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    Respiration Part 1

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    Ashley Johns
    Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of organic molecules such as glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to completely break down molecules to carbon dioxide and water, and anaerobic respiration which breaks down molecules without oxygen. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate through a series of reactions in the cytoplasm that generate a small amount of ATP.

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    Respiration Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Ashley Johns
    11 views35 pages
    Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of organic molecules such as glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to completely break down molecules to carbon dioxide and water, and anaerobic respiration which breaks down molecules without oxygen. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate through a series of reactions in the cytoplasm that generate a small amount of ATP.

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    Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of organic molecules such as glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to completely break down molecules to carbon dioxide and water, and anaerobic respiration which breaks down molecules without oxygen. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate through a series of reactions in the cytoplasm that generate a small amount of ATP.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views35 pages

    Respiration Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Ashley Johns
    Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of organic molecules such as glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to completely break down molecules to carbon dioxide and water, and anaerobic respiration which breaks down molecules without oxygen. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate through a series of reactions in the cytoplasm that generate a small amount of ATP.

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    BIOLOGY

    Respiration
    Created by: Anna Kay Brown
    © 2021
    Cellular Respiration- definitions
    • Respiration is the process by which organic
    molecule are broken down to release
    energy.
    • This energy is made available to all living
    cells in the form of ATP.
    • Aerobic respiration is the complete
    breakdown of sugar or other organic
    compounds e.g. Fats and proteins (in the
    presence of oxygen) to CO2 and H2O, to
    release energy.
    • Anaerobic respiration is the is the
    breakdown of organic molecules in the
    absence of oxygen to release energy.
    Cellular respiration

    ❖The organic molecules most commonly used as substrates are


    carbohydrates ( glucose, starch, glycogen etc), lipids and proteins.
    ❖They are broken down gradually by a series of enzyme-controlled
    reactions. Each releases a small amount of energy , some of which is
    transferred to ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
    ❖The rest of energy is lost as heat.
    ❖ATP is the energy carrier of cells.
    ❖The energy in ATP can then be used when required on the reactions in
    the cell which requires energy.
    Cellular respiration
    The energy is required for many
    different purposes such as:
    • Active transport
    • To carry out metabolic
    reactions such as building
    proteins etc.
    • Contraction of muscles for
    movement
    • Cell division
    The structure of ATP
    • Every living organisms uses ATP as
    its immediate source of energy.
    • When energy is released from
    glucose or other molecules during
    respiration, it is used to make ATP.
    • AMP ( adenosine monophosphate)
    is a nucleotide.
    • Remember that a nucleotide
    consists of a 5 carbon sugar, base
    and a phospate group.
    • In AMP the sugar is ribose and the
    base is adenine.
    The structure of ATP

    ATP has 2 extra phosphate groups making it a total of 3.


    The structure of ATP
    • It is important to note that when a phosphate
    group is released from ATP energy is released.
    • ATP can be converted back to ADP and
    inorganic phosphate (Pi). This reaction
    releases energy.

    This reaction requires water and is a hydrolysis reaction. About


    30.6 kj of energy per mole of ATP is released.
    The structure of ATP

    • The reaction releases


    30.6 kj of energy for
    every mole of ATP that
    is hydrolysed.
    •ADP and Pi can be
    converted back to ATP,
    but this requires 30.6 kj
    of energy per mole of
    ATP.
    30.6kj + ADP +Pi →ATP
    + H2O
    •This reaction is a
    condensation reaction
    Significance of ATP
    1. ATP is known as the energy currency
    of cells.
    • ATP Is made using energy, in this
    case from the oxidation of organic
    molecules during respiration.
    • ATP made is spent on reactions
    needing energy.
    • The actual of ATP in the cell at any
    one point is surprisingly small.
    • ATP can be therefore be thought of
    as, not a store of energy, but as a
    carrier of energy.
    • Long term energy storage takes
    place in molecules like fat and
    glycogen.
    Significance of ATP
    2. ATP Is mobile and can carry energy to energy
    consuming processes anywhere in the cell.
    • ATP can release energy quickly.
    • Only one chemical reaction is required-
    hydrolysis.
    • 3.Atp provides energy in small packages- this
    reduces wastage of energy.
    Phosphorylation
    phosphorylation is the transfer of phosphate molecules to a
    molecule. this reaction is vital for making ATP
    Phosphorylation
    There are 2 ways in which ATP can be formed:
    .1. Substrate level phosphorylation- This is the
    process of forming ATP by the direct addition of
    phosphate group to ADP.
    • In Substrate level phosphorylation, the phosphate
    group comes from a phosphorylated susbstrate
    and it is transferred to ADP to form ATP.
    • It takes place in the cytoplasm during glycolysis
    Phosphorylation
    • The next way in which ATP Is
    formed is:
    • 2. Oxidative phosphorylation- This
    is when ATP is generated from the
    transfer of electrons from NADH
    And FADH2 and subsequent
    transfer of electrons from carrier
    to carrier down the electron
    transport chain. This process
    involves the pumping of protons.
    • This process generates an
    electrochemcal gradient that is
    responsible for the synthesis of
    ATP.
    Respiratory substrates
    Respiratory substrates Energy/kj per gram
    Carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, glucose 16
    etc)
    lipids 39
    proteins 17

    When carbohydrates are available they are used first by most cells.
    They are easier to break down than lipids to release energy. They can directy
    supply our body with energy because they find there way in the bloodstream
    very fast.
    Lipids are mainly used when carbohydrates reserves are exhausted.
    Lipids are first converted to glycerol and fatty acids.
    Proteins are first hydrolysed to amino acids then deaminated ( broken down)
    Some key reactions involved in
    respiration
    • 2 important types of reactions are important
    in respiration, these are:
    1. Oxidation
    2. Decarboxylation
    Some key reactions involved in
    respiration
    • 1.Oxidation-may occur 3 ways during cell
    respiration:
    A. Adding oxygen: A+ O2→ AO2
    B. Removal of hydrogen (dehydrogenation)-
    during aerobic respiration glucose is oxidised
    by a series of dehydrogenation.
    • During dehydrogenation, hydrogen is
    removed and is used to reduce a coenzyme
    known as a hydrogen carrier
    Some key reactions involved in
    respiration
    • Dehydrogenation cont’d
    • AH2 (reduced respiratory substrate) +B (coenzyme-hydrogen carrier) → A (oxidized respiratory substrate)+
    BH2 (reduced coenzyme).
    • The hydrogen carrier is NAD (nicotineamide adenine
    dinucleotide)
    • NAD˖ + 2H → NADH (reduced NAD) + H˖
    • Gradually all hydrogen is removed from glucose and
    added to hydrogen carriers.
    • This hydrogen oxidized to water, using oxygen and
    releasing energy to make ATP.
    C. Oxidation can take place due to Removal of electrons.
    Some key reactions involved in
    respiration
    • 2. Decarboxylation
    • This is the removal of carbon from a
    compound by using carbon to make carbon
    dioxide.
    • Since only hydrogen is needed carbon is
    removed by decarboxylation and the CO2 is
    released as a waste product in aerobic
    respiration.
    Respiration

    • Ina cell, this overall reaction is


    broken down into many
    smaller steps.
    •As glucose molecule is
    gradually broken down, some
    of the break down steps
    release energy that is captured
    directly as ATP.
    Respiration overview
    •A phosphate group is transfered
    from a pathway intermediate
    straight to ADP, a process known as
    substrate level phosphoryltion.
    •Many more steps produce ATP but
    in an indirect way.
    • In these steps, electrons from
    glucose are transfered to electron
    carriers (NADH & FADH2).
    •The elctron carriers take the
    electrons to the electron transport
    chain.
    •As electrons move along the
    electron transport chain (from
    carrier to carrier) from higher to
    lower energy levels, it releases
    energy which is used t make ATP.
    Respiration overview
    • The electrons are ultimately passed to oxygen and
    oxygen combines with hydrogen to form water.
    • The electrons release energy as they pass along
    the electron transport chain.
    • The energy released generates a proton gradient
    across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
    • ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to
    generate ATP from ADP.
    Respiration overview
    Diagram showing the summary of
    respiration
    Respiration overview
    • Cellular respiration involves the following
    stages:
    • 1. Glycolysis
    • 2. link reaction
    • Krebs cycle
    • Oxidative phosphorylation
    Glycolysis
    • Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to
    pyruvate.
    • One molecule of glucose (6 carbon) is broken
    down into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon).
    • It occurs in the cytoplam not in the
    mitochondria.
    • Glycolysis does not require oxygen.
    Glycolysis overview
    Main stages of glycolysis
    Glycolysis
    • Glycolysis may be divided into the following stages:
    • 1. phosphorylation of the sugar- This step involves adding
    a phosphate group to a glucose molecule.
    • This produces glucose-6-phosphate. This process is known
    as phosphorylation.
    • The phosphate group comes from ATP which is converted
    to ADP in the process.
    • The reaction is catalysed by hexokinase
    • First Half of Glycolysis is the Energy-Requiring Steps.
    • Second Half of Glycolysis is the Energy-Releasing Steps
    Glycolysis-steps
    • 2. Isomerisation- glucose-6-phosphate is
    reorganised to form fructose -6-phosphate.
    • 3. A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to
    fructose-6-phosphate, producing
    fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. This step is catalyzed
    by the enzyme phosphofructokinase.
    • 4. Lysis- The fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split
    into 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    (triose phosphate-3 C)
    Glycolysis-steps
    5. Oxidation:
    • The 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are oxidised to an
    intermediate bisphosphate known as 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate by
    having hydrogen removed from them.
    • This oxidation is catalysed by a dehydrogenase enzyme.
    • The hydrogen atoms are transferred from
    glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to NAD to form NADH (reduced
    NAD).
    • Dehydrogenase can only function if there is another molecule
    present to take up the hydrogen atom that it removed.
    • This molecule is NAD which is a coenzyme.
    • A coenzyme is a substance that is needed to help catalyse its
    reaction.
    Glycolysis-steps
    • 6. Substrate level phosphoryltion:
    • ADP and the intermediate bisphosphate
    occupy the active site of an enzyme and one
    of the phosphate groups is transferred to ADP
    to form ATP.
    • This is repeated as the 3 carbon intermediate
    phosphate and ADP interact to give the end
    product pyruvate and another ATP.
    Glycolysis
    Glycolysis
    • The fate of pyruvate is depends on the
    availability of oxygen.
    • If O2 is present, pyruvate enters the
    mitochondrion and will be completely
    oxidised to CO2 and H2O.
    • If oxygen is absent, pyruvate will be converted
    to ethanol or lactate.
    Glycolysis
    Total input Total output
    1 molecule of glucose 2 molecules of pyruvate
    2ATP 4ATP
    2NAD+ 2 NADH
    Overall profit: 2 ATP, 2 NADH

    The overall reaction for glycolysis is as folllows:

    C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P -----> 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+

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