computer to carry out a specific task
 Computer
Software
Basic Types of Software

1)System Software
2)Utility Programs
3)Application Software
 System Software
System Software, which consists of programs that control
the operations of the Computer and its devices, serves as
the interface between Users and Computer Hardware.

So,

The Types of System software are the operating system

and Language Processors etc.
 Operating System Or Operating Software

It is an integrated set of programs that is used to

manage the various resources and over all operations
of a computer system. It is designed to support the
activities of a computer installation.
Operating system perform basic tasks, such as
recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output
to the display screen, keeping track of files and
directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral
devices such as disk drive and printers.
 Language Processor

These are the Programs “used to

translate high level Language
program into low level Language
program.
 Compiler

“A program that translates

Source code into Object
code”.
Source code and Object code”.

Source code: High Level Language

Object code: Low Level Language
 Interpreter

A program that “ Translate

instructions written in a high
level language into low level
language”.
 Assembler

Is a type of translator. It is a program, witch

translates an assembly language program to
its machine language equivalent.
 Application Software
“ A program or Group of programs designed for
end users”.
Application software consists of programs
designed to perform specific tasks for users.
 Utility Programs
“A program that performs a very specific task, usually related to
managing system resources”.

Operating systems contain a number of utilities for managing

disk drives, printers, and other devices.
Utilities differ from applications mostly in terms of size, complexity
and function. For example, word processors, spreadsheet programs,
and database applications are considered applications because they
are large programs that perform a variety of functions not directly
related to managing computer resources.
 Example of Utility Programs

Anti-virus, Backup, Data compression,

Disk checkers, Disk cleaners, Disk compression,
Disk defragmenters, Disk partitions,
Disk space analyzers, Disk storage, ArchiveFile
managers, Cryptographic, Hex editors,
Memory tester, Network utilities, Registry cleaners,
Screensavers, System monitors
 Programming Languages

Language is a communication medium

through which we can express our
feelings, thoughts and emotions to others.
Types of Computer Languages

Low Level Language

High Level Language
 Low Level Language

It is a language of 0’s and 1’s.

The Computer can execute

program written in machine language very
fast, Because the CPU directly understands
machine instructions and no translation of
the program is required.
 High Level Language

A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal

that enables a programmer to write programs that are
more or less independent of a particular type of
computer. Such languages are considered high-level
because they are closer to human languages and
further from machine languages. In contrast,
assembly languages are considered low-level because
they are very close to machine languages.
The first high-level
programming languages were designed in the 1950s.
 Object Oriented Languages

A type of programming in which programmers define not only

the data type of a data structure, but also the types of
operations (functions) that can be applied to the data structure.
In this way, the data structure becomes an object that includes
both data and functions. In addition, programmers can create
relationships between one object and another. For example,
objects can inherit characteristics from other objects.
To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an
object-oriented programming language (OOPL). Java, C++ and
Smalltalk are three of the more popular languages, and there
are also object-oriented versions of Pascal.
 Data Base Query Language

SQL (Structured Query Language)

ETC.
 Chapter No. 2 is over

By: Abdul Qahar

Ref:1. Computer Applications in Business

(Dr Liaqat Ali Ch.)

2.World wide web

Any Question?
Thank You