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    Watter Hammer

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    Blerina Maci
    This document discusses pressure surge in hydropower plants. Pressure surge occurs when there are sudden changes in water flow velocity within penstocks and pipelines. It can cause damage to pipes and fittings if not properly managed. The magnitude of pressure surge depends on factors like pipe material properties and wave velocity. Various measures can help reduce pressure surge, such as using surge tanks, increasing penstock diameter, adapting valve closure times, or selecting turbines like Kaplan that handle flow changes better. While pressure surge cannot be eliminated, its impacts can be lessened through appropriate design and operation of hydropower infrastructure.

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    Watter Hammer

    Uploaded by

    Blerina Maci
    123 views35 pages
    This document discusses pressure surge in hydropower plants. Pressure surge occurs when there are sudden changes in water flow velocity within penstocks and pipelines. It can cause damage to pipes and fittings if not properly managed. The magnitude of pressure surge depends on factors like pipe material properties and wave velocity. Various measures can help reduce pressure surge, such as using surge tanks, increasing penstock diameter, adapting valve closure times, or selecting turbines like Kaplan that handle flow changes better. While pressure surge cannot be eliminated, its impacts can be lessened through appropriate design and operation of hydropower infrastructure.

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    This document discusses pressure surge in hydropower plants. Pressure surge occurs when there are sudden changes in water flow velocity within penstocks and pipelines. It can cause damage to pipes and fittings if not properly managed. The magnitude of pressure surge depends on factors like pipe material properties and wave velocity. Various measures can help reduce pressure surge, such as using surge tanks, increasing penstock diameter, adapting valve closure times, or selecting turbines like Kaplan that handle flow changes better. While pressure surge cannot be eliminated, its impacts can be lessened through appropriate design and operation of hydropower infrastructure.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    123 views35 pages

    Watter Hammer

    Uploaded by

    Blerina Maci
    This document discusses pressure surge in hydropower plants. Pressure surge occurs when there are sudden changes in water flow velocity within penstocks and pipelines. It can cause damage to pipes and fittings if not properly managed. The magnitude of pressure surge depends on factors like pipe material properties and wave velocity. Various measures can help reduce pressure surge, such as using surge tanks, increasing penstock diameter, adapting valve closure times, or selecting turbines like Kaplan that handle flow changes better. While pressure surge cannot be eliminated, its impacts can be lessened through appropriate design and operation of hydropower infrastructure.

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    Hydropower

    Pressure surge

    Friedrich Moser 16.02.2011

    Crash test
    O Please imagine o Driving a compact car (e.g. a VW Golf) o against a massive concrete wall! o Kinetic energy: 1,5 Mio. kg m/s O Please imagine o Shutting a 5 km long penstock DN 1000 (v = 2 m/s) o instantaneous! j o Kinetic energy: 7,8 Mio. kg m/s

    5 x as much !
    2

    Contents
    O O O O O Introduction: A crash test Pressure surge theoretical background Pressure surge and hydro power plants Measures to reduce pressure surge Summary

    Causes of pressure surge


    O Penstocks Changes in flow velocity

    - Inertia - Elasticity of the fluid - Rigidity of pipe material


    O Pressure surge cannot be totally avoided reduction!

    - Valves, pump breakdowns, HPP operation


    4

    Effects of pressure surge


    O Destruction of pipes and fittings O The penstock can burst from overpressure O Penstock can collapse if the pressures are reduced below atmospheric vacuum SN 10000

    Pressure surge: Theoretical approach


    O A special case: Instantaneous closing of a valve

    - Assumption 1: tc = 0 (valve closes instantaneous) - Assumption 2: no head losses due to friction (smooth pipe
    walls)

    - Assumption 3: total closure of valve

    Pressure surge: Theoretical approach


    valve reservoir penstock (e.g. gate valve) tc

    Velocity of the water column v0

    Where will the kinetic energy of the water column end up ?

    reservoir

    valve Pressure surge: sequence

    overpressure Negative pressure

    TR (or tc): reflection time or critical time

    Pressure surge: sequence


    O What happens?

    - Valve closes, water collides with the


    valve ( momentum is physically stopped)

    - Slight compression of the water


    pressure wave is formed, which travels back the pipe

    L tR ! a
    tR runtime of wave L penstock length a wave velocity

    - At the reservoir, p = 0 Pressure


    cannot rise

    - Pressure wave is reflected and turns


    around in direction of the valve
    9

    Pressure surge: estimation


    O Instantaneous Valve Closure

    - Definition: closure time is less


    than or equal to 2L/a.

    (p Jou ! a V v 0
    With a wave velocity density of fluid v0 flow velocity at t=0

    - oukowski formula - Assumption for maximum


    pressure surge, extreme case*)

    *) be aware of multiple opening/ closing or very long pipelines


    10

    Pressure surge: causes


    O Wave velocity o Wave velocity has large impact on magnitude of pressure surge o Wave velocity depends on:

    - modulus of elasticity of pipe material - bulk modulus of water - Fixation and bedding of pipe
    o The lower the E-modulus The slower the pressure wave
    11

    Wave velocity
    O E-modulus / bulk modulus: o Deformability of a material o Even water is deformable under pressure O Pressure wave velocity in a pipe o Bulk modulus fluid o Stiffness of the pipe o Pipe zone bedding and backfill have an influence
    12

    With a Wave velocity in a pipe density of fluid EF Bulk modulus fluid ER E-modulus pipe di inside diameter pipe s wall thickness ... Poisson number

    Wave velocity
    Druckwellengeschwindigkeit a
    1600

    Pressure wave velocity a [m/s] Druckwellengeschwindigkeit a [m/s]

    1400

    1200

    1000

    800

    Min [m/s] Max [m/s]

    600

    400

    200

    0 Vollkommen starres Rohr Completely rigid pipe Rohre aus Guss, Stahl Faserzement

    Steel, Rohrtyp [-] iron, ductile fibre cement

    Rohre aus Kunststoff und GFK

    GRP, plastic

    13

    Behaviour of different pipe materials


    O Advantage of GRP pipes:

    - Pressure wave travels more


    slowly less pressure surge

    14

    Behaviour of different pipe materials Characteristics Penstock 1


    O Comparative analysis: Joukowski- formula
    Pipe material Discharge Q Nominal diameter DN Operating pressure p0 Wall thickness t E-modulus Ep Pressure wave velocity a Pressure surge p
    15

    Penstock 2 GRP 3 m/s DN 1000 10 bar 21,2 mm (SN 10000) 7.000 15.000 N/mm (11.000) 363,3 m/s 11,2 bar

    Ductile iron 3 m/s DN 1000 10 bar 13,5 mm 170.000 N/mm 741,1 m/s 22,6 bar

    Linear variation of flow


    O Closure time tc O Case 1: Closure time tc = 0

    - not possible in practice; a mechanical valve requires


    some time for total closure O Case 2: Closure time tc > tR

    - Gate valves, pumps, turbines, butterfly and ball valves

    16

    Linear variation of flow


    O Example: Clousure of a valve

    - Approximation by Micheaud
    - Allievi

    (p M  A

    a (v t R } g tC

    - Assumption: linear closure

    With a Pressure wave velocity v Change in flow velocity tR Reflection time (= 2*tL) tc Closure time

    17

    Why thinking on pressure surge


    O Higher pressure in pipe O Higher PN classes necessary O Costs safety

    18

    Reduction of Pressure surge turbine


    O Adaption of closure time, O choice of the right valve closing law

    19

    Example: closure times of valve


    O Gross Head H = 80 m O Rated discharge QA = 2,5 m/s O Penstock, type DN 1000 GRP (SN 10.000, PN10) O Lenght: LR = 3.000 m O Flow velocity v = 3,18 m/s

    20

    Example: closure times of valve


    O Var A: linear closure in 10 s O Var B: linear closure in 60 s

    21

    Var. A: tc = 10s
    Druckhhen- und Durchflussverlauf am Knoten K20 Pressure and discharge vs. time
    250 10,00 8,00 200 6,00 4,00 150 2,00 0,00 100 -2,00 -4,00 50 -6,00 -8,00 0 0 200 400 600 Zeit t [s] H20 Q20 800 1000 -10,00 1200 Durchfluss Q [m3/s] Druckhhe H [m]

    22

    Discharge Q [m/s]

    Pressure H [m]

    Var. A: tc = 10s
    Energiehhendiagramm und Bemessungsdrucklinien Pressure and discharge vs. position
    250 Erdverlegte Druckrohrleitung DN1000, SN 10.000 PN10 200 Energiehhe [m]
    167,81 160,66 170,26 170,74 171,22 171,70 172,18 172,66 173,14 173,62 174,10 174,58

    150
    136,73 127,99 118,91 109,53

    153,09 145,11

    100
    90,03 80,00 79,01

    99,88

    78,03

    77,04

    Wasserfassung

    76,05

    75,07

    74,08

    73,09

    72,11

    71,12

    70,13

    69,14

    68,16

    67,17

    66,18

    65,20

    64,21

    63,22

    62,24

    61,25

    60,26

    50

    0 0 500 1000 1500 Stationierung [m]


    Hmax, c Hstat Hdyn

    2000

    2500

    3000

    23

    Turbine

    O Closure time 60 s

    Example B
    Pressure andDurchflussverlauf am Knoten K20 Druckhhen- und discharge vs. time
    250 10,00 8,00 200 6,00 4,00 150 2,00 0,00 100 -2,00 -4,00 50 -6,00 -8,00 0 0 200 400 600 Zeit t [s] H20 Q20 800 1000 -10,00 1200

    24

    Discharge Q [m/s]

    Pressure H [m]

    Durchfluss Q [m3/s]

    Druckhhe H [m]

    O Closure time 60 s

    Var. B: tc = 60s
    Pressure and discharge vs. position Energiehhendiagramm und Bemessungsdrucklinien
    250 Erdverlegte Druckrohrleitung DN1000, SN 10.000 PN10 200 Energiehhe [m]

    150

    100
    80,00 81,45 79,01 82,89 78,03 84,30 77,04 85,69 76,05 87,06 75,07 88,41 74,08 89,73 91,03

    92,30

    93,55

    94,77

    95,97

    97,14

    98,29

    99,41

    100,50

    101,57

    102,61

    103,63

    104,62

    Wasserfassung

    73,09

    72,11

    71,12

    70,13

    69,14

    68,16

    67,17

    66,18

    65,20

    64,21

    63,22

    62,24

    61,25

    60,26

    50

    0 0 500 1000 1500 Stationierung [m]


    Hmax, c Hstat Hdyn

    2000

    2500

    3000

    25

    Turbine

    Reduction of Pressure surge pipe


    O Bigger penstock diameter

    26

    Reduction of Pressure surge option


    O Surge tank

    27

    Surge tank

    28

    Surge tank
    O Medium or high head plants wirth long headrace pipelines O HPP producing peak time energy O Surge tank shortens the distance between turbine and open surface (hydraulic separation)

     faster opening/closure possible  Less water hammer


    O Reliable system (take care of serial opening/closure operations when dimensioning)
    29

    Headrace tunnel

    Headrace tunnel Headrace tunnel

    How a surge tower works

    mass oscillation (water)

    Close Open

    Pressure oscillation

    30

    Worst case: Power breakdown


    O Behaviour of Pelton turbines

    - In general unproblematic (deflectors will be activated)


    O Behaviour of Francis turbines

    - Flow-passing capability decreases with increasing


    rotational speed pressure surge O Behaviour of Kaplan turbines

    - Flow-passing capability increases with increasing


    rotational speed
    31

    pressure surge

    Reduction of Pressure surge turbine


    O Pelton O Francis O Kaplan deflectors, (bypass) bypass, flywheel heavy flywheel

    32

    Pressure surge in hydro power plants (HPP)


    O Flow regulation O Load removal and plant start O Emergency shutoff O Power breakdown

    Discussion pressure surge


    O O O O Cannot be avoided during HPP control operations Depends on equipment (valves, etc) and turbine type Various options to reduce pressure surge In general, HOBAS - GRP pipes are able to reduce pressure surge to a certain degree

    34

    Headrace tunnel

    Headrace tunnel Headrace tunnel

    How a surge tower works

    mass oscillation (water)

    Close Open

    Pressure oscillation

    35

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