ACUTE EFFECTS OF

EXERCISE
 FLUID ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

Water constitute about 50%-60% of total body

weight.
It is referred to as intracellular fluid.
While extracellular fluid include interstitial fluid
containing blood plasma , lymph, and other body
fluids.
 ROLE OF WATER IN EXERCISE:

• Regulates body temperature

• Maintains blood pressure
• Keeps body hydrated during exercise
• Transportation of nutrients to tissues
• Removes CO2 and metabolic wastes from body
 WATER BALANCE:
At rest , water intake equals water output.

WATER BALANCE

4 Sources of water
Water intake loss:
includes: water • Evaporation from
ingested from skin
foods (30%) and • Evaporation from
fluids (60%) & respiratory tract
produced as • Excretion from
metabolic by- kidneys
product (10%). • Excretion from
large intestine
 WATER BALANCE DURING EXERCISE:
• Water loss accelerates during exercise and it depends
on the formation and evaporation of sweat.
• As body’s temperature increases, sweating increase in
an effort to prevent overheating.
• The amount of sweat produced during exercise depends
on environment , temperature , humidity , body size ,
metabolic rate.
• In order to prevent dehydration through sweating ,
kidney reduces urine production.
• Water at same time is produced by oxidative
metabolism , unfortunately the amount produced has
small impact on dehydration.
 FLUID LOSS

PLASMA VOLUME DECREASES

BLOOD PRESSURE
DECREASES

BLOOD FLOW DECREASES

TO  HEART RATE INCREASES

OVERCOME  TEMPERATURE
THIS INCREASES
 ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

• Water balance depends on electrolyte balance , and vice versa.

• When large amount of water is lost during exercise, balance between
water and electrolytes is disrupted quickly.
• Electrolytes are:- Sodium(Na) , Chloride(Cl) , Potassium(K) ,
Magnesium(Mg) , Calcium(Ca).
• Sodium and chloride are predominant ions in sweat and blood.
• To clear waste from blood and regulating water level kidneys also regulate
body’s electrolyte content.
• Urine production is major source for electrolyte loss.
• Body’s water loss increase during exercise; urine
production rate decreases in an effort to conserve
water.

• The body loses more water than electrolytes during

heavy sweating.
• Fluid intake during prolonged exercise minimises
dehydration and optimises cardiovascular and
thermoregulatory function.
 SUBSTRATE UTILISATION

• Primary fuel source is carbohydrates and fat.

• Fat oxidation requires more oxygen than
carbohydrates oxidation.
• Protein can serve as a secondary fuel source.
FATS:
• Fat is utilised in its simplest form , free fatty acids
and usually fuel exercise of moderate intensity over
a prolonged period of exercise
• Fat are stored under skin , around vital organs and in
muscles.
CARBOHYDRATES:
• CHO – stored in liver and skeletal muscle in the form
of glycogen.
• For CHO to be utilized for energy , it needs to be in
its simple form of glucose in blood.
• Glucose is preferred source of energy to fuel high
intensity exercise.
PROTEINS:
• Secondary fuel source
• Main function is to build , maintain and restore cells
PHOSPHOGEN SYSTEM:
• Creatine phosphate is a high energy compound in
skeletal muscle. ATP is resynthesised from ADP and
Pi.
• Small amount of ATP and CP are stored in muscle
and therefore energy stored for 8 seconds of
maximal muscle contraction.
• This energy is important for onset of exercise for a
high intensity and short duration.
• Once this energy is depleted . The body relies on
glucose for energy.
GLYCOLYSIS:
• GLYCOLYSIS generates anaerobic energy from
glucose breakdown to form pyruvic acid.
• By product of lactate formation is H+ ions. Constant
exercise will cause a build up of H+ ions in the
muscle and blood. This lowers the pH of blood and
causes muscle fatigue.
• This pathway will provide a rapid supply of ATP for
energy for intense and short burst of activity
• The end product is pyruvate , which if not used ,
forms lactic acid or enters krebs cycle.
AEROBIC METABOLISM:
• Pyruvate enters as acetyl-CoA
• Yields thirty six ATPs
• H2O and CO2 are by products
• When exercise exceeds 40 minutes , lipolysis will
provide ATP(1 FAT molecule= 129 ATP)
 ACID BASE BALANCE

• The numbers of H+ ions [ hydrogen ions ] in a

solution is a measure of acidity of the solution.
• Control of normal hydrogen ion concentration within
the body is important factor in maintaining stable
internal environment.
acid releases
substance H+ ions
IN
SOLUTION
base Absorbs
substance H+ ions
• pH scale : [ potential of hydrogen ]

• body fluids have pH values that must be maintained

within relatively narrow limits for normal cell activity.
• Blood has pH value of 7.35 – 7.45

• Buffer system prevents dramatic changes of pH

values of blood. Lungs and kidneys are organs
most active for this.
• pH is in proportion with Hco3 -
 IN HUMAN BODY :
H 20 + C02
H2CO3

H2CO3 H+ +
HCO3-

H2CO3 is unstable so it splits immediately.

• Increase in H+ ions will activate chemoreceptors
present in medulla,aortic,carotid bodies.
• Which facilitates hyperventilation
• That reduces amount of co 2.
Buffering
• Three mechanisms regulate pH of internal
environment :
1.Chemical buffers
2.Pulmonary ventilation
3.Renal function
• Chemical buffer:
Bicarbonate buffer that consists sodium
bicarbonate [NAHCO3 ] and HCI
• During buffering :
• HCL + NaHCO 3 NaCl + H2CO3 H+
+HCO3 –

• Buffering of HCL (hydrochloric acid) produces slight

reduction in pH.
• LACTIC ACID : [C3H6O3]
Fully soluble in water.
NaHCO3+ CH3CH(OH)COOH H2CO3 +
NaC3H5O3
• When H+ concentration increases
hyperventilation occurs.
• When H+ concentration decreases it will
inhibit ventilator drive.
Phosphate buffer:
• kidney tubules and intra cellular fluids have higher
phosphate concentration.
• Protein buffers:
1.Venous blood buffers the released H+ ions from H2co3
2.Hb is six times more potent ( H+ acceptor ) in
regulating acidity than other plasma proteins.
3.Hb releases oxygen to cells that will make Hb a weaker
acid. There by increasing its affinity for H+ to bind with it.
Thus deoxygenated Hb readily combines with H+ ion in a
reaction.
• Intracellular tissue plasma proteins also regulates plasma
protein.
• Acid radical: After removal of H+ ion from an acid is
called as acid radical
• e.g, HCl H+ + Cl-
• Amino acid contains amine and carboxyl functional
groups. 21 types of amino acids are there. for example,
tyrosine, tryptophan etc.
• In body some amino acid posses free acid radicals, when
disassociated they form OH- that readily reacts with H+
to form water.
•
Physiologic buffers :
1.Pulmonary
2.Renal
• “second line of defense that’s when a change in pH
has been already occur.”
VENTILATORY BUFFERS:
• When H+ in extra cellular fluids and plasma increases it directly
stimulates respiratory centers to immediately increase alveolar
ventilation. Which causes co2 to be “blown off “ from blood.
• Reduced plasma co 2 levels accelerates recombination of H+ and
HCO3-
• For example ,doubling alveolar ventilation with hyperventilation
at rest increases blood alkalinity and pH by 0.23 units that is,
from 7.40 to 7.63.
• Conversely, reducing normal alveolar ventilation (hypo
ventilation ) by half increases blood acidity by approximately
0.23 units. The potentials magnitude of ventilatory buffering
equals twice the combined effect of all body’s chemical buffers.
RENAL BUFFERS
• Chemical buffer only temporarily affect excess acid
build up.
• Excretion of H+ by kidneys although relatively slow ,
provides an important longer term defense that
maintains Body’s buffer reserve known as alkaline
reserve.
• To this end, the kidneys stand as final guardians to
preserve normal function.
• The renal tubules regulates acidity through complex
chemical reaction that secrete ammonia (NH3) and
H+ into urine and then Re absorbs alkali , chloride
and bicarbonate.
 Effect of intense exercise :

• Humans temporarily tolerate prounounced

disturbances in acid base balance during maximal
exercises, at least toan overall blood pH as low as
6.80. A plasma pH below 7.00 does not occur without
consequences. This level of acidosis produces
nausea , headache , and dizziness in addition to
discomfort and pain that ranges from mild to severe
within active muscles .
Attitude hypoxia :
• Immediate effects are hyperventilation and body
fluids then become more alkaline due to reduced co2.
[formation of H2co3] and longer effects includes
hyperventilation and excretion of base HCO3- via
kidneys with reduced alkaline reserve.
 BODY TEMPRATURE
• The hypothalamus contains central coordinating
center for temprature regulation. This group of
specialised neurons works as thermostat to regulate
temprature between 37°c ± 1°c [ 98.6 F° ± 1.8°F ] .
• However hypohalamus can not turn off heat. It only
initiates when core temprature changes from its
“norm” because of heat gain or heat loss.
• Thermal regulating mechanisms can be activated in
two ways :
1.thermal receptors from the skin sends peripheral
input to hypothalamic central control center.
2.Temprature changes in blood directly stimulates
thalamus while perfusion
Regulating body temprature in cold and heat
exposure:
Thank you