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    Cancer

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    Cancer

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    3 views22 pages

    Cancer

    Uploaded by

    jawadcreatives

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 22

    Tumor

    Define Cancer
    • Cancer is a term used to describe a large
    group of diseases that are characterized
    by a cellular malfunction. Healthy cells are
    programmed to “know what to do and
    when to do it”. Cancerous cells do not
    have this programming and therefore grow
    and replicate out of control. They also
    serve no physiological function. These
    cells are now termed a neoplasm.
    This neoplasmic mass often forms
    a clumping of cells known as a
    tumor.
    Tumors
    • Benign Tumors • Malignant Tumors
    (noncancerous) (cancerous)
    • Enclosed in a fibrous • Not usually contained
    shell or capsule. – metastasis
    • Take up space • Invade and emit claw
    • Concerned if they like protrusions that
    interfere with disrupt the RNA and
    surrounding tissues or DNA of normal cells
    vessels or impede the (these cancerous
    function of the body. cells act like a virus).
    Risk Factors (multi-factorial)
    • Exposure to Cancer-causing agents
    • Cellular Mutations (what agents cause this?
    Environment & Lifestyle agents)
    • Genetics & Hormone exposure (i.e. breast
    cancer)
    • Occupation and Environment Factors
    • Social and Psychological Factors
    • Chemicals in Food
    • Viral (i.e. herpes, HPV, mononucleosis) create
    an opportunistic environment
    • Medical Factors
    Types of Cancer
    • Classifications of Cancer
    – Carcinomas
    – Sarcomas
    – Lymphomas
    – Leukemias

    • Lung Cancer
    – Killed 164,000 in 2000
    – Prevention-researchers theorize: 90% of all lung
    cancers could be avoided by not smoking
    An Overview of Cancer

    • What is Cancer?
    – Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
    – Neoplasms
    – Malignant tumors
    – Benign tumors
    An Overview of Cancer

    • Cellular Change/Mutation Theories


    – Spontaneous errors
    – External agents
    – Oncogenes

    • Risks for Cancer-Lifestyle


    – Smoking among greatest
    – Nutrition/exercise
    Factors Believed to Contribute to
    Global Causes of Cancer

    Figure 13.1
    What Causes Cancer?

    • Biological Factors
    – Genetic predisposition
    – Reproductive and hormonal risks
    What Causes Cancer?

    • Occupational and Environmental Factors


    – Asbestos, nickel, chromate
    – Radioactive substances

    • Social and Psychological Factors


    – Stress
    – Decrease negative emotions
    What Causes Cancer?
    • Chemicals in Food
    – Sodium nitrate
    – Clostridium botulism

    • Viral Factors
    – Herpes-related virus and human papillomavirus

    • Medical Factors
    – Diethylstibestrol (DES)
    – Chemotherapy
    Table 13.1
    Types of Cancer

    • Breast Cancer
    – One in 8 women
    – Risk increases with age
    – Risk factors supported by research
    – Prevention (self-exam and mammography)
    – See figure 13.3 for self-examination procedure
    – Treatment
    Types of Cancer
    • Colon and Rectum Cancer
    – 3rd most common in men and women
    – 135,400 in 2001 diagnosed
    – Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal bleeding

    • Prostate Cancer
    – Most common in males today
    – 189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002
    – Estimated 30,200 men will die
    Types of Cancer
    • Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware
    – 1.3 million cases of skin cancer
    – Treatable: basal or squamous
    – Virulent: malignant melanoma
    – ABCD rule about melanoma
    Types of Cancer

    • Testicular Cancer
    – Ages 17-34 at greatest risk
    – Cause is unknown
    – Undescended testicles present a great risk
    Types of Cancer
    • Ovarian Cancer
    – 4th leading cause of death in young women
    – Enlargement of abdomen common sign
    – Prevention: annual pelvic exams

    • Endometrium (Uterine) Cancer


    – Pap test for early detection
    – Risk: early onset of intercourse
    – Warning: abnormal bleeding
    Types of Cancer

    • Cancer of the Pancreas


    – “Silent” disease
    – 29,700 cases in 2002
    – Only 4% survive
    – Contributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat diet
    Types of Cancer

    • Leukemia
    – Cancer of blood-forming tissues
    – Leads to the creation of immature white blood cells
    – Symptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight loss
    – Can be acute or chronic
    Diagnosis

    • Detecting Cancer
    – Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    – Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT scan)
    – ultrasound (rectal probe)
    – Self-exam and check-ups
    – Laboratory diagnosis
    Treatment
    • New Hope in Cancer Treatments
    – Surgery to remove tumor
    – Radiotherapy
    – Chemotherapy
    – Researching genes and cell mutations

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