Hygiene- A

key to
healthy life
Today’s Agenda

– What is health?

– Easy personal hygiene

tips

– Social hygiene and

sanitation

– Diseases

– Water-Borne diseases
What is health
and hygiene?
 What is Health and
Hygiene?
H E A LT H I S T H E S T A T E O F A P E R S O N W H O P O R T R A Y S
P H Y S I C A L , M E N TA L , S O C I A L , A N D E M O T I O N A L F I T N E S S

H Y G I E N E I S T H E A RT O F P R A C T I C E O F M A I N TA I N I N G
O N E ’ S BO DY
Easy personal
Hygiene tips
Cleanliness Easy personal hygiene tips
 Physical exercise

Cleanliness Easy personal hygiene tips

 Physical exercise

Cleanliness Easy personal hygiene tips Rest and Sleep

 Physical exercise

Cleanliness Easy personal hygiene tips Rest & Sleep

Healthy Habits
Cleanliness
• Hands and Skin: Keep them clean, as we unknowingly touch many germ-covered
surfaces daily. A TV remote, for example, can be 20 times dirtier than a toilet seat.

• Precautions: Regularly wash hands with soap, take showers, and ensure clothes are
washed daily to prevent bacteria growth.
• Hair: Keep hair clean and neat with frequent washing.

• Teeth: Brush twice a day and limit sweets to maintain dental health and overall
fitness.

• Breathing: Always breathe through the nose, not the mouth, as the nose filters out
dust particles.

• Eyes: Keep eyes clean and free from dust. Have regular eye check-ups and avoid
sharing eye products like makeup or contact lenses.
 Physical exercise

Cleanliness Easy personal hygiene tips Rest & Sleep

Healthy Habits
Physical exercise

• Increases Energy: Reduces fatigue and boosts energy.

• Improves Mental Health: Lowers stress and anxiety.
• Strengthens Heart: Enhances cardiovascular health.
• Aids Weight Management: Helps maintain a healthy weight.
• Builds Strength: Increases muscle mass and bone density.
• Promotes Better Sleep: Leads to deeper sleep.
• Boosts Flexibility: Improves mobility and balance.
• Enhances Immunity: Strengthens the immune system.
• Improves Brain Function: Enhances memory and focus.
• Promotes Longevity: Contributes to a longer life..
 Physical exercise

Cleanliness Easy personal hygiene tips Rest & Sleep

Healthy Habits
Rest and Sleep

• Restores Energy: Recharges the body and mind.

• Improves Mood: Reduces stress and boosts emotional well-being.
• Supports Learning: Enhances memory and cognitive function.
• Boosts Immunity: Strengthens the immune system.
• Aids Growth: Essential for physical and mental development.
• Regulates Weight: Helps balance hormones that control appetite.
• Enhances Focus: Improves concentration and productivity.
• Promotes Heart Health: Lowers the risk of cardiovascular issues.
• Improves Athletic Performance: Aids in muscle recovery and strength.
• Promotes Longevity: Contributes to a healthier, longer life..
 Physical exercise

Cleanliness Easy personal hygiene tips Rest & Sleep

Healthy Habits
Healthy Habits

• Balanced Diet: Eat a variety of nutritious foods.

• Regular Exercise: Stay active to maintain physical fitness.
• Adequate Sleep: Get enough rest for recovery and well-being.
• Hydration: Drink plenty of water daily.
• Hygiene: Maintain personal cleanliness to prevent illness.
• Stress Management: Practice relaxation techniques and mindfulness.
• Regular Check-ups: Visit healthcare providers for routine screenings.
• Avoid Harmful Substances: Stay away from smoking, excessive alcohol, drugs, and
tobacco .
• Positive Relationships: Foster strong social connections.
• Mental Wellness: Engage in activities that promote mental health.
Social Hygiene and Sanitation

• Social hygiene and sanitation are crucial for public health and well-being. Good social
hygiene involves practices like regular handwashing, proper waste disposal, and
maintaining clean living environments to prevent the spread of diseases.
• Sanitation ensures safe water, clean surroundings, and proper sewage systems,
reducing the risk of infections and improving overall health.
• By promoting these practices, communities can create healthier environments,
reduce disease transmission, and improve quality of life for everyone.
• Here are some examples of social hygiene and sanitation practices:.
• Proper Waste Disposal: Using designated bins for trash and recycling to keep public
spaces clean.
• Toilets and Sewage Systems: Access to clean, functioning toilets and proper sewage
disposal to prevent contamination.
Control of Disease-carriers (Vectors)
Controlling disease vectors like mosquitoes How can they be transmitted?
and rodents is key to preventing illnesses Direct Contact: Through contact with hosts.
such as malaria and dengue. This involves Bites and Stings: Via insect bites or stings.
eliminating breeding sites, using insecticides,
Contaminated Water: By contaminating water
and implementing biological controls like
sources.
natural predators. Protective measures,
Contact with Droppings: Through contact with
including mosquito nets and repellents, are
feces or urine.
essential, along with public education and
regular surveillance. Proper waste Scratches or Bites: Via animal scratches or bites.

management and improved housing also Contaminated Food: By tainting food sources.
reduce vector habitats, making communities Airborne Transmission: Through airborne
safer from vector-borne diseases. particles or aerosols
How to prvent these diseases?
• Eliminate Breeding Sites: Remove standing water and manage environments where
vectors like mosquitoes breed.
• Apply Insecticides: Use insecticides in high-risk areas to decrease vector populations.
• Introduce Natural Predators: Utilize natural predators or pathogens to control vector
numbers.
• Use Protective Measures: Employ mosquito nets, repellents, and protective clothing
to prevent bites.
• Educate the Public: Provide information on vector-borne diseases and prevention
strategies.
• Conduct Regular Surveillance: Monitor vector populations and disease outbreaks to
implement timely actions.
• Manage Waste Properly: Dispose of waste correctly to prevent rodent infestations and
other vectors.
Mosquitoes and Diseases caused by them
Mosquitoes transmit several serious Control of Mosquitoes
diseases, including malaria, dengue fever,
• Remove Standing Water
Zika virus, and West Nile virus, through their
bites. Malaria(Anopheles) causes fever and • Use Repellents

chills, while dengue(Aedes) and Zika can • Install Screens

lead to flu-like symptoms and birth defects.
• Apply Larvicides
West Nile virus may result in neurological
issues. Preventing these diseases involves • Maintain Pools
controlling mosquito populations by • Wear Protective Clothing
eliminating standing water and using
• Use Mosquito Nets
repellents.
• Inspect Regularly
Culex spreads Elephantiasis
Cockroaches and Rats
• Cockroaches and rats are common pests that can pose serious health risks.
Cockroaches are known to spread allergens and pathogens, leading to asthma and
gastrointestinal issues. They thrive in unsanitary conditions and can contaminate
food and surfaces.
• Rats, on the other hand, are carriers of diseases such as leptospirosis, hantavirus,
and salmonella, and they can cause structural damage by gnawing on wires and
materials.
• Effective control measures include maintaining cleanliness, sealing entry points,
using traps and baits, and addressing any water or food sources that attract these
pests.
Contamination of water and Water-borne
diseases
• Contamination of water can lead to the spread of water-borne diseases, which pose
significant health risks. Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites
contaminate water sources through inadequate sanitation and waste disposal.
Diseases like cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis A can spread rapidly through
contaminated drinking water, causing severe gastrointestinal illness and dehydration.
Ensuring access to clean, treated water and proper sanitation practices are essential
to prevent these diseases and protect public health.
• Giardiasis • Schistosomiasis
• a list of common water-borne diseases:
• Cryptosporidiosis • Vibrio Parahaemolyticus
• Cholera
• Typhoid Fever Infection
• Dysentery (Bacillary and Amoebic)
• Paratyphoid Fever • Legionellosis
• Hepatitis
The three common water-borne diseases

C H O L E RA

 Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae,

leading to severe dehydration and potentially life-threatening complications.

 Transmission: Spread through contaminated water or food.

 Symptoms: Causes severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration.

 Diagnosis: Identified through stool samples and laboratory tests.

 Treatment: Treated with rehydration solutions and antibiotics.

 Prevention: Includes improving sanitation, access to clean water, and vaccination.

The three common water-borne diseases

DY S E N T E RY

 Dysentery is an inflammatory disease of the intestines, typically caused by bacteria

or parasites, resulting in severe diarrhea with blood and mucus.

 Transmission: Spread through contaminated water or food, and person-to-person

contact.

 Symptoms: Causes painful diarrhea with blood and mucus, abdominal pain, and
fever.

 Diagnosis: Diagnosed through stool tests and clinical evaluation.

 Treatment: Managed with antibiotics or antiparasitic medications, and rehydration.

 Prevention: Includes improving hygiene, ensuring safe food and water, and proper
The three common water-borne diseases

H E PAT I T I S

 Hepatitis A is a viral liver infection caused by the Hepatitis A virus (HAV), leading
to inflammation of the liver and jaundice.

 Transmission: Spread through consumption of contaminated food or water.

 Symptoms: Includes jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and fever.

 Diagnosis: Diagnosed through blood tests to detect HAV antibodies.

 Treatment: Typically self-limiting; supportive care and rest are recommended.

 Prevention: Includes vaccination, practicing good hygiene, and ensuring safe food
and water
Nutrition
Termanology: Nutrition, Food, and Diet
 Nutrition: The science of how organisms obtain and utilize nutrients for
health and growth.

 Food: Any substance consumed to provide nutritional support, including

solid and liquid items.

 Diet: The habitual intake of food and drink, encompassing all meals and
snacks consumed daily.

 Balanced Diet: A diet that includes a variety of foods in the right

proportions to provide necessary nutrients.
Need for Nutrition
 The need for nutrition is fundamental for maintaining overall health and well-being.
Proper nutrition provides the essential nutrients that our bodies require to function
optimally, including:

 Energy: Provides fuel for daily activities.

 Growth: Supports development of tissues and organs.

 Immune Function: Boosts the body's defense against diseases.

 Maintenance: Aids in tissue repair and metabolic processes.

 Mental Health: Influences cognitive function and mood.

 Disease Prevention: Reduces the risk of chronic illnesses.

 Overall, good nutrition is essential for sustaining health, enhancing quality of life, and
ensuring proper bodily function.
 Sugars Classes of Nutrients
A. Monosaccharides or
single (simple) sugars

B. Disaccharides or
double sugars
 Sugars Classes of Nutrients Starch

A. Monosaccharides or A. Polysaccharide
single (simple) sugars (Starch)

B. Disaccharides or B. Fats
double sugars
C. Proteins
Sugars
 Sugars are carbohydrates that provide a quick source of energy. They
come in different forms, including monosaccharides (simple sugars like
glucose and fructose) and disaccharides (combinations of simple
sugars, such as sucrose and lactose).

 While sugars are a vital part of the diet, excessive intake can lead to
health issues like weight gain and metabolic disorders.
Sugars A. Monosaccharides
 Monosaccharides are the most basic form of carbohydrates and consist of
single sugar molecules. They include glucose, which is a primary energy
source for cells; fructose, found in fruits and honey; and galactose, present
in dairy products.

 Monosaccharides are easily absorbed into the bloodstream and used

immediately for energy or stored for later use.

 They play a crucial role in metabolism and are fundamental in forming

more complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides.

 Their quick absorption makes them a rapid source of energy, but excessive
consumption can contribute to health issues like blood sugar imbalances.
Sugars B. Disaccharides
 Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide sugar
units linked together.

 Key examples include sucrose (table sugar), which is made of glucose

and fructose; lactose, found in milk, composed of glucose and galactose;
and maltose, consisting of two glucose units.

 Disaccharides are broken down into their monosaccharide components

during digestion and then absorbed into the bloodstream for energy.

 While they are a natural part of many foods, excessive consumption of

added sugars can contribute to health problems such as weight gain and
increased risk of metabolic disorders.
 Sugars Classes of Nutrients Starch

A. Monosaccharides or A. Polysaccharide
single (simple) sugars (Starch)

B. Disaccharides or B. Fats
double sugars
C. Proteins

D. Minerals
Starch A. Polysaccharide
 Starch is a polysaccharide and a major form of carbohydrate storage in
plants. It consists of long chains of glucose molecules linked together,
forming two main types: amylose (linear chains) and amylopectin
(branched chains).

 Starch serves as a primary energy source for humans and is found in

foods like potatoes, rice, and grains.

 During digestion, enzymes break down starch into glucose, which is

then absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy. As a complex
carbohydrate, starch provides sustained energy release and is an
important part of a balanced diet.
Starch B. Fats
 Fats are a type of macronutrient that plays a crucial role in the body. They
provide a dense source of energy, help absorb essential vitamins, and are vital
for maintaining healthy cells.

 Fats can be classified into various types, including saturated, unsaturated, and
trans fats.

 Unsaturated fats, found in foods like avocados and nuts, are generally
considered beneficial for heart health, while saturated and trans fats, present
in processed and fried foods, can contribute to health issues if consumed in
excess.

 Balancing fat intake is important for overall well-being and maintaining a

healthy diet.
Starch C. Proteins
 Proteins are essential macronutrients composed of amino acids, which are the
building blocks of the body.

 They play a critical role in growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues, as well
as in producing enzymes and hormones.

 Proteins can be found in a variety of foods, including meats, dairy products,

legumes, and nuts.

 There are complete proteins, which contain all nine essential amino acids,
typically found in animal products, and incomplete proteins, which may lack
one or more essential amino acids but can be combined in a varied diet to
provide a complete amino acid profile. Adequate protein intake is vital for
muscle development, immune function, and overall health.
Kwashiorkor Protein Deficiency Diseases
Kwashiorkor Protein Deficiency Diseases Maramus
 Kwashiorkar and Maramus

KWA S H I O R K A R

 Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition caused by a lack of protein.

 Common in regions with limited access to protein-rich foods.

 Symptoms include edema (swelling), irritability, and an enlarged liver.

 Children are particularly vulnerable, often after weaning from breast milk.

 Diagnosis involves assessing dietary intake, clinical symptoms, and laboratory tests.

 Treatment includes a protein-rich diet, vitamins, and minerals to address deficiencies.

 Prevention focuses on ensuring adequate protein intake in diets.

 Kwashiorkar and Maramus
MARAMUS

 Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition resulting from a lack of calories and protein.

 It primarily affects infants and young children who do not receive enough nutrients.

 Symptoms include severe weight loss, muscle wasting, and a general appearance of emaciation.

 Unlike kwashiorkor, marasmus does not typically involve swelling or edema.

 Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation and dietary history.

 Treatment involves gradually increasing calorie and protein intake, alongside addressing any
infections or other health issues.

 Prevention requires ensuring adequate overall caloric and protein intake in the diet, especially in
vulnerable populations.
KWASHIORKAR
MARAMUS
Starch D. Minerals
 Mineral salts are essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to
function properly.

 They play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including maintaining

fluid balance, supporting nerve function, and building strong bones and teeth.

 Key minerals such as calcium, potassium, sodium, and iron are involved in
critical functions like muscle contraction, blood pressure regulation, and oxygen
transport.

 A balanced diet typically provides these essential mineral salts, but deficiencies
or imbalances can lead to health issues. Ensuring adequate intake through
diverse and nutritious foods helps maintain overall well-being and proper bodily
function
 Calcium:  Iron:

 Vital for strong bones and teeth.  Essential for oxygen transport in the blood
 Supports muscle function and nerve (hemoglobin).

transmission.  Prevents anemia and supports energy levels.

 Found in dairy products, leafy greens, and  Found in red meat, beans, and fortified cereals.
fortified foods.
 Magnesium:
 Potassium and Sodium:
 Involved in over 300 biochemical reactions in the body.
 Regulates fluid balance and blood pressure.
 Supports muscle and nerve function, as well as bone
 Helps in muscle contractions and nerve
health.
function.
 Sources include nuts, seeds, and whole grains.
 Sources include bananas, oranges, and
potatoes.  Zinc:

 Iodine:  Crucial for immune function and wound healing.

 Essential for thyroid hormone production.  Supports DNA synthesis and cell division.
 Supports metabolic rate and growth.  Found in meat, shellfish, and legumes.
 Found in iodized salt and seafood.
Vitamins
 Vitamins are essential organic compounds required in small amounts for various bodily functions.
They play crucial roles in maintaining health and preventing deficiencies. Here are key vitamins and
their functions:

 Vitamin A:

 Supports vision, immune function, and skin health.

 Found in liver, dairy products, and beta-carotene-rich vegetables (e.g., carrots).

 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine):

 Helps convert carbohydrates into energy and supports nerve function.

 Found in whole grains, pork, and legumes.

Vitamins
 Vitamin B3 (Niacin):

 Supports metabolism, skin health, and nervous system function.

 Found in meat, poultry, and fortified grains.

 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine):

 Important for amino acid metabolism, red blood cell production, and neurotransmitter
synthesis.

 Found in poultry, fish, and bananas.

 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin):

 Essential for red blood cell formation and neurological function.

 Found in meat, dairy products, and fortified cereals.

Vitamins
 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin):

 Involved in energy production and cellular function.

 Found in dairy products, eggs, and green leafy vegetables.

 Vitamin C:

 Acts as an antioxidant and supports immune function, skin health, and iron absorption.

 Found in citrus fruits, strawberries, and bell peppers.

 Vitamin D:

 Crucial for calcium absorption and bone health.

 Synthesized by the body when exposed to sunlight and found in fatty fish and fortified foods.
Vitamins
 Vitamin E:

 Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage.

 Found in nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.

 Vitamin K:

 Essential for blood clotting and bone health.

 Found in leafy green vegetables, such as spinach and kale.

Water
 Water is vital for all forms of life, making up a significant portion of the human body.
It regulates body temperature, facilitates digestion and nutrient absorption, and
helps remove waste through urine.

 Adequate hydration is essential for maintaining overall health, supporting cellular

functions, and keeping bodily systems in balance.

 Consuming suffi cient water daily helps prevent dehydration and supports optimal
physiological performance, underscoring its fundamental role in sustaining life.
Balanced Diet
 A balanced diet is one that provides all the essential nutrients—proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals—in the right proportions to support
overall health and well-being.

 It includes a variety of foods from different food groups: fruits, vegetables, whole
grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.

 This variety ensures that the body receives the necessary nutrients to function
properly, maintain energy levels, and prevent chronic diseases.

 A balanced diet also involves moderating portion sizes and minimizing the intake of
processed foods, sugars, and unhealthy fats to promote optimal health and prevent
nutrient deficiencies.
Thank you

Krishna Priya

Neeraja

Shwetha

Jiya

Shreedhanya