Unit1

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida
1st Private Autonomous Institute in Uttar Pradesh
School of Computer Science Engineering in Emerging Technologies
B. Tech. 4 th Sem
Unit: 2
Design and Analysis of Algorithms: Graphs
Subject Name
Ms. NEHA BHATI
Data Structure & Algorithm - II Assistant Professor
BCSE0401 CSE(IoT), SoCSET
1
Agenda
• Course Objective
• Objective of Topics
• Course Outcomes
• CO-PO Mapping
• CO-PSO Mapping
• Syllabus
• Prerequisite
• Content
NEHA BHATI
Assistant Professor Internship Coordinator
CSE(IoT), SoCSET Notice Board Coordinator Internet of Things
Cloud Computing
Work Experience Education Publications

• NIET, Gr Noida From Jan 2016
• Pursuing PhD NIT, Delhi Total: 34
to till date
• System Engineer Sysnet • M Tech MMMUT, Gorakhpur International: 27
Global Technologies Private National: 5
Limited, Delhi (1 Year)
 Reviewer of Oxford University Press for the book of Internet of Things.

 Developed Online happiness quotient for feedback and PPTs and project management (onlinehappinessquotient.co.in)
 Attended 30 + FDPs and STTPS, Coordinated International Conferences, Smart India Hackathon, Toycathon at NIET campus.
9/26/2024 Orientation Program 3 3
Evaluation Scheme
4
Evaluation syllabus
UNIT-2 Design and Analysis of Algorithms: Graphs

Module 2.1: Terminology used with Graph, Data Structure for Graph Representations: Adjacency matrices,
Graphs Adjacency List.
Graph Traversal: Depth First Search and Breadth First Search. Connected Component, Spanning
Trees,
Module 2.2: Minimum Cost Spanning Trees: Prim’ s and Kruskal’s algorithm. Directed- Acyclic Graph,
Algorithms on Transitive Closure and Shortest Path algorithms: Dijkstra Algorithm, Bellman Ford Algorithm,
Graphs Floyd Warshall’s Algorithm.
5
Content
Course Objective
Objective of Topics
Course Outcome
CO-PO-PSO Mapping
Prerequisite and Recap
Topic Mapping with
Course Outcome
Introduction of IoT
Vision and Definition
Conceptual
Framework and
Architectural view
Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 6
Content
M2M Communication and IoT Examples

IoT/M2M systems layers and design standardization
Communication Technologies
Data enrichment and consolidation
Ease of designing and affordability
Video Link
Daily Quiz & MCQ
Weekly Assignment
Expected Question Bank For Exam
Previous Year Question Paper
Summary
References
EvaluCaotiuornsSecOhebmjeective
The primary objective of this course is to introduce students

To study about introduction of IoT
to the foundations of computability theory. The other
technology, Components, architecture,
objectives include: network communications and
• To study about introduction of IoT technology , applications protocols of IoT. Course
Components , architecture, network communications also aims at understanding
and application protocols of IoT. hardware various for
IoT,Arduino
concepts using programming
and Raspberry
• Course also aims to understanding the various hardware
Pi and study about applications of IoT
for IoT programming concepts using Arduino and
Raspberry Pi and study about applications of IoT.
• Understand technology behind IoT, Sources of the IoT,
M2M Communication, IoT Examples
• Understand IoT/M2M technologiessystems layers and
design standardization, communication
Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit Number 1 8
EvaluatUionniSt cOhbemjeective
• To study about the introductory session of IoT.

• To study the basic concepts about IoT.
• Understanding the various Iot a components used in the IoT devices.
• Understanding of various IoT Tools and Programming.
• To study about Integrated Development Environment.

Topic Objective
Topics of Unit Objective

Introduction of IoT To provide basic knowledge of IoT
Vision and Definition To provide future scope of IOT
Conceptual Framework and Architectural view Describe working process of IoT
Technology behind IoT and Sources of the IoT Describe various technologies using in IoT
M2M Communication and IoT Examples View of real time applications of IoT

0
Topic Objective
Topics of Unit Objective
IoT/M2M systems layers and design standardization Describe stepwise process of IoT
Communication Technologies Provide basic knowledge of protocols
Data enrichment and consolidation Describe view of IoT Database
Ease of designing and affordability Provide view of IoT design

1
CourseEOvaulutcaotimoneSachnedmCeO-PO Mapping

2
Program SpecEivfiacluOatuiotcnoSmcheesmaend CO-PSO Mapping
PSO1: Competent, and innovative with a strong

cognizance in the area of sensors, IoT, data science,
controllers.
PSO2: Signal processing through the application of
acquired knowledge and skills.
PSO3: Apply advanced techniques and tools of sensing
PSO4:Computation to solve multi-disciplinary
challenges in industry and society.
PSO5: To exhibit independent and collaborative
research with strategic planning.
PSO6: While demonstrating the professional and
ethical responsibilities of the engineering profession.

3
Program EducationEavlaOlubatjieocntiSvcehse(mPeEOs) and CO-
•
PEO Mapping
Graduates will be engineering practitioners and leaders, who would
help solve industry’s technological problems
• Graduates will be engineering professionals, innovators or
entrepreneurs engaged in technology development, technology
deployment, or engineering system implementation in industry
• Graduates will function in their profession with social awareness
and responsibility
• Graduates will interact with their peers in other disciplines in industry and
society and contribute to the economic growth of the country
• Graduates will be successful in pursuing higher studies in
engineering or management
• Graduates will pursue career paths in teaching or research

4
EvaluRaetisounltScAhneamlye sis
Total no of students Total no of students Pass Average

Session appeared passed Percentage Marks Highest Marks
2023-24 152 151 99.36 89.53 123
2022-23 96 92 96 94 128
2021-22 41 41 100 106 136

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End SemEveasluteatrioQnuSecshteimone Paper Templates

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End SemEevsateluratQiouneSsctihoenmePaper Templates

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Introduction to the Subject
• To study about introduction of IoT technology, Components, architecture,

network communications and applications protocols of IoT. Course also aims at
understanding various hardware for IoT, programming concepts using Arduino
and Raspberry Pi and study about applications of IoT.
• Learn how IoT is changing the world and the IoT skills you will need to land a well-
paying job.
• Video Link- https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc21_cs63/preview
• Video Link - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTM9GA-4nBA

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Subject Applications in Branch
 Industry 4.0
 Smart Healthcare
 Smart E Commerce
 Smart Factory
 Smart Agriculture
 Smart Cities

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Prerequisite and Recap
History of Internet
Basic of programming
Fundamental of Hardware

0
Topic Mapping with Course Outcome
Topics of Unit Relative CO

Introduction of IoT CO1
Vision and Definition CO1
Conceptual Framework and Architectural view CO1
Technology behind IoT and Sources of the IoT CO1
M2M Communication and IoT Examples CO1
IoT/M2M systems layers and design standardization CO1

1
Introduction
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of devices such as vehicles, and home
appliances that contain electronics, software, actuators and connectivity which
allows these things to connect, interact and exchange data.
• The definition of the Internet of things has evolved due to convergence of multiple
technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors and
embedded systems. Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor
networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation),
and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of things.

2
Example of IoT
Smart Appliances
Wearable Tech
Healthcare
Source : Prof. Ayaskanta Mishra, School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT UNIVERSITY, Bhubaneswar, INDIA
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Vision of IoT
🞂 Things becoming intelligent smart and behaving alive.
🞂 Internet of things is a vision where things become ‘Smart’ and

function like living entities by sensing, computing and
communicating through embedded devices which interact with
remote objects (Servers, clouds, applications) or persons
through the internet or near-Field communication(NFC) etc.[1]
Source : https://www.enisa.europa.eu/topics/iot-and-smart-infrastructures/IoTv2.png/image_view_fullscreen

4
Things
• Things are objects of the physical world (physical things) or of the information world (virtual
world) which are capable of being identified and integrated into communication networks.
Things have associated information, which can be static and dynamic.[2]
• Physical things exist in the physical world and are capable of being sensed, actuated and
connected. Examples of physical things include the surrounding environment, industrial robots,
goods and electrical equipment.[2]
• Virtual things exist in the information world and are capable of being stored, processed and
accessed. Examples of virtual things include multimedia content and application software.[2]

5
Definition of IoT
• The internet of things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes the idea of everyday physical
objects being connected to the internet and being able to identify themselves to other devices.[3]
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to
communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment.
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a broad term for connected devices that communicate with other
connected devices via embedded sensors and wireless networks, mainly cellular and WiFi. These
devices streamline common tasks and not-so-common tasks.[4]

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Any Time/Place/Thing
Source : https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/SiteAssets/Pages/Events/2016/Dec-2016-IoT/IoTtraining/IoT%20Intro-Zennaro.pdf

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Daily Quiz
1. Internet of Things (IoT) can be integrated with which of these separate domains:
a. Cloud-based storage and computing.
b. Cyber Physical Systems.
c. Big-data networks.
d. All of these.
2 Which of the following is true?

a. IoT is a subset of M2M
b. M2M is a subset of IoT
c. IoT is a subset of CPS
d. CPS is a subset of Web of Things (WoT)

8
Recap 1
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of devices

such as vehicles, and home appliances that contain
electronics, software, actuators and connectivity which
allows these things to connect, interact and exchange
data.
Things becoming intelligent smart and behaving alive.

9
History of IoT
The first telemetry In 1957 the Soviet
Broad adoption of M2M
system was rolled out Union launched Sputnik,
and with it the Space technology began in the 1980s with
in Chicago way back wired connections for SCADA In 1995, Siemens
Race. This has been the
in 1912. It is said to entry of aerospace (supervisory control and data introduced the
have used telephone telemetry that created acquisition) on the factory floor first cellular
lines to monitor data the basis of our global and in home and business security module built for
from power plants.[2] satellite
systems. [2] M2M.
communications today.
1912 1930s 1957 1980s 1990s 1995
In the 1990s, M2M began moving

Telemetry expanded to
weather monitoring in
toward wireless technologies.
the 1930s, when a device ADEMCO built their own private
known as a radio stoned radio network to address intrusion
became widely used to and smoke detection because
monitor weather budding cellular connectivity was
conditions from balloons. too expensive.[2]
9/26/2024 Mr Mayank Deep Khare Introduction to IoT Unit 1 30 3

0
History of IoT
Source : https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/SiteAssets/Pages/Events/2016/Dec-2016-IoT/IoTtraining/IoT%20Intro-Zennaro.pdf

1
Characteristics of IoT
Interconnectivity
Things Related Services
Dynamic Changes
Enormous Scale
Safety
Connectivity
Naming and
Addressing

2
ComponenEtsvaoluf atthioenISnctheermnee t of Things

3
ComEpvaolnueantitosnoSf cthheemIneternet of Things
There are 5 major components of IoT (Internet of Things) - Devices or Sensors,

Gateway, Cloud, Analytics and User Interface.
Sensors or Devices
• Sensors or Devices are basically used to collect and transmit the data and also
perform actions based on those data.
• For example, the sensors can be used for measuring temperature and
humidity.
• There are different types of sensors; here are as follows: Temperature Sensors,
Humidity Sensors, Proximity Sensors, Motion Sensors, Light Sensors,
Pressure Sensors, Gas Sensors, and GPS Sensors.

4
ComEpvaolnueantitosnoSf cthheemIneternet of Things
Gateway
• Gateway is also a device component that basically acts as an intermediate
between the sensors and the central cloud.
• Gateway is one of the essential components of IoT that offers communication,
management, and data processing.
• Here are some of the functions of Gateway in IoT: Data Aggregation,
Communication, Security, Protocol Translation, Load Balancing, and
Latency Reduction.

5
Components of the Internet of Things
Cloud
• Cloud in IoT refers to the service that provides the management, storage, and
processing of the data that is generated by IoT (Internet of Things) devices.
• Here are some key aspects of Cloud in IoT: Data Storage, Data Collection, Security,
Connectivity, Integration, and Cost Efficiency.
Analytics
• This is the crucial component of IoT that basically harness the potential of IoT. In
analytics, meaningful insights are analyzed that are generated by IoT devices and
sensors.
• There are some functions included in Analytics, such as data processing, machine
learning, and statistical analysis.
• Here are some of the applications of analytics in IoT: Anomaly Detection,
Environmental Monitoring, Energy Management, Smart Cities, and Agriculture.

6
Components of the Internet of Things
User Interface
• User Interface, also known as UI in the Internet of Things (IoT) and provides an
interface by which the users can interact with the applications and systems.
• Here are some of the key points in the user interface of IoT (Internet of
Things): Data Visualization, User-Friendly Design, Personalization,
Remote Management, Integration, Authentication, and Security.

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Conceptual Framework
• Simple Conceptual framework of IoT:
Physical object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of Things
• IoT consisting of internetworked devices and objects:
Gather + Enrich +Stream + Manage + Acquire + Organise and Analyse = Internet of

Things with connectivity to data centre, enterprise or cloud server (Oracle IoT Architecture )
• IoT devices for managing the IoT services using the cloud server:
Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Assemble + Manage and Analyse = Internet of Things with connectivity to cloud services (IBM Architecture
reference model/Conceptual framework)

8
Daily Quiz
1 M2M is a term introduced by
• a. IoT service provides
• b. Fog computing service providers
• c. Telecommunication service providers
• d. None of these
2 Which of the following company coined the term “Fog Computing” ?

• a. Apple
• b. Amazon
• c. CISCO
• d. Microsoft

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Recap 2
The first telemetry system was rolled out in Chicago way back in 1912.
Broad adoption of M2M technology began in the 1980s with wired connections
for SCADA
Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of

Things Networking Models

0
IoT Architecture
Source : [1]
1
Conceptual Framework and Architectural View
• Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators +

Internet =
Internet of Things
• Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + organize

and Analyze = Oracle IoT Architecture
• Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage and

Analyze = IBM Architecture reference model/Conceptual framework
Source : [3]
2
EvaOluraatciolen ISocTheAmrechitecture

3
IBMEvIaoluTatCioonnSccehpetmueal Framework

4
Technology Behind IoT
• Hardware(Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Intel Galileo,Intel Edison,ARM mBed)

• IDE for developing software and firmware and API’s.
• Protocols[RPL CoAP RESTful, HTTP, MQTT, XMPP(Extensible Messaging and
Presence Protocol) ]
• Communication(PowerlineEthernet,RFID,NFC,6LowPAN,UWB,ZigBee,Bluetooh,
Wifi,2G/3G/4G)
• Network Backbone(IPV4,IPV6,UDP and 6Low PAN)
• Software(RIOT OS, Contiki OS, Thingsquare Mist Fireware, Ecilips IoT)
• Internet work Cloud Platform /Data Centre (Thingworx, Azure, CISCO IoT, IBM Bluemix,
AWS IoT)
• Machine learning algorithm and Software (GROK from Numenta)
Source : "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

5
1. Server End Technology

• Online Platform
• Devices Identification Identity Management and their access management
• Data accruing aggregation
2. Major Components of IoT system

• Physical Object
• Hardware
• Communication Module
• Software

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3. Development Tool and Open source framework for IoT implementation
• Eclipse IoT: Provides open source implementation of standards such as MQTT, CoAP, OMA LWM2M and tools
for working with lua services and frameworks that enable an open Internet of things.
• Arduino: It provides a set of software that includes an IDE and the arduino programming language for
hardware specification for interactive electronics that can sense and control physical world.
• Kinoma Software Platform: Kinoma create (Kit for prototyping) Kinoma studio development environment
and Kinoma platform runtime are three different open source projects. Kinoma connect is freely available
for IoT devices.
Source : [3]
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4.APIs and Device interfacing components:
Source : [3]
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Daily Quiz
1 Which of the following is a major concern in IPv4 addressing?

• a. Reliable data transmission
• b. Only addressing
• c. Provide multicast addressing
• d. All of these
2 Machine-to-Machine (M2M) is designed for

• a. isolated systems using proprietary solutions
• b. cross platform integration
• c. home automation only
• d. none of the above

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Sources of the IoT
• IoTDevelopment Boards (Arduino Yun,Microdunio, Intel Gallileo, Intel Edison, Beagle

Board,
Raspberry Pi wireless Inventors Kit(RasWIK))
• Role of RFID and IoT applications
• Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)
9/26/2024
Mr Mayank Deep Khare Introduction to IoT Unit 1 505

0
Sources of the IoT
Source : https://www.altoros.com/blog/ibm-aims-to-improve-manufacturing-and-supply-chain-by-coupling-iot-and-blockchain/

1
M2M Communication
• Machine to machine communication refers to the process

of
communication of a physical object or device at machine with
others of same type, mostly for monitoring but also for control
purpose.
• M2M is subset of IoT.
Source : https://blog.incognito.com/iot-and-m2m-whats-the-difference/
2
M2M Communication
Source : https://medium.com/predict/an-era-of-iot-machine-to-machine-communication-m2m-9a7861665b4c

3
IoT Examples
Best Real-World IoT Examples

Smart Home
Wearable's
Connected Cars
Industrial Internet
Smart Cities
IoT in Agriculture
Smart Retail
Energy Engagement
IoT in Healthcare
IoT in Poultry and
Farming

4
Daily Quiz
1 Which of the following is a major concern in IPv4 addressing?

• c. Provide multicast addressing
• d. All of these


5
IoT/M2M System Layers
• The M2M Service Layer, a software layer between transport and application protocol layers, will
provide data transport, security, device discovery and device management across a multitude of
vertical domains, independent of communication technologies in the lower layers.
• This layer should ensure semantic modeling of things by providing context for the information that
“things” can provide, or actuations they can perform.
• For e.g., while providing data from a temperature sensor for home automation, it should also
describe if it is the indoor temperature of a room, or the temperature of a fridge etc.
Source https://connectedtechnbiz.wordpress.com/tag/m2m-service-layer/

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Four Layer Architecture of IoT/M2M
Source : https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Four-layer-architecture-of-IoT-WSN-M2M-and-CPS_fig3_283170301

7
Need of Design Standardization
• The Need for standardization in the M2M services layer
• To be able to standardize processes at the service layer as the market grows, a new
communication protocol, Lightweight M2M or LWM2M, is being introduced.
• This standard acts as a communications protocol between LWM2M software clients embedded
on a range of M2M devices and their M2M management platforms.
• Standards such as Lightweight M2M will be the key to unlock the real potential of M2M
communications and move towards the often-predicted prospering market with immeasurable
compelling services offered by billions of devices.

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ITU-T IoT Reference Model
Source https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structure-of-IoT-platform-service-ITU-T-Y2060-IoT-reference-model-4_fig1_298848938

9
Communication Technologies
• Best Uses of Wireless IoT Communication Technology
• LPWANs. Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are a new phenomenon in Industrial IoT
(IIoT).
• Cellular (3G/4G/5G) Cellular networks offer reliable broadband communication for voice and
video streaming applications.
• Zigbee and Other Mesh Protocols
• Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy
• Wi-Fi
• RFID
• Near-Field Communication

0
Near Field Communication
Source : https://www.slideshare.net/akshatrohatgi/nfc-technical-presentation

1
Near Field Communication
Source : https://www.cxjrfidfactory.com/what-is-near-field-communication-applications/

2
RFID
• Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and

track tags attached to objects.
• RFID tag consists of a tiny radio transponder; a radio receiver and transmitter.
• RFID tags are used in many industries.
• RFID tags can be attached to cash, clothing, and possessions, or implanted in animals and people.
• The market value is expected to rise from $12.08bn in 2020 to US$16.23 billion by 2029.
Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification

3
RFID
Source : http://trace-id.com/en/rfid-tags-applications/
4
Recap 3
Best Uses of Wireless IoT Communication

Technology
The Need for standardization in the M2M services

layer
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify
and track tags attached to objects.

5
Data Enrichment
• Data enrichment is defined as merging third-party data from an external authoritative source
with an existing database of first-party customer data.
• When this collected data flows into a central data store, it often is ingested into the system in
discrete datasets.
• Data enrichment makes raw data more useful.
• This is why data enrichment practices are vital to marketing’s long-term goal of delivering
personalized experiences.
Source [4]

6
Data Consolidation
• Data consolidation refers to the collection and integration of data from multiple sources into a
single destination. During this process, different data sources are put together, or consolidated,
into a single data store.
• Data consolidation techniques reduce inefficiencies, like data duplication, costs related to
reliance on multiple databases and multiple data management points.
• Why Data Consolidation?

Because data comes from a broad range of sources, consolidation allows organizations to more
easily present data, while also facilitating effective data analysis.
Source : https://www.techopedia.com/definition/28034/data-consolidation

7
Ease of Designing
• Design for connected devices for IoT Applications, Services and business processes
• Designer considers the ease in designing the devices physical, data link, adaption layer and
gateway
• Means availability of sensors, actuators, controllers and IoT devices
• Low in cost and hardware
• Use preferably open source software components and protocols

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Ease of Designing
Device hardware should embed minimum of

components
Use ready solutions for ease in designing local

devices personal area network
Ensure the secure connectivity with the

Internet
Source : [5]
9
Recap 4
Bluetooth technology is a short-range wireless

communications technology to replace the cables
connecting electronic devices.
The target of Zigbee Technology is low cost, low power,

battery operated wireless sensors.
Data enrichment is defined as merging third-party data

from an external authoritative source with an existing
database of first-party customer data.

0
Introduction to Integrated Developed Environments
• “Integrated Development Environment”

• Source code editor,
• a compiler and/ or interpreter,
• Build-automation tools,
• and (usually) a debugger
• Allows you to create, edit, compile, and run program written in a
particular language e.g. Java
• Some IDEs can support more than one language
• Some have other features that aid in developing better programs:
• Debuging
• Test cases
• Code Formatting (coloured keywords, etc.)

1
Use of IDE
• Easier to code because of coloured text.

• Makes it easier to develop programs, so you can focus more on the coding
• Contains feature to make debugging and writing programs easier

2
IDE TOOLS AND PROGRAMMING
1. Arduino IDE (Newest Version: ARDUINO 1.8.15)
• Arduino is a company based in Italy that manufactures
microcontroller boards, interactive objects, and kits that has
created a full IDE to work on the hardware that they
manufacture.
• It is the most preferred IDEs among all in the list. It
is a complete package with many examples and pre-
loaded libraries.
• Arduino is easy to use and implement so that a 10-
year-old enthusiast can work easily with it.
• This IDE includes support for the C and C++ programming
languages for programmable microcontrollers.

3
2. Raspbian (Newest Version: 2021)

• Created specifically for the raspberry pi
boards.
• This IDE comes with many packages
and
examples.
• Unlike Arduino IDE, it is not a part of the
parent organization “The Raspberry Pi
Foundation”, but was created by some
enthusiasts.
• It is probably one of the best IDE’s
available
for Raspberry Pi.
• It comes with over 35000 packages and pre-
compiled software bundled in for easy
installation.

4
3. OpenSCADA (Newest Version: 1.1)
• Open SCADA is the companion project to Eclipse SCADA which

is a project as a part of Eclipse IoT Industry Working Group.
• It is based on the modern system design that provides security as
well as flexibility.
• OpenSCADA includes advanced editing and debugging support.
• The introduction of newer versions has resulted in the
development of a new support system.
• It provides a set of independent tools that can be combined in
many ways like by providing several libraries, interface apps,
configuration tools, front and back end applications.

5
4. Eclipse IoT project (Kura) (Newest Version: 5.0.0)

• The eclipse Kura is a java based open
source development framework for applications
on the Internet of Things.
• Exceptionally build for projects like Eclipse IoT
challenge, Industrial Equipment Monitoring,
etc.
• It is perfectly inclined towards development
in
the IoT field.
• The best part of using Kura is that it aggregates
the open-source implementations for the least
common applications applicable to M2M
(Machine to Machine) applications.

6
Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and Online Courses
Details
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTM9GA-4nBA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CRuE_0xpB8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NJNsWwkg54
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWPtt2hLnJk
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzxZUJmOu3o
• https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8DoS0irEx3whP_uf22LVKg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUYAjxnwjU4&list=PLaxu2gn-
9WXMf_ln5pMvxjf043jzof4-i
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXDxYh1EV2w&list=PLaxu2gn-
9WXMf_ln5pMvxjf043jzof4-i&index=2
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRxRT0DjE7A

7
MCQs
1. Internet of Things (IoT) can be integrated with

which of these separate domains:
• a. Cloud-based storage and computing.
• b. Cyber Physical Systems.
• c. Big-data networks.
• d. All of these.
2 Which of the following is true?

• a. IoT is a subset of M2M
• b. M2M is a subset of IoT
• c. IoT is a subset of CPS
• d. CPS is a subset of Web of Things (WoT)

8
MCQs
3 M2M is a term introduced by

• a. IoT service provides
• b. Fog computing service providers
• c. Telecommunication service providers
• d. None of these
4 Which of the following company coined the term “Fog Computing” ?

• a. Apple
• b. Amazon
• c. CISCO
• d. Microsoft

9
MCQs
5 Which of the a major concern in IPv4

following is addressing?
• c. Provide multicast
addressing
• d. All of these

0
MCQs
7 Which of the following is/are the challenge(s) of human-centric sensing?

• a. Energy of devices
• b. Participant selection
• c. Privacy of users
• d. All the above
8 Which of the following is/are the challenge(s) of human-centric sensing?

• a. Energy of devices
• b. Participant selection
• c. Privacy of users
• d. All the above

1
MCQs
9. What is the primary vision of IoT?

• To connect only computers over a network
• To create a seamlessly connected world of autonomous devices
• To replace all human jobs with robots
• To improve only internet speed
10. Which of the following is a characteristic of IoT?
• Disconnection
• Limited data analytics
• Automation
• Manual control

2
MCQs
11. What constitutes the conceptual framework of IoT?

• The integration of digital and analog worlds
• The integration of physical and digital worlds
• The separation of physical and digital worlds
• The reliance solely on analog devices
12. Which protocol is commonly used in IoT/M2M systems?
• HTTP
• FTP
• MQTT
• SMTP

3
Glossary Questions
interoperability , direct exchange, connectivity, sensors , physical objects
1. IoT refers to the network of devices, vehicles, buildings, and other

items— embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet.
2. The key characteristics of IoT include connectivity, sensing, data analytics,
,
intelligence, and automation.
3. The main components of IoT include sensors/devices, , data processing, and
user
interface.
4. Key technologies behind IoT include, RFID, wireless communication protocols
(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee), cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence.
5. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication refers to the of information between devices using
any communications channel, including wired and wireless.

4
Weekly Assignment 1
• Q.1) Describe the IoT conceptual framework and also discuss the
framework suggested by ITU.
• Q-2) Discuss the different platforms and integration tools used in

IoT.
• Q-3)How do the CISCO reference model and Oracle reference

architecture correlate in an IoT architecture.
• Q-4) How does Bluetooth layer provide confidentiality and

authorization?
• Q-5) Draw a conceptual framework showing communication of

messages between the umbrella, Internet, web based weather
service and mobile phone.

5
Weekly Assignment 2
• Q-1) Discuss M2M communications process in brief.
• Q-2) Elaborate IoT Systems layers and standardization in

detail.
• Q-3) Explain different type of sources of IoT.
• Q-4) Discuss about the conceptual framework in IoT.
• Q-5) Explain any 3 technologies behind IoT.

6
Old Exam Question Papers
2021-22 https://www.niet.co.in/pdf/previous-years/2021-22/3rd-Semester-2021-
2022/ACSIOT0303.pdf
2022-23 https://www.niet.co.in/pdf/previous-years/2022-23/3rd-Semester-2022-
2023/ACSIOT0303.pdf
2023-24 https://www.niet.co.in/pdf/previous-years/IIIrd-Semester-2023-
2024/ACSIOT0303.pdf

7
Expected Questions for Final Exams
1. Give brief overview of IoT.

2. Explain M2M communication in your own view.
3. Define Internet of Things. Explain the application of IOT.
4. Explain IOT Components. Explain any 2 in details.
5. Explain the technology of Internet of Things.
6. Explain enchanted objects in your own view.
7. Who is Making Internet of Things? Justify it.
8. Explain calm and ambient technology.
9. Explain the advantages & disadvantages of an IOT.
10. Define data enrichment and consolidation in detail
with example.

8
Expected Questions for Final Exams
1. Explain the vision of Iot. Justify it with ant three examples.

2. Describe communication technologies in IoT with three
any
3. examples.
Explain ease of designing and affordability in Internet of Thing
with any three examples.
4. Describe IoT/M2M system layers and design standardization with
proper diagram.
5. Define sources of Internet of Thing with any 5 examples.

9
Summary
We looked at
• Basic Introduction of Internet of Things with examples
• Vision of IoT and different definition with scope
• Conceptual Framework and Architectural view with IBM and Cisco
reference model
• Technology behind IoT and Sources of the IoT with various real
life examples
• M2M Communication and IoT Examples
• IoT/M2M systems layers and design standardization for
better future of IoT devices.
• Communication Technologies (Bluetooth, NFC, Zigbee )
• Data enrichment and consolidation in IoT to improve data structure
• Ease of designing and affordability for better utilization of
IoT device
0
Unit 1 Quiz

1
References
• [1]: Raj Kamal “INTERNET OF THINGS”, McGraw-Hill, 1ST Edition, 2016

• [2]: Olivier Hersent,DavidBoswarthick, Omar Elloumi“The Internet
of
Things key applications and protocols”,willey
• [3]:Jeeva Jose, Internet of Things, Khanna Publicatiosn
• [4] : Michael Miller “The Internet of Things” by Pearson
• [5] ArshdeepBahga, Vijay Madisetti “ Internet of Things( A hands on
approach)” 1ST edition, VPIpublications,2014

2
References
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_of_things/internet_of_things_tutorial.pdf
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/105/106105166/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-internet-of-things-iot-set-1/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-things-iot-2/
https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBeans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCreator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueJ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_
of_things

3
4

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Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida

1st Private Autonomous Institute in Uttar Pradesh

School of Computer Science Engineering in Emerging Technologies

Design and Analysis of Algorithms: Graphs

Work Experience Education Publications

 Reviewer of Oxford University Press for the book of Internet of Things.

UNIT-2 Design and Analysis of Algorithms: Graphs

M2M Communication and IoT Examples

The primary objective of this course is to introduce students

• To study about the introductory session of IoT.

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit Number 1 9

Topics of Unit Objective

Vision and Definition To provide future scope of IOT

Conceptual Framework and Architectural view Describe working process of IoT

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 1

Topics of Unit Objective

Communication Technologies Provide basic knowledge of protocols

Data enrichment and consolidation Describe view of IoT Database

Ease of designing and affordability Provide view of IoT design

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 1

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit Number 1 1

PSO1: Competent, and innovative with a strong

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit Number 1 1

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit Number 1 1

Total no of students Total no of students Pass Average

2023-24 152 151 99.36 89.53 123

2021-22 41 41 100 106 136

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit Number 1 1

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit Number 1 1

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit Number 1 1

• To study about introduction of IoT technology, Components, architecture,

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 1

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 1

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 2

Topics of Unit Relative CO

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 2

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 2

🞂 ​ Things becoming intelligent smart and behaving alive.

🞂 ​ Internet of things is a vision where things become ‘Smart’ and

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 2

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 2

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 2

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 2

b. Cyber Physical Systems.

2 Which of the following is true?

b. M2M is a subset of IoT

c. IoT is a subset of CPS

d. CPS is a subset of Web of Things (WoT)

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 2

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of devices

Things becoming intelligent smart and behaving alive.

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 2

1912 1930s 1957 1980s 1990s 1995

In the 1990s, M2M began moving

9/26/2024 Mr Mayank Deep Khare Introduction to IoT Unit 1 30 3

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 3

Things Related Services

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit 1 3

Mr Mayank Deep Khare Unit Number 1 3

There are 5 major components of IoT (Internet of Things) - Devices or Sensors,

🞂 Things becoming intelligent smart and behaving alive.

🞂 Internet of things is a vision where things become ‘Smart’ and