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Philosophy Lesson 1 and 2

introduction to philosophy

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25 views18 pages

Philosophy Lesson 1 and 2

introduction to philosophy

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ejg0897
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHILOSOPHY

LESSON 1

SUBMITTED BY : REYNA MAE BALINAS , JEAH MAE BITONGGA


SUBMITTED TO : MS, CHRISTINE ESTOSATA
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

• The word Philosophy comes from 2 Greek words: Philos(Love) and


Sophia( Wisdom).

• The ancient Greek used this term to refer to “Love of Wisdom” and
they soon applied it to the study or discipline that uses human reason
to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which
govern all things.
PHILOSOPHERS

• Or lovers of Wisdom, people who engage in philosophy

• Among the Ancient Greeks, Philosophers became pioneer in various


fields of knowledge such as history, biology, medicine , mathematics,
astronomy and even physics
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

Pythagoras - a mathematician and scientist. Formulates the


pythogorean theorem
Socrates – foremost philosopher of ancient time, made great
contribution in the field of ethics
Plato – Student of Socrates, his teachings and writing were considered
as foundation of the western philosophy.
Aristotle – attended the Academy, student of Plato. One of the greatest
Philosopher of all time
WHY IS THERE A NEED TO PHILOSOPHIZE?

• Plato – Sense of wonder


• Rene Descartes – Doubt
• Karl Jesper – experience (limit situations)
• Socrates – I know that I do not know….
HOW DO WE CHARACTERIZE THE STUDY OF
PHILOSOPHY?
• A way of analyzing frameworks
• Framework – a way of thinking about the world and is composed of
the views and beliefs of a person.
• Internal Questions – questions dealing with our own personal
frameworks.
• External Questions – seeks to question the very frameworks upon
which people base their own beliefs and views.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

• Aesthetics – deals with beauty and what makes things “beautiful”


• Logic – deals with correct reasonings.
• Epistemology – discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing
• Ethics – deals with moral questions and dilemmas
• Political Philosophy – studies government and deals with questions
of justice, power and the rights and obligations of citizens.
• Metaphysics – deals with questions regarding reality existence
HOLISTIC AND PARTIAL THINKING

• Holistic Thinking
- Refers to a perspective that considers large – scale patterns in system
- Describes as looking at “big picture”
- It requires an individual to have a open mind-set and an ability to get
the general sense or impression regarding a situation
- Philosophy utilizes holistic thinking in making sense of problems and
issue related to the human experience.
• Partial Thinking
- Focuses on specific aspects of situation
- Partial view is an important component of analytical thinking, as an
individual focuses on certain aspects of areas of a problem in order to
understand it.
- People tend to apply analytical perspective when looking at problems
or situations.
HOW DOES ONE ENGAGE IN REFLECTION?

• Reflection – requires a person to be willing to to examine one`s


thoughts, feelings and actions and to learn more about one’s life and
experiences
- Allows an opportunity to think more deeply about your action, your
motivations for doing such action, and even it’s possible consequences.
- Vital in ensuring that our actions and decisions are well thought out
and are done with due regard for their implications and consequences
on ourselves, others, and our surroundings.
METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZING
LESSON II

SUBMITTED BY : REYNA MAE BALINAS , JEAH MAE BITONGGA


SUBMITTED TO : MS, CHRISTINE ESTOSATA
DOING PHILOSOPHY

Vocabulary
• Idea – something signified by a term or a phrase.
• Opinion – a subjective statements about something that expresses
unverified idea and/or belief
• Fact – something that exists independently from the mind and could
remain in the same state for a period of time.
• Belief – a mindset and an attitude of confidence and trust that a thing
is true or false
• Fallacy – error in reasoning
METHODS OF DOING PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy is generally understood as a science or systematized body of


knowledge that uses natural human reason alone to unravel the ultimate
causes of beings or things. From the definition of term, we understand
that philosophy, as a body of knowledge, entails a set of discipline or
methods in the conduct of its rational enterprise. Though various
philosophers use many methods in philosophizing, for your learning
purposes, this lesson presents only four methods: Socratic method,
Formal logic, Systematic doubt and Dialectics.
SOCRATIC METHOD

• As conveyed through Plato’s writings, involves Socrates facilitating


discussion on various subjects . This method consists of back-and-forth
dialogue where one person poses questions, the other responds, and
further questions are asked to deepen understanding. This dialectical
approach aims to uncover truths through examination and cross-
examination. It’s crucial to begin with humility and acknowledge one’s
ignorance on the topic for honest and fruitful inquiry. For example, in a
discussion on social justice, one person presents their idea or
definition, while the other critically questions it, leading to a continuous
exchange of ideas until clearer understanding is reached.
FORMAL LOGIC

• Is a systematic approach to evaluating the validity of arguments and


statements. It falls under the domain of correct thinking and employs
syllogisms or logical arguments to reach conclusions. This method
traces its roots back to Aristotle, notably his work “Organon”. Formal
logic operates according to its own set of laws and principles, providing
guidance for the mind to reason methodically and clearly towards
certain truths by deducing from self-evident premises.
SYSTEMATIC DOUBTS

• It is philosophical method popularized by Rene Descartes in the early


17th century. It involves adopting a skeptical stance towards all
presented information. During Descartes’ time, the prevailing method
of doing philosophy was through argumentation and logic, but he
questioned the reliability of this approach as it relied on unverified
assumptions.
DIALECTICAL METHOD

• It involves the process of synthesizing or creating a new truth from


opposing views of reality. It acknowledges that different people
perceive the world differently, leading to contradictions in opinions and
beliefs. Dialectic seeks to resolve by examining opposing viewpoints,
with one view as the thesis and the contradicting view as antithesis.
Through scrutiny, a synthesis, representing a new understanding of
reality, is achieved.
Formal Knowledge – is a type of knowledge rooted in the philosophy of
rationalism, where reason is considered the foundation true and accurate
knowledge. It contrasts with empirical knowledge, which relies a sensory
perception that can be deceptive. Formal knowledge is primarily found in
the formal sciences as mathematics, logic, and geometry, where the
focus is on validating knowledge claims within specific systems of though
or science.

Emperical Knowledge – championed by empiricist philosophers, is


grounded in the notion that knowledge originates from sensory
experiences, encompassing the senses of taste, smell, touch, hearing
and sight. It extend to instruments like microscopes and telescopes,
which augment human sensory perception to gain insights into their
subject matter.

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