1_Functional Units & Their Interconnections

COA
Digital Systems
Functional Units & their
Interconnections
by
Upendra Mishra
CSE
KIET Group of Institutions
Delhi-NCR-Ghaziabad
Computer Organization
Computer Organization comes after the decide of Computer
Architecture first. Computer Organization is how operational attribute
are linked together and contribute to realize the architectural
specification. Computer Organization deals with structural relationship.
Organization describes how it does it.

Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture is a functional description of requirements
and design implementation for the various parts of computer. It
deals with functional behavior of computer system. It comes before
the computer organization while designing a computer.
Architecture describes what the computer does.

Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Architecture describes what the computer

Organization describes how it does it.
does.
Computer Architecture deals with Computer Organization deals with

functional behavior of computer system. structural relationship.
Its clear that it deals with high-level design its also clear that it deals with low-level
issue. design issue.
Where, Organization indicates its

Architecture indicates its hardware.
performance.
For designing a computer, its architecture For designing a computer, organization is

is fixed first. decided after its architecture.
Computer Architecture is also called as Computer Organization is frequently

instruction set architecture. called as micro architecture.
Computer Architecture comprises logical

Computer Organization consists of
functions such as instruction sets,
physical units like circuit designs,
registers, data types and addressing
peripherals and adders.
modes.
Architecture coordinates between the Computer Organization handles the

hardware and software of the system. segments of the network in a system.
Functional Units & Interconnections
• A computer organization describes the functions and design
of the various units of a digital system.
• Functional units of a computer system are parts of the CPU
(Central Processing Unit) that performs the operations and
calculations called for by the computer program. A computer
consists of five main components namely, Input unit, Central
Processing Unit, Memory unit Arithmetic & logical unit,
Control unit and an Output unit.
Functional Units & Interconnections
Fig : Basic Functional Units of a Computer [1]

Input Units
The most common input device is the keyboard.
Many other kinds of input devices for human-
computer interaction are available, including the
touchpad, mouse, joystick, and trackball.
Microphones
Cameras
Output Units
The primary function of the output unit is to send the
processed results to the user. Output devices display
information in a way that the user can understand.
For example The most common example of an output device is
a monitor.
Some units, such as graphic displays, provide both an output
function, showing text and graphics, and an input function,
through touchscreen capability. The dual role of such units is
the reason for using the single name input/output (I/O) unit in
many cases.
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Most computer operations are executed in the
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) of the processor.
Any arithmetic or logic operation, such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, or
comparison of numbers, is initiated by bringing
the required operands into the processor, where
the operation is performed by the ALU.
Control Unit
The memory, arithmetic and logic, and I/O
units store and process information and
perform input and output operations. The
operation of these units must be coordinated in
some way.
This is the responsibility of the control unit.
The control unit acts as the nerve center that
sends control signals to other units and senses
their states.
A large set of control lines (wires) carries the
signals used for timing and synchronization of
events in all units.
Control Unit
• The control unit is a component of a computer's central
processing unit that coordinates the operation of the
processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic
unit and input and output devices how to respond to a
program's instructions.
• The control unit is also known as the nerve center of a
computer system.
• Let's us consider an example of addition of two operands by
the instruction given as Add LOCA, RO. This instruction adds
the memory location LOCA to the operand in the register RO
and places the sum in the register RO. This instruction
internally performs several steps.
Memory Unit
Registers
Cache
Siz
st
e
Co
d
Main Memory
ee
Sp
Secondary Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Fig : Memory Hierarchy

The operation of a computer can be summarized as follows:
The computer accepts information in the form of programs

and data through an input unit and stores it in the memory.
Information stored in the memory is fetched under

program control into an arithmetic and logic unit, where it
is processed.
Processed information leaves the computer through an

output unit.
All activities in the computer are directed by the control

unit.
Reference:
[1] Hamacher, Carl et al., Computer Organization
and embedded Systems. 6th ed. McGrawHill.
Thank
You

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COA

Organization describes how it does it.

Architecture describes what the computer does.

Architecture describes what the computer

Computer Architecture deals with Computer Organization deals with

Where, Organization indicates its

For designing a computer, its architecture For designing a computer, organization is

Computer Architecture is also called as Computer Organization is frequently

Computer Architecture comprises logical

Architecture coordinates between the Computer Organization handles the

Fig : Basic Functional Units of a Computer [1]

Fig : Memory Hierarchy

The computer accepts information in the form of programs

Information stored in the memory is fetched under

Processed information leaves the computer through an

All activities in the computer are directed by the control

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