GRADE 11-PPT - RESPIRATION -1

GRADE 11 BIOLOGY
CHAPTER –RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

 Respiration is an energy releasing, enzymatically controlled catabolic process which
involves a step-wise oxidative breakdown of food substance inside living cells.
 Living organism require energy for all activities like absorption, movement, reproduction or
even breathing. Energy required is obtained from oxidation of food during respiration.
 Cellular respiration is the mechanism of breaking down of food materials within the cell to
release energy for synthesis of ATP.
 Breaking down of complex molecules takes place to produce energy in cytoplasm and in the
mitochondria.
 Breaking down of C-C bond of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells
leading to release of energy is called respiration. The compounds that get oxidized are
called respiratory substrates.
 Energy released during oxidation is not used directly but utilized in synthesis of ATP, which
is broken down when energy is required. Therefore, ATP is called energy currency of cells.
 The process of respiration requires oxygen. In plants oxygen is taken in by
stomata, lenticels and root hairs.
 Plants can get along without respiratory organs because:
 Each plant part takes care of its own gas-exchange needs.
 Plants do not present great demands for gas exchange.
 Distance that gases must diffuse in large plant is not great.
 During photosynthesis O2 is released in leaves and diffuse to other part
of leaves.
 During process of respiration oxygen is utilized and carbon dioxide and
water is released along with energy molecules in form of ATP.
 Respiratory Quotient is the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide
produced to the volume of oxygen consumed in respiration over a period
of time. RQ is equal to one for carbohydrate and less than one for protein
and peptones.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm where one 6
carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to generate
two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate. The fate of
pyruvate depends on the presence or absence of
mitochondria and oxygen in the cells. Glycolysis is a
central metabolic pathway that is used by all cells for
the oxidation of glucose to generate energy in the
form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and
intermediates for use in other metabolic pathways.
Aerobic Respiration is an enzymatically
controlled release of energy in a stepwise
catabolic process of complete oxidation
of organic food into carbon dioxide and
water with oxygen acting as terminal
oxidant.
Glycolysis
• The scheme of glycolysis is given by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J.
Parnas. It is also called as EMP pathway.
• Glycolysis is the partial oxidation of glucose or similar hexose sugar into two
molecules of pyruvic acid through a series of enzyme mediated reaction
releasing some ATP and NADH2. It occurs in cytoplasm.
• In plants glucose is derived from sucrose or from storage carbohydrates.
Sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by enzyme invertase.
• Glycolysis starts with phosphorylation of glucose in presence of
enzyme hexokinase to form Glucose-6-phosphate. One molecules of ATP is
used in this process.
• In next steps Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-6-phosphate,
catalysed by enzyme phosphohexose isomerase.
• Fructose-6-phosphate uses another molecule of ATP to form Fructose-1-6
biphospahte in presence of enzyme phosphfructokinase.
• In glycolysis two molecules of ATP are consumed during double
phosphorylation of glucose to fructose 1,6 biphosphate. Two molecules of
NADPH2 are formed at the time of oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate to 1,3 biphosphoglycerate. Each NADH is equivalent to 3ATP,
so that net gain in glycolysis is 8 ATP.
• Pyruvic acid is the key product of glycolysis, further breakdown of pyruvic
acid depends upon the need of the cell.
• In animal cells, like muscles during exercise, when oxygen is insufficient
for aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is reduced to Lactic acid by enzyme
lactate dehydrogenase due to reduction by NADH2.
• FERMENTATION:
• In prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes, fermentation happens under
anaerobic conditions, whereas, in eukaryotes, it happens in the
presence of oxygen.
• In fermentation (incomplete oxidation) pyruvic acid is converted to CO2
and ethanol.
• Important enzymes are pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol
dehydrogenase catalyse.
• In muscle cells during exercise pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by
lactate dehydrogenase.
• Not much energy is generated, and the process can be poisonous too.
• Oxidation-losing of electrons. (e-)

Aerobic Respiration
• Respiration occurring in the presence of oxygen is termed
aerobic respiration.
• It occurs in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic plant cells.
• In the presence of oxygen, food molecules are converted
into carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
• This type of respiration (complete oxidation of organic
substances) is observed only in higher organisms.
• For aerobic respiration, pyruvate is transported from
the cytoplasm into the mitochondria.
.
.
two molecules of , 2ATP and two pyruvate while undergoing glycolysis. The two molecules of pyruvate are completely degraded in Krebs cycle to form tw
• TCA cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1940. This cycle is called
TCA cycle because initial product is citric acid.
• Acetyl CoA combine with OAA ( Oxaloacetic acid) and water to
yield citric acid in presence of enzyme citrate synthase to release
CoA.
• Citrate is then isomerized to isocitrate. It is followed by two
successive
steps of decarboxylation, leading to the formation of α-ketoglutaric
acid and then succinyl-CoA.
• In the remaining steps, succinyl-CoA is oxidised to OAA allowing the
cycle to continue.
• There are three points in the cycle where NAD + is reduced to NADH2
and one point where FAD + is reduced to FADH2.

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GRADE 11 BIOLOGY

CHAPTER –RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

• Oxidation-losing of electrons. (e-)

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