CH_E
CH_E
CH_E
Essentials: Units,
Measurements,
and Problem
Solving
Chapter E
Essentials: Units, Measurements, and Problem Solving
KEY POINTS:
2. Numerical value
• Reflects the precision of the instrument or piece of glassware
used to make the measurement
• Example: 25.0 cm or 1.00 ft
Quantitative Measurement Errors
• Systematic or Determinate Error
– Error is in the same direction.
– Either higher or lower than should be
Random
Systematic
Standard Units of Measures (SI)
• Length: meter (m)
• Mass: kilogram (kg)
• Time: second (s)
• Temperature: kelvin (K)
• Amount of substance: mole (mol) 6.02 x 1023 units
• Electric Current: ampere (A)
• Luminous Intensity: candela (cd)
Metric System: Prefix Multipliers
common units:
Length: meter (m)
*Memorize symbols, prefixes, and values Volume: liter (L)
for EXAM* Mass: gram (g)
Time: second (s)
PRACTICE
How many meters are in 0.00670 km?
• Precision
– Agreement or closeness of a series of measured values.
– NOTE: You can be precise but not accurate in measurements
• Accuracy
– Agreement or closeness of measured value to actual
known value.
– NOTE: You can have accuracy in overall measurement but not be
precise.
• Leading zeroes:
– Place-holder zeroes to the left of a nonzero digit are NOT significant.
• Example: 0.0043 has two significant figures.
• Trailing zeroes:
– Zeroes to the right after a nonzero digit are NOT significant.
• Example: 7000 has only one significant figure.
• Example: 32040 has four significant figures since the interior zero is
significant.
50,003 km 96.455 mL
400 L
868.2 km
0.04450 m
2058273494 miles
Sig Figs with Scientific Notation
Use for very large or small numbers
0.00000000432
. Rules:
1. Move the decimal point until the
9 number is between 1 and 10
4.32 x 10-9 2. Add the exponential term with the
exponent equal to the number of
953.20
.
times you move the decimal point
3. The exponent is negative if you
moved the decimal right
2 4. The exponent is positive if you
9.5320 x 102 moved the decimal left
Scientific Notation
Practice:
12035 =
0.01450 =
Mathematical Operations and Sig. Figs
• Mathematical operations dictate the reporting of significant
figures in an answer.
• 45.0 cm / 9 cm = 5.0 cm
• (4.5 ft) x (12 in/1 ft) x (2.54 cm/1 in.) x (1 m/100 cm)
= 1.3716 m
Addition and Subtraction
• Examples:
2 3 . 4 6 7 in
+ 3 1 3 . 2 1 in
3 3 6 . 6 7 7in
4 5 7 cm
– 0 . 6 8 cm
4 5 6. 3 2 cm
Sig Figs rules in mathematical operations
practice:
9.3440 +67.3=¿
( 4.562 ∗3.99870)
=¿
( 452.6755 − 452.33)
=
E.5 Density
An Intensive Physical Property of Matter
Density = mass
volume
Independent of Size
Depend on Size
Practice Problem:
(1 cm3 = 1 mL)
Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm3. What is the mass in grams for 95 mL of
mercury?
• Strategy:
1. Convert mL to cm3.
2. Rearrange the equation to solve for mass.
3. Substitute numerical values and the units into the equation and calculate
the answer.
E.7 Converting between Units
Dimensional Analysis
A diamond has a mass of 241.5 carats (1 carat = 0.200 g). What is the
mass of the diamond in grams?
E.9 Solving Problems Involving
Equations
Practice Problems:
The mass of fuel in a jet must be calculated before each flight to ensure
that the jet is not too heavy to fly. A 747 is fueled with 173,231 L of jet
fuel. If the density is 0.768 g/mL, what is the mass of the fuel in
kilograms?