body fluids

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1.

Different body fluid compartments

2. Electrolytes and substances that affect


fluid balance
Body Fluids
 Total amount of fluid in the human body is
approximately 70% of body weight
 Body fluid has been divided into two
compartments –
 Intracellular fluid (ICF)
 Inside the cells

 55% of total body water

 Extracellular fluid
 Outside the cells

 45% of total body water


Body Fluid Compartments

Extracellular fluid includes


 Interstitial fluid
 Present between the cells
 Approximately 80% of ECF
 Plasma
 Present in blood
 Approximately 20% of ECF
 Also includes
 Lymph
 synovial fluid
 vitreous body,
 endolymph,
 aqueous humor
 cerebrospinal fluid  perilymph,

 pleural, pericardial

and peritoneal fluids


Body Fluid Compartments
Barriers separate ICF, interstitial fluid
and plasma

 Plasma membrane
 Separates ICF from surrounding
interstitial fluid
 Blood vessel wall
 Separate interstitial fluid from
plasma
Composition of body fluids

 Organic  Inorganic substances


substances  Sodium
 Potassium
 Glucose
 Calcium
 Amino acids
 Magnesium
 Fatty acids
 Chloride
 Hormones
 Phophate
 Enzymes
 Sulphate
Difference
 ECF  ICF
 Most abundant cation -  Most abundant cation - K+
Na+,  Resting membrane
 muscle contraction potential
 Impulse transmission  Action potentials
 fluid and electrolyte  Maintains intracellular
balance volume
 Regulation of pH
 Most abundant anion - Cl-
 Regulates osmotic  Anion are proteins and
pressure phosphates (HPO42-)
 Forms HCl in gastric acid

Na+ /K+ pumps play major role in keeping K+ high inside cells and Na+
high outside cell
Sodium Na+

 Most abundant ion in ECF


 90% of extracellular cations

 Plays pivotal role in fluid and electrolyte

balance as it accounts for half of the


osmolarity of ECF
Chloride Cl-

 Most prevalent anion in ECF


 Moves easily between ECF and ICF because

most plasma membranes contain Cl- leakage


channels and transporters
 Can help balance levels of anions in different

fluids
Bicarbonate HCO3-

 Second most prevalent extracellular anion


 Concentration increases in blood passing
through systemic capillaries picking up carbon
dioxide
 Chloride shift helps maintain correct balance of
anions in ECF and ICF
Potassium K+

 Most abundant cation in ICF


 Establish resting membrane potential in

neurons and muscle fibers


 Maintains normal ICF fluid volume

 Helps regulate pH of body fluids when

exchanged for H+
Magnesium

 Mg2+ in ICF (45%) or ECF (1%)


 Second most common intracellular cation

 Cofactor for certain enzymes and sodium-

potassium pump
 Essential for synaptic transmission, normal

neuromuscular activity and myocardial


function
Specialized Fluids of the Body
 Lymph
 Milk
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Amniotic fluid
 Aqueous humor
 Sweat
 Tears
Lymph
 Clear and colorless fluid
 96% water and 4% solids
 Solids –
 Proteins
 2-6% of solids
 albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, clotting
factors, antibodies, enzymes
 Lipids
 5-15%
 Chylomicrons
 Lipoproteins
 Carbohydrates
 Glucose mainly
 NPN
 Urea and creatinine
 Electrolytes
 Sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonates
Functions of Lymph
 Return protein from tissue spaces
into blood
 Removal of bacteria, toxins and other
foreign bodies from tissues
 Maintain structural and functional
integrity of tissue
 Route for intestinal fat absorption
 Transport lymphocytes
Milk
 Secreted by mammary glands
 Complete natural food
 83-87% water and 13-17% solids
 Solids
 Carbohydrates
 Lactose
 Lipids
 Triacylglyerols
 Palmitic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, butyric
acid,oleic acid
 Proteins
 Caesin (80%), Lactalbumin
 Enzymes (proteases, xanthine oxidase,lysozyme),
immunoglobulins
 Minerals
 Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cl
 Vitamins
 Fat and water soluble vitamins except Vit - C
Functions of Milk
 Milk sugar provides galactose, a
structural unit for growing infant.
 In intestine, it gets metabolized to
lactic acid which eliminates harmful
bacteria.
 Source of protein, mineral and
vitamins
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
 Clear, colorless liquid formed within
the cavities of brain and around
spinal cord
 550ml CSF is formed everyday
 At any given time, there is 120-
150ml CSF in the system
 CSF is completely replaced about
three times a day.
Functions of CSF
 Hydrolic shock absorber
 Regulation of intracranial pressure
 Influences the hunger sensation and
eating behaviours
Amniotic Fluid
 Liquid produced by membranes and
fetus
 Volume of fluid increases with
gestational age
 Clear with some desquamated fetal
cell and a little lipid.
Functions of AF
 Physical protection to the fetus
 Medium for exchange of various
chemical
Aqueous Humor
 Fluid that fills the interior chamber of eye
 Secreted by ciliary body, enters anterior
chamber
 Blockade in the flow of aqueous humor
causes glaucoma due to increased
intraocular pressure.
 Posterior chamber of eye is filled with
vitrous humor which contains a gel
(hyaluronic acid secreted by retina)
Sweat
 Secretion of sweat gland
 Regulates body temperature by
cooling and evaporation
 Sweat glands controlled by Adrenal
cortical steroid - which affect the
quantity of electrolyte present
Sweat
 Insensible perspiration amounts to 800-
1200ml/day
 Volume of sweat produced/day during
muscular exercise at elevated
temperature may range from 10-14l,
which may lead to water and electrolyte
imbalance
 Water content of sweat varies from 99.2-
99.7%
 pH – 4.7 to 7.5
Sweat
 Electrolyte in sweat varies
 Na+ 12.6-127 meq/l
 K+ 5-32 meq/l
 Cl- 8.5-85 meq/l
Tears
 Produced by lachrymal glands
 Isotonic but becomes hypertonic
due to evaporation as fluid passes
over the cornea
Tears
 pH – 7 to 7.6 due to loss of CO2
 Protein content is 0.6 to 0.18g/dl with
an albumin/globulin ratio of 1:5 or 2:1
 Small amount of mucin is also present
 Lysozyme – lyses the cells of a number
of micro-organisms by breaking down
the polysaccharides of their outer layer
Functions of Tears
 Lysozyme protects eye from
infectious agents
 Lubricate the surface of the cornea
 Fill the irregularities of the corneal
surface to improve optical
properties
 Protects eyes from injury

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