7.2

Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 26

7 Techniques of Integration

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


7.2 Trigonometric Integrals
In this section we integrate powers of trigonometric
functions. We use trigonometric identities to help us
integrate using mostly substation method.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


3
4
5
6
7
Trigonometric Integrals
We start with powers of sine and cosine.

8
Example 2
Find ∫ sin5x cos2x dx.

Solution:
We could convert cos2x to 1 – sin2x, but we would be left
with an expression in terms of sin x with no extra cos x
factor.

Instead, we separate a single sine factor and rewrite the


remaining sin4x factor in terms of cos x:
sin5 x cos2x = (sin2x)2 cos2x sin x

= (1 – cos2x)2 cos2x sin x


9
Example 2 – Solution cont’d

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = –sin x dx and so

∫ sin5x cos2x dx = ∫ (sin2x)2 cos2x sin x dx

= ∫ (1 – cos2x)2 cos2x sin x dx

= ∫ (1 – u2)2 u2 (–du) = –∫ (u2 – 2u4 + u6)du

= – cos3x + cos5x – cos7x + C


10
Example 3
Evaluate

Solution:
If we write sin2x = 1 – cos2x, the integral is no simpler to
evaluate. Using the half-angle formula for sin2x, however,
we have

11
Example 3 – Solution cont’d

Notice that we mentally made the substitution u = 2x when


integrating cos 2x.

12
Trigonometric Integrals

13
Trigonometric Integrals
We can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the
form ∫ tanmx secnx dx.

Since (ddx) tan x = sec2x, we can separate a sec2x factor


and convert the remaining (even) power of secant to an
expression involving tangent using the identity
sec2x = 1 + tan2x.

Or, since (ddx) sec x = sec x tan x, we can separate a


sec x tan x factor and convert the remaining (even) power
of tangent to secant.

14
15
16
Example 5
Evaluate ∫ tan6x sec4x dx.

Solution:
If we separate one sec2x factor, we can express the
remaining sec2x factor in terms of tangent using the identity
sec2x = 1 + tan2x.

We can then evaluate the integral by substituting u = tan x


so that du = sec2x dx:

∫ tan6x sec4x dx = ∫ tan6x sec2x sec2x dx

17
Example 5 – Solution cont’d

= ∫ tan6x (1 + tan2x) sec2x dx

= ∫ u6(1 + u2)du = ∫ (u6 + u8)du

= tan7x + tan9x + C

18
19
Trigonometric Integrals
The preceding examples demonstrate strategies for
evaluating integrals of the form ∫ tanmx secnx dx for two
cases, which we summarize here.

20
Example 7
Find ∫ tan3x dx.

Solution:
Here only tan x occurs, so we use tan2x = sec2x – 1 to
rewrite a tan2x factor in terms of sec2x:

∫ tan3x dx = ∫ tan x tan2x dx

= ∫ tan x (sec2x – 1) dx

= ∫ tan x sec2x dx – ∫ tan x dx

21
Example 7 – Solution cont’d

= – ln | sec x | + C

In the first integral we mentally substituted u = tan x so that


du = sec2x dx.

22
23
24
Trigonometric Integrals
Finally, we can make use of another set of trigonometric
identities:

25
Example 9
Evaluate ∫ sin 4x cos 5x dx.

Solution:
This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts,
but it’s easier to use the identity in Equation 2(a) as follows:

∫ sin 4x cos 5x dx = ∫ [sin(–x) + sin 9x] dx

= ∫ (–sin x + sin 9x) dx

= (cos x – cos 9x) + C

26

You might also like