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2 METHODS OF INTEGRATION
For some questions using just the basic integration rules will not be enough to get the answer.
Because of this reason we must know some more rules or methods to calculate the integral. For
finding the integral of a function we have some other methods. Now, we will learn these methods.

A. METHOD OF CHANGING VARIABLE (CHAIN RULE OR

SUBSTITUTION METHOD)
For some questions, by using x as variable will not be useful to integrate the function. In these
type of questions we can change the variable. This method is called the method of changing
variable. The following theorem states the method for this operation.

Theorem
Let's say that F(u) and u(x) be two functions which are differentiable with respect to u and
x, respectively. So,

∫ f ( u( x)) ⋅ u′( x) dx = F( u)+ c.

Proof We know from the Chain Rule that, when F′(x) = f(x) then dF( u( x)) = F '( u( x)) ⋅ u '( x).
dx
dF( u( x))
By integrating both sides with respect to x we get: ∫ dx
dx = ∫ f ( u( x)) ⋅ u '( x)dx which

implies.

F(u(x)) + c = ∫ f ( u( x)) ⋅ u′( x) dx which completes the proof.

Note
In general we use the Chain Rule by the following way:
In the given expression do the following two substitutions:
du
u = g(x) by differentiating both sides we get = g′( x) or du = g′(x) dx.
dx
After these substitutions we get a simpler expression and by using basic integration formulas
we can easily integrate the function.
In this method the selection of u is important.
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38 ∫ ( x − 1)
2
EXAMPLE dx = ?

Solution 1. Way
By using the power rule we can get the answer;
x3
∫ ( x − 1) dx = ∫ ( x2 − 2 x + 1) dx =
2
− x 2 + x + c1
3
2. Way
By using changing variable method we can calculate the answer;
Let u = x – 1 the du = dx.
Use this substitution in the question

u3 ( x − 1)3 x 3 − 3 x2 + 3 x − 1 x3 1
∫ ( x − 1) dx = ∫ u 2 du =
2
+ c2 = + c2 = + c2 = −x2 + x + − + c2
3 3 3 3 3
1
We have – + C2 instead of C1 but we say the answers are the same. Why?
3

EXAMPLE 39 ∫ (1 − x)
9
dx = ?

Solution Let u = 1 – x then du = –dx. Substitute it in the question;

u10 (1 – x)10
∫ (1 – x) dx = ∫ u 9 (– du ) = – ∫ u 9 du = –
9
+ c= – +c
10 10

EXAMPLE 40 ∫ 3x
2
cos x3 dx = ?

Solution Let u = x3 then du = 3x2dx. Substitute it into the integral sign then:

∫ 3x cos x3 dx = ∫ cos u du = sin u + c = sin x3 + c

2

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EXAMPLE 41 ∫(x
2
+5)7 ⋅ x dx = ?

Solution du
Let u = x2 + 5 then du = 2x dx or = x dx.
2
By substituting these in the question we have:
du 1 7 1 u8 ( x2 + 5)8
∫ ( x +5) ⋅ xdx = ∫ u = ∫ u du = ⋅ + c =
2 7 7
+c
2 2 2 8 16

EXAMPLE 42 ∫ (2x
2
+1)(2 x3 + 3 x)7 dx = ?

Solution Let u = 2x3 + 3x then du = (6x2 + 3 ) dx or du = (2x2 + 1) dx

3
du 1 7 1 u8 (2x3 + 3x )8
∫ (2x +1)(2 x3 + 3 x)7 dx = ∫ u7 = ∫ u du =
2
+ c= +c
3 3 3 8 24

EXAMPLE 43 ∫
ln x
x
dx = ?

Solution 1
Let u = ln x then du = ⋅ dx.
x
ln x u2 ln 2 x
So, ∫ dx = ∫ u du = +c = + c.
x 2 2

EXAMPLE 44 ∫f
5
( x) ⋅ f '( x) dx = ?

Let u = f(x) then du = f ′(x) dx.

Solution
u6 f 6 ( x)
∫ u du =
5
So, +c= +c
6 6

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EXAMPLE 45 ∫ 1 − 3x dx = ?

du
Solution Let u = 1 – 3x then du = –3dx or dx = − .
3
du
So, ∫ 1 − 3x dx = ∫ u ⋅ ( −
3
)

3
1 1 1 u 2
= − ∫ u 2 du = − ⋅ +c
3 3 3
2
2 3
= − ⋅ (1 − 3 x) 2 + c
9

EXAMPLE 46 ∫ sin
3
x ⋅ cos x dx = ?

Solution Let u = sin x then du = cosx dx.

u4 sin4 x
∫ sin x ⋅ cos x dx =∫ u 3 du =
3
So, +c= +c
4 4

EXAMPLE 47 ∫ cos
3
x dx = ?

Solution Let u = sin x then du = cos x dx. So,

∫ cos x dx = ∫ cos 2 x ⋅ cos x dx

3

= ∫ (1 − sin 2 x)cos x dx

= ∫ (1 − u 2 ) du

u3
=u− +c
3
sin 3 x
= sin x − +c
3
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EXAMPLE 48 ∫
sin x dx
1 − cos 2 x
=?

Solution Let u = cos x and du = –sin x dx. So,

sin xdx −du

So, ∫ 1 − cos x2
=∫
1 − u2
= − arcsin u + c1

= − arcsin(cos x)+ c1 or

= arccos u + c2 = arccos(cos x)+ c2

EXAMPLE 49 ∫3
3 x3 + 4 x2 −1
⋅ (9x2 + 8 x) dx = ?

Solution Let u = 3x3 + 4x2 – 1 then du = (9x2 + 8x) dx

3 x3 + 4 x2 −1
∫3 ⋅ (9 x2 +8 x) dx = ∫ 3 u du

3u
= +c
ln 3
3 2
33 x + 4 x −1
= +c
ln 3

EXAMPLE 50 ∫
1
1 − 9 x2
dx = ?

du
Solution Let u = 3x then du = 3 dx or dx = . By substitution we get;
3
1 1 du
∫ 1 − 9x 2
dx = ∫
1−u 3 2

1 1
= arcsin u + c1 = − arccos u+ c2
3 3
1 1
= arcsin 3 x+ c1 = − arccos 3 x+ c2
3 3

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EXAMPLE 51 ∫ 1+ 4x
1
2
dx = ?

du
Solution Let u = 2x then du = 2 dx or dx = . By substitution;
2
1 1 du
∫ 1 + 4x 2
dx = ∫1+ u 2
2
1 1
= arctan u + c1 = − arc cot u + c2
2 2
1 1
= arctan 2 x + c1 = − arc cot 2 x + c2
2 2

EXAMPLE 52 ∫
sin(ln x)
x
dx = ?

1
Solution Let u = ln x then du = dx. So,
x
sin(ln x)
∫ x
dx = ∫ sin u du

= – cos u + c
= – cos(ln x)+ c

EXAMPLE 53 ∫ ( x + 2)( x − 1)
4
dx = ?

Solution As you see by using direct substitution we cannot get the answer.
So we will substitute both of the terms.
Let u = x – 1 and du = dx
We can get x = u+1 then x+2 = u + 3. So,

∫ ( x + 2)( x − 1) dx = ∫ ( u + 3) ⋅ u 4 du
4

= ∫ ( u 5 + 3u 4 ) du

u6 u5
= +3⋅ +c
6 5
( x − 1)6 3( x − 1)5
= + +c
6 5

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Check Yourself 6
Evaluate the following integrals
5
a. ∫ sin(1 − x) dx b. ∫ (1 − x3 )5 ⋅ x2 dx c. ∫ x ⋅ sin(5x − 1) dx d. ∫ 1 + 9x
2
2
dx

sin x
e. ∫e f. ∫ 1 + cos g. sin(7 x + 1) dx h.
cos x x2 + 4 x − 2
sin x dx 2
dx ∫ ∫5 ⋅ ( x + 2) dx
x
1 3 xdx
i. j. ∫ k. l. ∫ sin x cos
3
∫ 1+ 2 x 2
dx
1 − 4x 2
dx ∫ 1+ x 4
x dx

Answers
3 6 2
5arctan 3 x
a. cos (x – 1) + c b. − ( x − 1) + c c. − cos(5 x − 1) d. +c
18 10 3
2
1 5x + 4 x − 2
e. cos x + c f. –arctan(cos x) + c g. − cos(7 x +1)+ c h. +c
7 2 ln5

j. 3arcsin 2 x + c
2 4
i. 2 arctan( x 2 )
+c k. arctan x + c l. − cos x + c
2 2 2 4

B. METHOD OF INTEGRATION OF BY PARTS

In general, we have two types of solution methods. One is by substitution and second is by
using the integration by parts. The other methods are used by changing given expression to
these two methods. So as being the main method we must know integration by parts very well.
An integral of the form ∫ f ( x) ⋅ g( x) dx sometimes may be hard to evaluate. In these type of
questions we may use another method to find the answer. The following theorem states the
solution method of integration by parts.

Theorem
Let u = f(x) and v = g(x) be two differentiable functions with respect to x, then

∫ u ⋅ v′ dx = u ⋅ v − ∫ v ⋅ u ′ dx
Proof We know from derivative that d(u ⋅ v) = v ⋅ du + u ⋅ dv
If we take the integral of both sides we get: ∫ d(u ⋅ v) = ∫ vdu + ∫ udv ;
u ⋅ v = ∫ v du + ∫ u dv then we get;

∫ u dv = u ⋅ v – ∫ v du which is required.
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Note
In this formula there is no certain rule for selection of u and v′ but generally we choose the
function which is reducing when we take its derivative as u. Also logarithmic and inverse
trigonometric functions may be chosen as u. And the functions like ex, sin x, cos x, … are
chosen as v′.

EXAMPLE 54 ∫ x ⋅ e dx = ?
x

Solution Let u = x and v′ = ex then , u′ = 1 and v = ex.

∫ x ⋅ e dx = x ⋅ e – ∫ e dx = x ⋅ e
x x x x
So, – ex + c

EXAMPLE 55 ∫x
2
⋅ ln x dx = ?

1 3
Solution Let u = ln x and v′ = x2 then, u′ = and v = x .
x 3
3 3
x x 1 x3 1 x3 x3 1
So, ∫ x ⋅ ln xdx = ln x ⋅ −∫
2
⋅ dx = ln x ⋅ − ⋅ + c = (ln x − )+ c.
3 3 x 3 3 3 3 3

ln x
EXAMPLE 56 ∫ x4
dx = ?

1 1 x3
Solution Let u = lnx and v′ = . Then, u′ = and v = − .
x4 x 3
ln x 1 1 1
So, ∫ 4 dx = − 3 ⋅ ln x – ∫ − 3 ⋅ dx
x 3x 3x x
ln x 1 −4
3 x3 3 ∫
=– + x dx

ln x 1 1
=– 3
+ ( − 3 )+ c
3x 3 3x
ln x 1
=– 3
− 3 +c
3x 9x

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EXAMPLE 57 ∫ x ⋅ cos x dx = ?

Solution Let u = x and v′ = cos x then, u′=1 and v = sin x.

So, ∫ x ⋅ cos x dx = x ⋅ sin x −∫ sin x dx = x ⋅sin x + cos x + c.

EXAMPLE 58 ∫ arctan x dx = ?

Solution 1
Let u = arctan x and v′ = 1 then, u′ = and v = x.
1+ x2
x
So, ∫ arctan xdx = x ⋅ arctan x − ∫ dx, in this part we will use substitution.
1 + x2
dw
Let w = 1+ x2 then dw = 2x dx and x ⋅ dx = then,
2
1
∫ arctan x dx = x ⋅ arctan x − ∫ 2 w dw

1
= x ⋅ arctan x − ln| w|+c
2
1
= x ⋅ arctan x − ln(1+ x2 )+ c
2

EXAMPLE 59 ∫ x ⋅ sin 4x dx = ?

1
Solution Let u = x and v′ = sin 4x. Then, u′ = 1 and v = − cos 4 x.
4
x ⋅ cos 4 x cos 4 x
∫ x ⋅ sin 4x dx = − 4 – ∫ − 4 dx
x ⋅ cos 4 x 1
=− + ∫ cos 4 x dx
4 4
x ⋅ cos 4 x sin 4 x
=− + +c
4 16

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EXAMPLE 60 ∫x x − 2 dx = ?

2 3
Solution Let u = x and v′ = x − 2. Then, u′ = 1 and v = ( x − 2) 2 .
3
2 3 2 3
∫ x x − 2 dx = 3 (x − 2) 2 x – ∫ 3 ( x − 2) 2 dx
5
2 3 2 ( x − 2) 2
= ( x − 2) 2 x – ⋅ +c
3 3 5
2
5
2 3 4( x − 2) 2
= ( x − 2) 2 x – +c
3 15

Note
When we integrate a function by using different methods we may get different answers. But
if the method is correct then we say both of the solutions are correct. Because, we know that
integration is anti-derivative and derivative of two different functions may be the same.

EXAMPLE 61 ∫e
2x
⋅ sin e x dx = ?

Solution Let u = ex and v′ = ex sin ex. Then, u′ = ex. To find v we will integrate ex sin ex.
Let t = ex then dt = ex dx. So, v = ∫ e sin e dx = ∫ sin t dt = – cos t = – cos e .
x x x

∫e ⋅ sin e x dx = – e x cos e x – ∫ −e x cos e x dx

2x

= −e x cos e x + ∫ e x cos e x dx

For the second part use k = ex and dk = ex dx.

∫e cos e x dx = ∫ cos k dk = sin k + c = sin e x + c

x
By substitution;

∫e
2x
⋅ sin e x dx = – e x cos e x + sin e x + c.

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EXAMPLE 62 ∫ sin(ln x) dx = ?

Solution cos(ln x)dx

Let u = sin(ln x) and v′ = 1 then u ' = and v = x.
x
cos(ln x)
∫ sin(ln x) dx = x ⋅ sin(ln x) – ∫ x ⋅ x dx = x ⋅sin(ln x) −∫cos(ln x) dx (*)
Now, we will evaluate ∫ cos(ln x)dx separately:
sin(ln x)dx
Lets say u = cos (ln x) and dv′ = 1 then du = − and v = x.
x
sin(ln x)
∫ cos(ln x) dx = x ⋅ cos( ln x) – ∫ x ⋅( −
x
) dx

= x ⋅ cos(ln x) + ∫ sin(ln x) dx (**)

Now, we will replace (**) in (*) then we have:

∫ sin(ln x) dx = x ⋅ sin( ln x) – ( x ⋅cos(ln x)+ ∫sin(ln x) dx )

= x ⋅ sin(ln x) – x cos(ln x) – ∫sin(ln x) dx

2 ⋅ ∫ sin(ln x) dx = x ⋅ sin(ln x) – x ⋅cos(ln x),

x(sin(ln x) − cos(ln x))

∫ sin(ln x) dx = 2
+ c.

EXAMPLE 63 ∫e
x
sin x dx = ?

Solution Let u = ex and v′ = sinx. Then, u′ = ex and v = –cos x.

∫e sin x dx = – e x cos x + ∫ e x cos x dx

x

(For the second part we will use integration by parts one more time. Let u1 = ex and

∫e cos x dx = e x sin x – ∫ e x sin x dx)

x
v1′ = cos x. Then, u1′ = ex and v1 = sinx. So,

∫e sin x dx = – e x cos x + ∫ e x cos x dx

x

= – e x cos x + e x sin x – ∫ e x sin x dx ;

2 ∫ e x sin x dx = – e x cos x + e x sin x

ex
∫e
x
sin x dx = (sin x – cos x)+ c
2

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Check Yourself 7
Integrate the following integrals

a. ∫ ln x dx b. ∫x c. ∫ x ⋅ ln x dx d. ∫x
2 2
⋅ sin x dx ⋅ e2 x dx

e. arcsin x dx f. g. h.
∫ ∫ log( x + 3) dx ∫ (2x + 1)sin 3x dx ∫e
3x
⋅ sin x dx

i. j. k. l.
∫e ∫ ( x − 1) ⋅ ln x dx ∫x ∫ 3x ⋅ sin x ⋅ cos x dx
(2 x +1)
⋅ cos( x − 1) dx x +1 dx

Answers

a. x ln x – x + c b. (2 – x2) cos x + 2x sin x + c

x2 ln x x2 2x 2
c. − +c d. e (2 x − 2 x +1) + c
2 4 4
x
e. x arcsin x + 1 − x2 + c f. (x + 3) ⋅ log (x + 3) –
ln10+ c
2 sin 3 x (2 x + 1)cos 3 x 3sin x cos x
g. − +c h. e3 x ( − )+ c
9 3 10 10

i. 2e cos( x − 1) e sin( x −1) 2

j. ( x − x)ln x − x( x − 4) + c
e2 x ( + )+ c
5 5 2 4
3/ 2
k. 2( x +1) (3x − 2) + c l. 3sin x cos x 3 x sin 2 x 3 x
+ − +c
15 4 2 4

C. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

P( x)
We use this method to calculate the integral of the form ∫ Q( x) dx , where P(x) and Q(x) are
polynomials and Q(x) ≠ 0.
For different type of partial fractions we should use different methods. Now, in this section
we will learn the most useful methods for evaluating the integration of partial fractions.

P( x) dx and deg P x < deg Q x

1. ∫ Q(x) ( ( )) ( ( ))
In this condition we will use the substitution u = Q(x) and try to find du in terms of P(x) dx.
After that we will try to find the answer.

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3
EXAMPLE 64 ∫ 5x +1 dx = ?
du
Solution Let u = 5x+1 then du = 5 dx or dx = .
5
3 3
So, ∫ dx = ∫ du
5x + 1 5u
3
= ⋅ ln| u |+ c
5
3
= ⋅ ln|5 x +1|+ c
5

2x − 3
EXAMPLE 65 ∫x 2
− 3x − 1
dx = ?

Let u = x2 – 3x – 1 then du = 2x – 3.
Solution
2x − 3 du
So, ∫ dx = ∫
x2 − 3x − 1 u
= ln| u |+ c

= ln| x2 − 3 x − 1|+ c

7
EXAMPLE 66 ∫ (5x + 2) 9
dx = ?

du
Solution Let u = 5x+2 then du = 5 dx or dx = .
5
7 7
So, ∫ dx = ∫ 9 du
(5x + 2)9 5u
7 −9
5∫
= u du

7 u −8
= ⋅ +c
5 −8
7
=− +c
40 u8
7
=− +c
40(5 x + 2)8

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dx
EXAMPLE 67 ∫x 2
+ 2 x +1
=?

Solution dx dx
∫x 2
+ 2 x +1
=∫
( x +1)2
Let u = x + 1 then du = dx.
dx du
∫ ( x +1) 2
=∫
u2

= ∫ u −2 du

1
=− +c
u
1
=− +c
x +1

Check Yourself 8
Evaluate the following integrals.
4 2x + 3 3 dx x2 − 2 x
a. ∫ 7x − 6 dx b. ∫ x2 + 3x − 1 dx c. ∫ ( x +1)4 dx d. ∫ x2 +8 x +16 e. ∫ x3 − 3x2 − 1 dx
Answers
1 1
a. 4 ln|7 x − 6| + c b. ln|x2 + 3x – 1|+ c c. − +c d. − +c
7 ( x +1)3 x+ 4
3 2
e. ln| x − 3x − 1|
3

P( x) dx deg P x < deg Q x

2. ∫ Q(x) ( ( )) ( ( )) and Q(x) is reducible on R

If Q(x) is linear then by using “ln x” formula we can easily get the answer but if the degree
of Q(x) is bigger then or equal to 2 then we will try to write given expression as the sum or
difference of two or more partial fractions. Then we will use the methods to evaluate the
integral.
In this method we have some rules to write given expression as the sum or difference of two
or more partial fractions. The rules are given below.

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Rule

1. P( x) A B
= +
( ax + b) ⋅ ( cx + d ) ax + b cx + d

2. P( x) A B C
n
= + 2
+ +...
( ax + b ) ax + b ( ax + b ) ( ax + b )3

3. P( x) A Bx + C
= +
( ax + b) ⋅ ( cx2 + dx + e ) ax + b cx 2 + dx + e

Notice that the numbers of partial fractions are the same as the number of factors of
denominator

5x +7
EXAMPLE 68 ∫ ( x − 2)(3x +1) dx = ?

Solution 5x +7 A B 3Ax + A + Bx − 2B (3A + B)x +( A − 2 B)

= + = =
( x − 2)(3 x +1) x − 2 3 x+1 ( x −2)(3 x+1) ( x −2)(3 x+1)

3A + B = 5
A – 2B = 7
17 16
The solution of this system gives as A = and B = – .
7 7
5x +7 17 16
So, = − .
( x − 2)(3 x +1) 7 ⋅( x − 2) 7 ⋅(3 x+1)
5x +7 17 16
Integrate both sides: ∫ ( x − 2)(3x +1) dx = ∫ 7 ⋅( x − 2) dx − ∫ 7 ⋅(3 x+1) dx
17 16
= ⋅ ln| x − 2| − ⋅ ln| 3 x+1|+c.
7 21

Note
In these type of examples as another method we can find A and B by the following method:
5x +7 A B
= + multiply both sides by (x – 2);
( x − 2)(3 x +1) x − 2 3 x+1
5x +7 ( x − 2) ⋅ B replace x = 2 (to make x – 2 = 0);
= A+
3x +1 3x +1
5 ⋅ 2+7 0 ⋅ B so we can find A = 17 .
= A+
3 ⋅ 2+1 3x +1 7
By the same method we can find B and the rest of the solution will be the same.

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11x + 4
EXAMPLE 69 ∫ 2x 2
+x−3
dx = ?

Solution Firstly we will factorize denominator.

2x2 + x – 3 = (x – 1) ⋅ (2x + 3).
Then; 11 2
x+ 4
=
A
+
B
=
2 Ax + 3 A + Bx − B (2 A + B)x +(3 A − B)
= .
2x + x − 3 x − 1 2x + 3 ( x − 1)(2 x + 3) 2 x2 + x − 3
2A + B = 11
3A – B = 4
The solution of this system will lead us to the solution: A = 3 and B = 5.
So we have: 11x + 4 3 5
2
= + .
2x + x − 3 x − 1 2x + 3

Integrate both sides: 11x + 4 3 5 .

∫ 2x 2
+x−3
dx = ∫
x −1
dx + ∫
2x+ 3
dx

5
= 3 ⋅ ln| x − 1|+ ln| 2 x+ 3|+ c.
2

x +1
EXAMPLE 70 ∫x 3
−1
dx = ?

Solution Factorize the denominator: x3 – 1 = (x – 1) ⋅ (x2 + x + 1).

Then we have:
Then; x +1 = x +1 A Bx + C Ax 2 + Ax + A + Bx 2 − Bx + Cx − C
= + =
x3 − 1 ( x − 1)( x2 + x +1) x − 1 x2 + x+1 x3 −1

( A + B)x2 + ( A − B + C )x + ( A − C )
=
x3 − 1
A+B=0
A–B+C=1
A–C=1
2 2 1
Solution of this system is: A = , B = − , C = − .
3 3 3
x +1 2 1 2 x +1
So we have, 3
= − ⋅ 2 .
x −1 3( x − 1) 3 x + x +1

x +1 2 1 2 x +1
Integrate both sides: ∫x 3
−1
=∫
3( x − 1)
dx + ∫ − ⋅ 2
3 x + x +1
dx.

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In the second part use substitution u = x2 + x + 1 and du = (2x + 1)dx:

x +1 2 1 du 2 1
∫x 3
−1
dx = ⋅ ln| x − 1|+ c1 − ∫
3 3 u
= ⋅ ln| x −1|+ c1 − ⋅ln| u|+ c2
3 3
2 1
= ln| x − 1| − ⋅ ln| x2 + x+1|+ c
3 3
x2 − 2 x +1 13
= ln| | +c
x2 + x +1

5x − 1
EXAMPLE 71 ∫ (2 x + 3) 2
dx = ?

Solution 5x − 1 A B 2 Ax + 3A + B
2
= + 2
=
(2 x + 3) 2 x + 3 (2 x + 3) (2 x+ 3) 2

2A = 5
3A + B = –1
5 17
Solution of this system is: A = and B = – .
2 2
5x − 1 5 17
So, ∫ (2 x + 3) 2
dx = ∫
2 ⋅ (2 x + 3)
dx − ∫
2(2 x+ 3) 2
dx.

Use substitution u = 2x + 3 and du = 2dx in the second part.

5x − 1 5 17 1 −2 5 17
∫ (2 x + 3) 2
dx =
4
ln| 2 x + 3|+ c1 − ∫
2 2
⋅ u du = ln| 2 x + 3|+
4 4(2 x + 3)
+c

ex
EXAMPLE 72 ∫ (e x
+ 2)( e x − 3)
dx = ?

Solution Firstly we will change given expression to rational function then by using the previous
method we will evaluate the integral. Let u = ex then du = ex dx. So the integration will
change.
ex du
∫ (e x x
+ 2)( e − 3)
dx = ∫
( u + 2)( u − 3)
1 A B ( A + B)u − 3 A + 2 B
= + = . Then
( u + 2)( u − 3) u + 2 u − 3 ( u + 2)( u − 3)
A+B=0
–3A + 2B = 1

34 Integral
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1 1
Solving this system we will get A = – and B = .
5 5
du −1 1 1 1
∫ ( u + 2)( u − 3) = ∫ 5( u + 2) du + ∫ 5( u − 3) du = − 5 ln| u + 2|+ 5 ln| u − 3|+ c
So we get the result;
ex 1 1 1 ex − 3
∫ (e x x
+ 2)( e − 3)
dx = − ln| e x + 2|+ ln| e x − 3|+ c = ln| x
5 5 5 e +2
|+ c

P( x) dx deg P x < deg Q x

3. ∫ Q(x) ( ( )) ( ( )) and Q(x) is not reducible
on R
dx
The expression ∫ ax
+ bx + c
is given. If ∆= b2 – 4ac < 0 then we will use the following
2

method to evaluate the integral:

dx dx 1 dx
∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
=∫ 2
( mx + n ) + r 2
= 2
r ∫ ⎛ mx + n ⎞ 2

⎜ ⎟ +1
⎝ r ⎠
1 r mx + n 1 mx + n
= ⋅ ⋅ arctan( )+ c1 = arctan( )+ c1
r2 m r rm r
1 mx + n
or = − arc cot( )+ c2.
rm r

EXAMPLE 73 Evaluate the integral: ∫x 2

dx
+ 4x +5

dx dx dx
Solution ∫x 2
+ 4x +5 ∫ x2 + 4x + 4+1 ∫ ( x + 2)2 +1
= = = arctan( x+ 2)+ c

or = –arccot(x + 2) + c

P( x) dx and deg P x ≥ deg Q x

4. ∫ Q(x) ( ( )) ( ( ))

In this condition, firstly we will divide the numerator by denominator then calculate the
integrals separately by using lnx formula.

The Indefinite Integral 35

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4x2 +14 x + 3
EXAMPLE 74 ∫ x2 + 3x dx = ?

Solution Deg (numerator) = Deg (denominator).

So, we will divide the numerator by the denominator.
4x2 +14 x + 3 2 x+ 3
= 4+ 2
x2 + 3x x + 3x
Integrate both sides:

4x2 +14 x + 3 2x + 3 2 x+ 3
∫ x2 + 3x dx = ∫ 4 dx + ∫ x2 + 3x dx = 4x + c1 + ∫x 2
+ 3x
dx

For the second part we will use substitution. u = x2 + 3x and du = (2x + 3) dx

2x + 3 du
∫x 2
+ 3x
dx = ∫
u
= ln| u |+ c2.

4x2 +14 x + 3
∫ x2 + 3x dx = 4x + c1 + ln|u| + c2 = 4x + ln|x + 3x| + c.
2
So,

x3 + 3x
EXAMPLE 75 ∫ x2 +1
dx = ?

Solution Deg (numerator) > Deg (denominator).

So, we will divide the numerator by denominator.
x3 + 3x 2x
2
= x+ 2
x +1 x +1

Integrate both sides:

x3 + 3x 2x x2 2x
∫ x2 +1 dx = ∫ x dx + ∫ x2 +1 dx =
2
+ c1 + ∫ 2
x +1
dx

For the second part we will use substitution u = x2 + 1 then du = 2x dx.

x3 + 3x x2 x2
So, ∫ 2
dx = + c1 + ln| u |+ c2 = + ln( x2 +1)+ c.
x +1 2 2

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EXAMPLE 76 3x − 1
∫ x+ 2 dx = ?

Solution As another method we can use normal substitution twice.

Let u = x + 2 and du = dx.
Also x = u – 2 then 3x – 1 = 3(u – 2) – 1 = 3u – 7.
3x − 1 3u − 7 7
So, ∫ dx = ∫ du = ∫ (3 − ) du
x+ 2 u u
= 3u – 7 ln| u | + c

= 3( x + 2) – 7 ln| x+ 2|+ c

Check Yourself 9
Evaluate the following integrals.
dx 2x − 1 x −1
a. ∫ dx b. ∫ dx c. ∫ ( x +1)( x − 2) 2
dx
( x − 1)( x + 2) ( x +1)( x + 2)
x2 + 3 3x − 1 dx
d. ∫ x2 +1 dx e. f.
∫x2
−1
dx ∫x 2
+ 2 x +5
dx

g. x2 − 1 h. 1− x i. 3
∫ x2 − 16 dx ∫x 2
+ 3x
dx ∫e x
−2
dx

Answers
2 x−2 1
a. 1 ln| x − 1 |+ c b. 5ln|x + 2| – 3ln|x + 1| + c d. ln| |− +c
3 x+ 2 9 x +1 3( x − 2)
1 x +1
e. 2arctan x + x + c f. ln |x – 1| + 2 ⋅ ln|x + 1| + c h. arctan( )+ c
2 2
15 x−4 1 4 3 3x
j. ln| |+x + c h. ln| x | − ln| x+ 3|+ c l. ln| e x − 2| − + c
8 x+ 4 3 3 2 2

D. INTEGRATION OF RADICAL FUNCTIONS

For the integration of the functions of the form ∫ f ( x) dx, ∫ n f ( x) dx, ∫ a 2 ± u 2 we have
some special methods. Now, we will learn these methods.

1. Simple Radical Functions

In these type of expressions we will try to simplify the radical sign. For this reason we will
make substitutions with u2, u3 … related with the degree of root.

The Indefinite Integral 37

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EXAMPLE 77 ∫ 3x +1 dx = ?

Solution 1 2u du
To simplify the root we will say u2 = 3x + 1, (x ≥ – ) and then 2u du = 3 dx or dx = .
3 3
3
2udu u ⋅ 2udu 2 2 2 u3 2(3x +1) 2
∫ 3 x+1dx = ∫ =∫ = ∫ u du = ⋅ + c =
2
So, u ⋅ + c.
3 3 3 3 3 9

EXAMPLE 78 ∫
3
5x − 2 dx = ?

Solution For simplifying third degree root we will choose u3 = 5x – 2 then,

3u 2
3u2 du = 5 dx or dx = du.
5
4
3u 2 3u 3 3 u4 3(5x − 2) 3
∫ 5 x − 2 dx = ∫ du = ∫
3 3 3
Then u ⋅ du = ⋅ + c = + c.
5 5 5 4 20

EXAMPLE 79 ∫
x
2
x +5
dx = ?

Solution Let, u2 = x2 + 5 and 2u ⋅ du = 2x ⋅ dx or u ⋅ du = x ⋅ dx.

x udu
∫ 2
x +5
dx = ∫
u2
= ∫ du = u + c = x 2 +5 + c.

EXAMPLE 80 ∫
4x
x −1
dx = ?

Solution Let u2 = x – 1, (x > 1 ) and 2u du = dx.

4x2u
But, when we make this substitution we will have ∫ u
du .

We should write every term related with u.

So to cancel x we will say x = u2 + 1 from the substitution u2 = x – 1. So,

3
⎛ 1 ⎞
4x 4 ⋅ ( u 2 +1) u 3
( x −1) 2

∫ dx = ∫ ⋅ 2 ⋅ udu = ∫ 8( u 2 +1)du = 8 ⋅( + u )+ c = 8 ⋅ ⎜⎜ +( x −1) 2 ⎟+ c

⎟
x −1 u2 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠

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Check Yourself 10
Evaluate the following integrals.
5x
a. b. ∫ c. ∫
5
∫ 1+ 4x dx 4x − 3 dx dx
2 x2 + 3

d. x2 e. 3x f. x +1+1
∫ 3
x −2
dx ∫ x −1
dx
∫ x +1
dx

Answers
3/ 2 6/5
a. (4 x +1) + c b. 5(4 x − 3) + c
2
c. 5 2 x + 3
+c
6 24 2
3
d. 2 x − 2 e. 2( x + 2) x − 1+ c f. 2 x +1+ x + c
+c
3

2. Integral Of The Form ∫ a2 ± u2 dx or u2 ± a2 dx

In this part we will use trigonometric substitution.
We will draw a right triangle and give names to sides as a, u and a2 ± u 2 or u 2 ± a2 then
solve the question.

EXAMPLE 81 ∫ 1 − x2 dx = ?

Solution Let sin α = x

cos α dα = dx
1
α = arcsin x x

∫ 1 − x dx = ∫ 1 − sin α cos α dα
2 2
Then a
1 – x2
1+ cos 2α
= ∫ cos α dα = ∫
2
dα
2
1 1 α 1 1
=
2 ∫ dα + ∫ cos 2α dα = + ⋅ ⋅ sin 2 α + c
2 2 2 2
α 1 arcsin x 1
= + ⋅ 2 ⋅ sin α ⋅ cos α + c = + ⋅ x ⋅ 1 − x2 + c.
2 4 2 2

The Indefinite Integral 39

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EXAMPLE 82 ∫
4 x2 − 1
x
dx = ?

Solution Let 2x = sec α then 2 dx = tan α ⋅ sec α dα and α = arcsec 2x

4 x2 − 1 sec 2 α − 1 tan α sec α A

∫ x
dx = ∫
sec α
⋅
2
dα

2 2x
4x2 – 1
= ∫ tan α ⋅ tan α dα = ∫ tan 2 α da
a
C 1 B
= ∫ (tan α +1 − 1) dα
2

= ∫ (tan 2 α +1) dα − ∫ dα

= tan α – α + c = 4 x2 − 1 − arc sec 2 x+ c.

EXAMPLE 83 ∫x 2
dx
⋅ 9+ 4x2
=?

A
2x
Solution Let, = tan α
3 9 + 4x2
2x
3
x = tan α
2 a
3dα C 3 B
dx =
2 cos 2 α
dx 3dα
∫x 2
⋅ 9+ 4x 2
=∫
9 9
2 ⋅ cos 2 α ⋅ ⋅ tan 2 α ⋅ 9+ 4 ⋅ ⋅ tan 2 α
4 4
3da
=
9
cos 2 α ⋅ tan 2 α ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1+ tan 2 α
2
2dα 2 cos α
=∫ 2
= ∫ dα
2 sin α 1 9 sin 2 α
9cos α ⋅ ⋅
cos 2 α cos α

(use substitution u = sin α and du = cos α dα)

2 du 2 2
= ∫
9 u 2
=−
9u
+c= −
9sin α
+c

2 ⋅ 9 + 4 x2 9 + 4 x2
=− +c= − + c.
9 ⋅ 2x 9x

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Check Yourself 11
Evaluate the following integrals.
dx x
a. ∫ 9 − x2 dx b.
∫ c. ∫ 9 x2 + 4
dx
9 − x2

Answers
9 x x 9 − x2 x 9 x2 + 4
a. arcsin( )+ +c b. arcsin( )+ c c. +c
2 3 2 3 9

E. INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
Basic Formulas
∫ sin x dx = − cos x+ c
∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
sin x 1
∫ tan x dx = ∫ cos x dx = − ln| cos x|+ c = ln|
cos x
|+ c.

m n
1. Integrals of The Form ∫ sin x ⋅cos x dx ( m, n ∈N)
a. If m and n are odd numbers
Let, m = 2k + 1 and n = 2t + 1 then we will write given expression as
∫ sin
2 k +1
x ⋅ cos 2 t x ⋅ cos x dx then by using substitution u = sin x, du = cos x dx and
cos2t x = (1 – sin2 x)t we can evaluate the integral.

(or we may write ∫ cos 2t +1 x ⋅ sin 2 k x ⋅ sin x dx and make substitution

u = cos x, du = –sin x dx and sin2k x =(1 – cos2 x)k ).

EXAMPLE 84 Evaluate ∫ cos 7 x ⋅ sin 3 x dx

∫ cos x ⋅ sin 3 x dx = ∫ cos 7 x ⋅ sin 2 x ⋅sin x dx = ∫ cos 7 x ⋅(1 −cos 2 x) ⋅sin x dx

7
Solution

The Indefinite Integral 41

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Use the substitution u = cos x and du = – sin x dx. Then,

∫ cos x ⋅ sin 3 x dx = −∫ u 7.(1 − u 2 ) du

7
Then

= − ∫ ( u7 − u 9 ) du

u8 u10
=− + +c
8 10
cos8 x cos10 x
=− + + c.
8 10

b. If one of m and n is odd number

We will write the term with odd power as the multiplication of the term with even power and
the same term with first power then by using the substitution u =sin x or u = cos x we can
evaluate the integral like in the previous method.

EXAMPLE 85 Evaluate the integral: ∫ sin

6
x ⋅ cos 3 x dx.

∫ sin x ⋅ cos 3 x dx = ∫ sin 6 x ⋅ cos 2 x ⋅cos x dx = ∫ sin 6 x ⋅(1 −sin 2 x) ⋅cos x dx

6
Solution

Use the substitution u = sin x and du = cos x dx

u7 u 9 sin7 x sin9 x
∫ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ∫ u ⋅(1 − u ) du = ∫( u − u ) du =
6 3 6 2 6 8
− + c= − + c.
7 9 7 9

c. If m and n are even numbers

2 1 − cos 2 x 2 1+ cos 2 x
In this part we will use the rule sin x = and cos x = to find the answer.
2 2

EXAMPLE 86 Evaluate the integral: ∫ sin

2
x ⋅ cos 2 x dx.

Solution 1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x 1

∫ sin x ⋅ cos 2 x dx = ∫ dx = ∫ (1 − cos 2 2 x) dx
2
⋅
2 2 4
1 1 1 − cos 4 x 1 1
=
4 ∫ sin 2 2 x dx = ∫
4 2
dx = ∫ dx − ∫ cos 4 x dx
8 8
x 1 1 x sin 4 x
= − ⋅ ⋅ sin 4 x + c = − + c.
8 8 4 8 32

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2. Integral of the Form ∫ sin mx ⋅cos nx dx,

∫ sin mx ⋅sin nx dx, ∫sin mx ⋅cos nx dx,
For the solution of these type of integrals we will use inverse conversion formulas:
1
sin a ⋅ sin b = − [cos( a+ b) − cos( a − b) ]
2
1
sin a ⋅ cos b = [sin( a+ b)+ sin( a − b) ]
2
1
cos a ⋅ cos b = [cos( a+ b)+ cos( a − b) ].
2

EXAMPLE 87 ∫ sin 3x ⋅ cos9 x dx = ?

1 1
Solution ∫ sin 3x ⋅ cos9 x dx = ∫ 2 [sin12 x+ sin( −6 x) ] dx = 2 ∫(sin12 x −sin6 x) dx
1 1 1 1 cos12 x cos6 x
=− ⋅ cos12 x+ ⋅ ⋅ cos6 x+ c = − + + c.
2 12 2 6 24 12

EXAMPLE 88 ∫ cos6 x ⋅ cos 2 x dx = ?

1 1
Solution ∫ cos6 x ⋅ cos 2 x dx = ∫ 2 [cos8 x+ cos 4 x] dx = 2 ∫(cos8 x+ cos 4 x) dx
1 1 1 1 sin8 x sin 4 x
= ⋅ ⋅ sin8 x + ⋅ ⋅ sin 4 x+ c = + + c.
2 8 2 4 16 8

Check Yourself 12
Evaluate the following integrals.

a. ∫ sin b. ∫ sin c. ∫ sin

3 4
x ⋅ cos x dx x ⋅ cos5 x dx 4
x ⋅ cos 4 x dx

d. ∫ cos 2 x ⋅ cos x dx e. ∫ cos 4x ⋅ sin5 x dx f. ∫ sin 3x ⋅ sin5 x dx

Answers
5 7 9
b. sin x − 2 sin x + sin x + c c. 3x − sin 4 x + sin8 x + c
4
a. sin x + c
4 5 7 9 128 128 1024
sin 3x sin x sin 2 x sin8 x
d. + +c e. − cos9 x − cos x + c f. − +c
6 2 18 2 4 16
The Indefinite Integral 43
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x
3. tan Substitution
2
Sometimes in the function we may have an expression with first power of sin x and cos x. In
this condition we may use a different method for evaluating the integral which is called the
x
tan method. For using this method we will do the following substitutions:
2
x 2dt
tan = t and x = 2 arctan t then, dx =
2 1+ t2 A

x 2⋅t x 1
sin = and cos = . 1 + t2
2 1+ t 2 2 1+ t 2 t

And by using these expressions we have; x

2
x x t 1 2t C 1 B
sin x = 2 ⋅ sin ⋅ cos = ⋅ =
2 2 1+ t 2
1+ t 2 1+ t2

x x 1 t2 1 – t2
cos x = cos 2 – sin 2 = – = .
2 2 1+ t2 1+ t2 1+ t2
So we have;
2
sin x = 22tt , cos x =11––tt2 and dx = 22 dt .
sin x = , sin x = and dx = dt
1+tt22
1+ 1+tt22
1+ 1+tt22
1+

EXAMPLE 89 sin x
∫ 1+ cos x dx = ?

2t 2dt 4tdt
⋅ 2 2
1+ t 1+ t = (1+ t )(1+ t ) = 2tdt
2 2
Solution ∫ 1− t 2 ∫ 2 ∫ 1+ t2
1+ 2
1+ t2 1+ t
Lets use the substitution u = 1 + t2 and du = 2t dt

du x 2
∫ u
= ln| u |+ c = ln|1+ t 2 |+ c = ln|1+ tan 2 |+ c = ln|
2 1+ cos x
|.

EXAMPLE 90 dx
∫ sin x +1 dx = ?
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2 dt 2 dt
1+ t 2 = 1+ t 2 = 2 dt .
Solution ∫ 2t ∫ t2 + 2t +1 ∫ (t +1)2
2
1+ t +1 1+ t2
Lets use the substitution u = 1 + t and du = dt. Then,
2dt 2du 2 2 2
∫ (t +1) 2
=∫
u2
= 2 ∫ u −2 du = − + c = −
u 1+ t
+c= −
x
+ c.
1+ tan
2

EXAMPLE 91 dx
∫ 1+ sin x − cos x = ?
2 dt
dx 1+ t2 2dt 2dt dt dt
Solution ∫ 1+ sin x − cos x = ∫ 2t 1− t 2
=∫ 2
1+ t + 2t − 1+ t 2
=∫ 2
2t + 2t
=∫ 2
t +t
=∫
t( t +1)
.
1+ −
1+ t2 1+ t2
Let's use partial fractions:

1 A B At + A + Bt ( A + B)t + A
= + = =
t(t +1) t t +1 t(t +1) t( t +1)
A+B=0
A=1
Then B = –1.

dt dt dt x x
So ∫ t(t +1) = ∫ t ∫ t +1
− = ln| t |+ c1 − ln| t+1|+ c2 = ln| tan | −ln| tan +1|+ c
2 2

x
tan
= ln 2 + c.
x
tan +1
2

Check Yourself 13
Evaluate the following integrals.
1 − sin x cos x 1 − cos x dx
a.
∫ 1+ cos x dx b. ∫ 1+ sin x dx c.
∫ 1+ cos x dx d. ∫ 1 – sin x
Answers
x 2 x 2
a. tan – ln +c b. ln(sin x + 1)+ c c. 2 ⋅ tan – x+ c d.
2 1+ cos x 2 x
1 – tan
2

The Indefinite Integral 45

 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646 - 1716)
Leibniz was born in Germany as the sun of a Philosophy Professor. His father died when
he was 6 years old then his mother brought him up.

When he was a school boy he learned Latin and Greek.

Also he studied philosophy, metaphysics and theology.
At the age of 14 he went to university and studied phi-
losophy and math for 2 years then he studied to be a Leibniz'in Resmi
lawyer.

In 1672 Leibniz went to Paris and there he studied on

math and physics. He made some discoveries on series.
When he went London The Royal Society of London
elected him as a fellow in 1673.

In 1674 he he studied on geometry of infinitesimals and found some results about the
calculus. In 1675 he wrote a small book and there he used notation. In the same book
he wrote multiplication rule of derivative and then power rule. At this time Newton
wrote him a letter and explain his results without the methods and Leibniz send his own
methods. But when Newton saw Leibniz results he taught Leibniz stole his method. So
they wrote a lot of letters to each other.

We can say that Leibniz and Newton found the same rules about the calculus
independently. But Leibniz did not think derivative as limit.

Leibniz has lots of discoveries in math like binary system of arithmetic and
determinants. In 1684 he published his studies about the calculus on a journal. In this
journal he wrote the symbols of integral as the first time.

Leibniz also wrote some books about the dynamics and philosophy.

As a result he has most influence on the mathematicians of his time and next times.
Now we use his notations and methods as much as using Newton's methods. He is
accepted as one of two founders of the differential and integral calculus.

Leibniz died in 14 November 1716 in Hanover, Germany. And he left lots of

mathematical formulas and methods, philosophical ideas and physics rules.
 2 tashih
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EXERCISES 1 .2
1. Evaluate the following integrals by using the 13. Evaluate the following integrals by using the
method of integration by changing variable. method of integration by parts.
dx cos π
a. b. ∫ a. ∫ e x ⋅ x dx b. ∫x
2
⋅ e x dx
∫ x−3 x
dx

c. ∫x d. ∫ x ⋅ sin x dx
3
x dx 5 ⋅ e x dx
c.
∫ x2 d. ∫ 3x +1 dx 2
x
∫ sin
2
e. ∫e dx f. x ⋅ e2 x dx
e. ∫ sin(4 x +1) dx x

f. ∫ (1+ x + x ) ⋅ (2 x+ 3 x ) dx g. ∫ ln( x +5) dx h. ∫ log x dx

2 3 8 2

g. ∫ (1 − x ) ⋅ x dx h. ∫ x ⋅ cos( x
2 7 2
− 5) dx i. ∫ cos(ln x) dx j. ∫ arc cot x dx
1
i. ∫ j. ∫e
sin x
dx ⋅ cos x dx
1 − 16 x2
k. ∫ arccos x dx
cos x
k. ∫ 1+ sin 2
x
dx l.
∫x⋅ 1+ x2 dx

m. ∫ ( x4 + x2 ) ⋅ (2 x3 + x) dx

14. Evaluate the following integrals by the method of

integration by partial fraction.
5 9
a. ∫ 3x +1 dx b. ∫ (3x +1) 4
dx

c. x 4 + 2 x2 + x d.
2 x +1
∫ x3
dx ∫x 2
+ x −1
dx

12. Evaluate the following integrals by using the

3x4 – 16 x3 +19 x2 − 5 x – 4
method of substitution. e. ∫ dx
x3 − 4x2 +1
a. ∫ x ⋅ cos x b. ∫ x ⋅ sin(5x
2 2
dx +7) dx 4x2 +5 x + 4
ln x
f. ∫ x2 +1 dx
c. ∫x
dx d. ∫ cot x dx
x dx dx
e. dx
∫ (1 − 3x)4 f. ∫ dx
g.
∫x 2
+ 4x + 4
h. ∫ ( x +1) 3
5x − 1
ex sin x 3x +1 x −1
g. ∫ x dx h. i. j. ∫x
e −3 ∫ 5
cos x
dx
∫ ( x +1)( x + 2) dx 2
− 2x − 3
dx

x −x
i. e −e
∫e dx
k.
∫x
2x − 1
dx l. x2 + 2 x +1
∫
x
+ e−x 2 dx
−1 x3 − 1
The Indefinite Integral 47
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m. x2 + 3 x − 1 n. 1− x 17. Evaluate the integrals of the following trigono-

∫ ( x − 1)3
dx ∫ (1+ x) 2
dx
metric functions.
o.
2
x − x +1 2x + 3
dx p. ∫ sin ∫ sin x ⋅ cos x dx
2
∫ ( x − 1)( x 2
+ x + 2)
∫ ( x +1)( x 2
+ 2)
dx a. x ⋅ cos x dx b.

∫ cos ∫ cos
3
7x − 6 dx c. x ⋅ sin 5 x dx d. 2
x ⋅ sin x dx
q. r.
∫ 3x2 − 4x +1 dx ∫ x2 +8 x +15
∫ sin ∫ sin
3
e. x ⋅ cos5 x dx f. 4
x ⋅ cos 3 x dx
s. dx t. xdx
∫ 1 − 4x + x 2 ∫ 3+ x 4
g. ∫ cos
4
x ⋅ sin 3 x dx h. ∫ sin
6
x ⋅ cos6 x dx

∫ sin ∫ sin 3x ⋅ cos 4 x dx

5
i. x ⋅ cos7 x dx j.

k. ∫ sin7 x ⋅ sin5 x dx l. ∫ sin 3x ⋅ cos8 x dx

m. ∫ cos 2 x ⋅ sin 4 x dx n. ∫ cos5x ⋅ sin x dx
15. Evaluate the integral of given radical functions. o. ∫ cos x ⋅ cos 4 x dx p. ∫ cos 4 x ⋅ cos 3 x dx
a.
∫ 5x − 1 dx b. ∫ 1 − x dx

∫ x ⋅ 1+ x dx ∫
2
c. d. 3
x +1 dx
x 5x
e. ∫ 1− x 2
dx f.
∫ dx
5 x2 + 3
x2
g. ∫ h.
5
1+ x dx ∫ dx
3
1+ x3 18. Evaluate the integral of the following functions
i. x − 2 +3 x
∫ x−2
dx by using tan
2
substitution.

1+ sin x dx
a. ∫ 1 − sin x dx b. ∫ tan x + sin x
dx 3 ⋅ sin x
c. ∫ sin x d. ∫ 1 − cos x dx

16. Evaluate the integrals of given functions. e. sin x

∫ 3+ cos x dx
a. b.
∫
2
1 − 4x dx ∫
2
x − 9 dx
dx x
c. ∫ 2
x −9
d. ∫ 16 x2 +1
dx

16 x2 − 9
e. ∫ x
dx f. ∫ 16 − 9 x2 dx

dx
g.
∫ 9x2 +1 dx h. ∫ 1 − x2
1
i. ∫ dx
1+ x2

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CHAPTER SUMMARY
• F(x) is a function such that F′(x) = f(x) then F(x) is Methods of Integration
called the primitive of function f(x) and the expression 1. Method of Changing Variable
f(x) + c is called as the indefinite integral of F(x).
Let's say that f(u) and u(x) be two functions which are
• In every indefinite integral we must use the constant of
differentiable with respect to u and x, respectively.
integration.
Properties of Indefinite Integral So, ∫ f (u( x)) ⋅ u′( x)dx = f (u )+ c.
1. d ∫ f ( x) dx = f ( x ) dx 2. Integration by Parts

2. d f ( x)dx = d f ( x )dx = f (x ) Let u and v be two differentiable functions with respect to

dx ∫ ∫ dx x, then ∫ u ⋅ dv = u ⋅ v − ∫ v ⋅ du.
3. ∫ dF( x) = F( x)+ c 3. Integration by Partial Fractions
4. ∫ a ⋅ f ( x) dx = a ⋅ ∫ f (x ) dx, a ∈R
a.
P( x)
∫ Q( x) dx and deg(P(x)) < deg(Q(x))
5. ∫ [ f ( x) ± g( x)] dx = ∫ f (x) dx ± ∫ g(x) dx In this condition we will use the substitution u = Q(x)
Basic Integration Formulas and try to find du in terms of P(x)dx. After that we will
n +1
1. a. xn dx = x + c, n ≠ −1 try to find the answer.
∫ n +1
b. adx = ax + c for a ∈ R P( x)
∫ b. ∫ Q( x) dx deg(P(x)) < deg(Q(x)) and Q(x) is
2. a. 1
∫ x dx = ln| x |+ c Reducible on R.

u′( x) dx If Q(x) is linear then by using “ln x” formula we can

b.
∫ u( x)
=ln| u( x)|+ c
easily get the answer but if the degree of Q(x) is bigger
then or equal to 2 then we will try to write given
3. a. ∫ e dx = e
x x
+c
expression as the sum or difference of two or more
b. ax
∫ a dx = ln a + c
x
simple fractions. Then we will use the previous

a u( x ) methods to evaluate the integral.

c. au( x )dx =
∫ u '( x) ⋅ ln a
+c
In this method we have some rules to write given
expression as the sum or difference of two or more
4. a. ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + c partial fractions. The rules are given below.
b. ∫ cos xdx = sin x + c
RULES:
c. 1
∫ cos 2
x
dx = ∫ sec 2 x dx = ∫(1+ tan 2 x)dx = tan x+ c
P( x) A B
1 = +
d. ∫ sin2 x dx = ∫ csc xdx = ∫(1 + cot x)dx = − cot x+ c
2 2
( ax + b ) ⋅ ( cx + d ) ax + b cx + d
P( x) A B C E
= + + +...+
1 ( ax+ b )n ax + b (ax + b )2 (ax + b )3 (ax + b ) n
e. ∫ dx = arcsin x + c1 = − arccos x+ c2
1 − x2
P( x) A Bx + C
f. 1 = + 2
∫ 1+ x2 dx = arctan x+ c1 = − arc cot x+ c2 2
( ax + b ) ⋅ ( cx + dx + e ) ax + b cx + dx + e

Chapter Summary 49
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P( x) If m and n are even numbers

c. ∫ Q( x) dx deg(P(x)) < deg(Q(x)) and Q(x) is not 1 − cos 2 x
In this part we will use the rule sin 2 x =
2
dx 1+ cos 2 x
Reducible on R. The expression ∫ ax is given. 2
and cos x = to find the answer.
2
+ bx + c 2
If ∆ = b2 – 4ac < 0 then we will use the following b. Integral of the Form ∫ sin mx ⋅ cos nx dx ,
method to evaluate the integral:
dx dx 1 dx
∫ sin mx ⋅ sin nx dx , ∫ cos mx ⋅ cos nx dx
∫ ax2 + bx + c = ∫ (mx + n )2 + r 2 = r 2 ∫ ⎛ mx + n ⎞ 2 For the solution of these type of integrals we will use
⎜ ⎟ +1 inverse conversion formulas:
⎝ r ⎠
1
1 r mx + n 1 mx + n sin a ⋅ sin b = − [cos( a+ b) − cos( a − b) ]
⋅ ⋅ arctan( )+ c1 = arctan( )+ c1 2
2
r m r rm r 1
1 mx + n
sin a ⋅ cos b = [sin( a+ b)+ sin( a − b) ]
2
or =− arc cot( )+ c2
rm r 1
cos a ⋅ cos b = [cos( a+ b)+ cos( a − b) ]
P( x) 2
d. ∫ dx , and degP(x) ≥ deg Q(x)
Q( x)
Concept Check
In this condition, firstly we will divide the numerator by
• What is the relation between derivative and integral.
denominator then calculate the integrals separately by
• What is the primitive of a function.
using lnx formula.
• Why do we need to add “+c” at the and of the indefinite
4. Integral of Radical Functions integral of a function?
a. Simple Radical Functions • Why do we need to write “dx” when we integrate a function?
In these type of expressions we will try to simplify the • Can we integrate a function with respect to a variable dif-
radical sign. For this reason we will make substitutions ferent then x?
with u2, u3 … related with the degree of root. • What are the properties of the indefinite integral?
• Is there a function whose integral is the same function?
b. Integral of the Form ∫ a2 ± u 2 dx or ∫ u 2 ± a2 dx. • Can we directly integrate trigonometric functions?
In this part we will use geometric substitution. We will • Can we get different answers when we integrate a
function by two different methods? Explain your answer.
draw a right triangle and give names to sides as a, u and
• If we cannot integrate a function by using basic
a2 ± u 2 or u 2 ± a2 then solve the question.
integration formulas which rules we can use?
5. Integral of Trigonometric Functions • What are the methods of integration?
• What is the substitution method of integration?
a. Integrals of the form ∫ sin
m
x ⋅ cos n x dx.
• In the method of integration by parts what is rule for
If m and n are odd numbers selecting u and v'?
Firstly we will write given expression as • By which methods we can integrate a rational function?
∫ sin
2 m +1
x ⋅ cos2 n x ⋅ cos x dx (we may write also sin2nx) • In a rational fraction if the degree of numerator is greater
than the degree of denominator then how can we
then by using substitution u = sin x and
integrate it?
1+ cos 2 x n we can evaluate the integral. • How can we use trigonometric substitution for
cos 2 n x = ( )
2 integrating a radical function?
If one the m and n is odd number
• When we have a trigonometric function with even powers
We will change the term with odd power to the term of sin x and cos x how can we integrate the function?
with eve power then by using the substitution u = sin x
• What is tan substitution?
x or u = cos x we can evaluate the integral. 2

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CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 1A

1. If f ( x) = ∫ ( x2 − x + 3) dx then what is f′(2)? 5. If f ( x) = ∫ ( x2 − x + 3) dx then what is f′(2)?
8 23 1
A) 1 B) 3 C) D) E) 5 A) 7 B) 6 C) D) 27 E) 45
3 3 3

2. ∫ (3x2 + 4x − 5) dx ? 6. What is the primitive of the function

F(x) = 3 cos x – 4 sin x.
A) x3 + x2 – 5x B) x3 + 2x2 – 5x + c

C) 3x3 + 4x2 – 5x + c D) 6x – 4 + c A) 3 sin x + 4 cos x + c

E) 3x3 – 4x2 – 5x + c B) 3 sin x – 4 cos x + c

C) –3 sin x – 4 cos x + c
D) –3 sin x + 4 cos x + c
3cos2 x
E) –2 sin 2x + c
2
x + x x − x2
3. f ( x) = ∫ dx then find f(4) if the
x
constant of the integration is 0.
9 17 8
A) 1 B) 2 C) D) E) 3
2 3 15 7. ∫2+x dx = ?

2
A) ln|x| + c B) 3 ln |2 + x| + c
3
4. What is the primitive of the function 1 1 3
C) ln|2 + x| + c D) ln + c
2 3 2 x
f(x) = 5x2 + 3x – ?
x 3
E) +c
ln| 2+ x |
5x3 3x3 2
A) + + +c
3 2 x
3 2
B) 4x + 3x – 22 + c
3 2 x
3 2
8. ∫ (cot 2 x+1) dx = ?
C) 5x + 3x 2 ln| x|+ c
3 2 A) –cot x + c B) cot x + c
2
D) 10x + 3 + 2 + c C) sin x + c D) tan x + c
x 3
cot x
2 E) + x+ c
E) 5x2 + 3x – +c 3
x
Chapter Review Test 1 51
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9. 13. ∫ 9 ⋅ sin
9
∫ cot x dx = ? x ⋅ cos x dx = ?

A) ln |sin x| + c B) ln |cos x| + c 10 10
A) sin x + c B) cos x + c
10 10
C) –cot 2x + c D) sec 2x + c
10 10

E) –csc 2x + c C) 9sin x + c D) 9cos x + c

10 10
10 2
E) 9sin x ⋅ cos x + c
20

4x – 1
14. ∫ 2x dx = ?
10. ∫ arccos x dx = ? 2
– x +5
A) x arcos x + x + c
A) 3ln|x – | + c
B) x arccos x + 1 − x2 + c
B) 2ln|x + 2| + 3ln|x – 5| + c
C) arccosx + x arccos x + c
1
D) x arccos x – 1+ x2 + c C) +c
4x +1
E) x arccos x + 1+ x2 + c
4
D) +c
4x − 1
E) ln |2x2 – x + 5| + c

11.
5
∫ 3x +1 dx ?
15. ∫ cos 4 x ⋅ cos 2 x dx = ?

cos 4 x cos 2 x sin 4 x ⋅ sin 2 x

5 A) + +c B) +c
A) 5 ln |3x + 1| + c B) ln|3x + 1| + c 4 2 8
3
C) 15 ln|3x + 1| + c D) ln|3x + 1| + c cos6 x cos 2 x sin6 x sin 2 x
C) + +c D) + +c
12 4 12 4
E) 3 ln|3x + 1| + c cos x sin x
E) + +c
2 3

16. ∫ cos
2
x dx = ?

12. ∫ (cos 2 x − 3) dx = ? A)
sin2 x
+c B)
x sin 2 x
+ +c
2 2 4
sin 2 x sin 2 x
A) +c B) – 3x + c 3
2 2 C) cos x + c D) cos x + c
C) 2 sin x + c D) 2 cos x + c 3
cos 2 x x cos 2 x
E) + x+ E) + +c
2 2 4

52 Integral
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CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 1B

1. If f ( x) = ∫ d( x +1) and f(1) = 2 then what is 5. ∫(x
2
+ 4x)5 ⋅ ( x + 2) dx = ?
f(2)?
( x2 + 4x)6 ( x2 + 4x)6
A) +c B) +c
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) –2 6 12
( x2 + 4x)6 2x + 4
C) +c D) +c
3 6
6
⎛ x3 2 ⎞ ⎛ x2 ⎞
⎜ + x ⎟ ⎜ + x⎟
⋅
3 ⎠ ⎝ 2
E) ⎝ ⎠+c
x 3 + 4 x2 − 3 x 6
2. ∫ dx ?
x2

x2 x2
A) + 4x − 3+ c B) + 4x − 3 ln x + c
2 2
x4 4x3 3x2 1
+ −
2 + c D) x + 4 − 3 + c
6. ∫2 x
dx ?
C) 4 3
x 3
x 1 x
3 A) +c B) ñx + c C) +c
2x 2
E) x3 + 4 x2 − 3x x x 1
D) +c E) +c
3 3 x

f ′( x) 7. ∫ sin 3x dx = ?
3. ∫ f ( x)
dx ?
1
A) cos 3x + c B) sin3x + c
2
A) f (x) + c B) f(x) + c 3
1
C) ln|f(x)| + c D) –ln(f 2(x)) + c C) – cos 3x + c D) sin 3x + c
3
E) f 2(x) E) 0

d(sin x)
8. ∫ dx = ?
f ( x) sin x
4. ∫ dx = x3 + 4 x2 +5 x – 1 is given. A) sin x + c B) cos x + c
x2
What is f(1)? C) ln |sin x| + c D) –ln |cos x| + c

A) –7 B) 3 C) –2 D) 16 E) 20 E) ln |cos x| + c

Chapter Review Test 1B 53

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9. ∫ x sin x dx ? 13. ∫ sin 2 x ⋅ cos 4 x dx = ?

A) x cos x + sin x + c B) x cos x – sin x + c cos 2 x cos6 x
A) − +c
C) x2 cosx + x sin x + c D) –xcosx + sinx + c 4 12
sin 2 x − cos6 x
E) x cos x – sin x + c B) +c
12
sin2 2 x cos 4 4 x
C) + +c
2 4
sin6 x cos 2 x
D) − +c
6 2
10. ∫e
x
cos x dx = ?

A) x arcos x + x + c E) cos 2 x − 2 sin 4 x + c

4
B) x arccos x + 1 − x2 + c
C) arccosx + x arccos x + c
D) sec 2x + c 14. ∫x
2
⋅ f ( x) dx = 5x 4 + 2 x 2 – 1. What is f(x)?
E) x arccos x + 1+ x + c
2
4
A) 20x + B) 20x3 + 4x + c
x
5 x3
C) – 2x + c D) 5x2 + 2 + c
3
2
E) + 5x + c
dx x
11. ∫x 2
=?
+ 2x + 2

A) arctan (x – 1) + c B) arctan (x + 1) + c
15. ∫4⋅e
4x+4
dx = ?
C) arccot (x + 1) + c D) ln |x2 + 2x + 2| + c

E) 2 ln|x + 1| + c A) e4x+4 + c B) 4e4x+1 + c

e4 x +1
C) +c D) 4e4x+3 + c
4
E) e4x+1 + c

12. ∫ sin
3
x ⋅ cos5 x dx?
cos(ln x)
16. ∫ dx = ?
A) 15sin2x cos4 x + c B) 8sin2 x + 8cos4x + c x

sin4 x cos5 x cos7 x cos 5 x A) sin x + c B) cos x + c

C) + +c D) − +c
4 5 7 5
C) cos (ln x ) + c D) sin(ln x ) + c
sin7 x sin 5 x
E) − +c E) cos(sin x ) + c
7 5

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CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 1C

3 x2 + 4
1. f ( w ) = ∫ ( xw − w ) dw. What is f(w) ? 5. ∫e ⋅ x dx = ?
2

x2 w xw2 e3x + 4 e6 x
A) − wx + c B) − wx + c A) +c B) +c
2 2 3x2 + 4 6x
2
xw2 w2 C) e
3x +4
D) 6 x ⋅ e3 x
2
+4
C) − +c 2 2
D) x w + w + c 2
+c +c
2 2 6
2

w2 e3 x + 4
E) xw − +c E) +c
2 x

x
6. ∫ (x 2
− 1)2
dx = ?

2. If f ( x) = ∫ ( x2 + x − 2) dx and f(1) = 2 then what A) x

3
B)
( x2 − 1)3
+c
is f(2) ? 3 4
−1
23 17 9 C) ln| x2 − 1|+ c D) +c
A) B) C) D) 21 E) 13 2( x2 − 1)
6 3 2
x2 − 1
E) +c
x

7. ∫5 ⋅ e
7 x−2
dx = ?
3. ∫e
sin x
cos x dx = ?
7 x− 2

A) sinx + c B) esin x + c A) 35e7x–2 + c B) 7e +c

5
C) e cos x + c D) cos x + c 5e 7 x − 2
C) 35e7 + c D) +c
1 7
E) + c
e 5e 7
E) +c
7

8. ∫ 3e
sin 2 x
sin 2 x dx = ?
3
4. ∫ 1 − 9 x2
dx = ?
1 1 sin2 x
A) sin 2 x + c B) e +c
2 3
A) arcsin x + c B) arcos x + c
1 2 2

C) arcsin 3x + c D) arctan 3x + c C) − esin x + c D) 6esin x + c

3
2
E) arcos 3x + c E) 3esin x + c

Chapter Review Test 1C 55

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9. 2x
∫e
3x
x2 dx = ? 13. ∫ 1 − x2
dx ?

A) e3 x + x3 + c
A) ln|1 – x2| + c B) arcsin x + c
2 3x 3x 3x
xe 2xe 2e
B) − + +c 2 2
3 9 27 C) –2 1 − x + c D) 2 1 − x + c
xe 3 x x2 e 3 x x3 e 3 x
C) + + +c E) 1 ln|1 − x2 |+ c
3 9 27 2
e3 x x3
D) + +c
3 3
e3 x x2
E) − 6 xe 3 x + e 3 x + c
3
14. 1 – cos x
10. ∫ x ln x dx = ?
3
∫ sin 2 x
dx = ?

x2 ln x x x ln x x2 ln x x x
A) + +c B) + +c A) 2 tan + c B) tan + c
3 9 2 4 2 2
x4 ln x x4 x3 ln x x3 x x
C) − +c D) + +c C) 2 tan + 2 sin + c D) sin x + cos x + c
4 16 4 16 2 2
x4 ln x x4
E) + +c x x
4 16 E) sin + cos + c
2 2
x −1
11. ∫x 3
dx ?
+1
A) ln|x3 + 1| + c
x +1
B) ln 2 +c 15. ∫ cos(cos x) ⋅ sin 2 x dx = ?
x − x +1
C) ln (|x + 1|3|x2 – x + 1|2) + c A) cos x + c
3 B) sin(cos x) + cos(sin x) + c
D) ln| x3 +1|+ c
4
2
C) sin x + c
E) 1 ln| x − x +1 |+ c D) sin(cos x) +cos(sin x) + c
3 x2 + 2 x +1
E) –2(cos(cos x) + cos x sin(cos x)) + c
3x +1
12. ∫ 2 dx ?
x + 3x − 4
A) ln |x + 4| + ln|x – 1| + c
x+ 4
B) ln +c
x −1
16. ∫ e ( x – 1)
x
dx = ?
11 4
ln(| x + 4| | x − 1| )
C) +c
5 A) ex(x – 1) + c B) ex(x + 1) + c
D) ln((x + 4)11(x – 1)4) + c C) xex + ex + c D) ex(ex + 1) + c

E) ln |x2 + 3x – 4| + c E) ex(x – 2) + c

56 Integral