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EXCITABLE

AND
CONTRACTILE TISSUES
EXCITABLE TISSUES AND
CONTRACTILE TISSUES : A SYNOSIS

DR WARIEBI KOIKOIBO

DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY


FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
COLLOEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
NIGER DELTA UNIVERSITY
BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA
January, 2023
TOPICS
1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

2. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

3. ACTION POTENTIAL IN A NERVE TISSUE

4. TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUES

5. EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING

6. TYPES OF NERVE TISSUE


DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.The body is carefully wonderfully organized into cells, tissues, organs and
systems
2. To excite is to respond quickly to a stimulus

3. To contract is to reduce in length or size

4. Potential is the quantity or magnitude of electrochemical charge


possessed by a cell or tissue

5. A membrane is the outer covering of a cell; it forms a semipermeable


barrier between two environments. This allows the selective passage of
ions, chemicals, products, fluid and other materials in either direction based
on the electrochemical gradient and the degree of permeability.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
6. The Resting Membrane Potential is quantity of electrochemical
charge across the membrane when the stimulus is not adequate
enough to elicit an excitation.

7. An Action Potential is the quantity of electrochemical charge when


the stimulus is adequate enough to elicit an excitation. The AP is the
unit of function in a cell or tissue.

8. A stimulus is an event that provokes a response or reaction. It could


be ionic, electrical, chemical, physical or otherwise.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
9. Examples of excitable tissues include the following.
Muscle, nerves and glands.
In this course, our major focus is on muscle tissue and the nerve tissue as
it relates to structure and function.

10. Physiology is the study of function in relation to the structure under


normal conditions.
Pathophysiology is the study of abnormal function and the related events
and complications.
Clinical Physiology is the application of the knowledge of the normal
function in relation to disease patterns, treatment, rehabilitation and the
restoration of function.
RESTING MEMBRANE
POTENTIAL, RMP
• The RMP is a steady state condition.
• At this state the membrane is not excited despite the magnitude of
the stimulus.
• The stimulus is said to be inadequate or described as a SUB-
THRESHOLD STIMULUS.

• A relatively NEGATIVE potential exist in the internal environment of


the cell
• while
• there is a relatively positive potential in the external environment of
the cell.
DIAGRAM OF RMP
The value of the RMP varies from cell to cell.

S/N RMP VALUE


(mV)

1 NERVE -70
2 SKELETAL MUSCLE -90
3 SMOOTH MUSCLE -35 to -45
4 PURKINJE FIBRES & VENTRICULAR
MUSCLE FIBRES OF THE HEART
-90

5 SA NODE & AV NODE IN THE HEART -65


RMP TRANSFORMS TO AP

When the stimulus is adequate


enough to excite the membrane,
the RMP transforms into an
ACTION POTENTIAL (AP)for the
transmission of SIGNALS.
MOLECULAR AND ELECTROCHEMICAL EVENTS THAT DRIVE THE RMP

1. The RMP is produced by the movement of IONS across the cell


membrane.
This movement is due to the concentration gradient of Na+, K+, Cl+
ions, under resting condition.

2. K+ diffusion outward during resting conditions is the greatest


contributor to the RMP.

Na+ diffusion inward has very less contribution.

Under resting conditions, there would be no net movement of Cl+


MOLECULAR AND ELECTROCHEMICAL EVENTS
THAT DRIVE THE RMP

3. Both Na and K diffuse


+ +

down their concentration


gradients
and reach their respective
equilibrium.
MOLECULAR AND ELECTROCHEMICAL EVENTS
THAT DRIVE THE RMP

4. The Equilibrium Potential for an


individual ion is calculated using the
NERNST EQUATION:
EMF(mV)= ±61 x Log (C1/C2)
• Where C1 and C2 are concentrations of the
ion on either side of the membrane (ECF &
ICF) respectively.
MOLECULAR AND ELECTROCHEMICAL EVENTS
THAT DRIVE THE RMP

5. The equilibrium potential for


Na is +61 mV
+

while that for K is


+
-94mV.
For Cl it is -89mV
-
MOLECULAR AND ELECTROCHEMICAL EVENTS
THAT DRIVE THE RMP

6. Asa result, at the RMP, Na will


carry positive charges into the cell,

while K will carry positive charges


into the outside across the
membrane.
SODIUM (Na) IN, POTASSIUM (K)
OUT
ICF (INTRACELLULAR FLUID) ECF (EXTRACELLULAR FLUID)
MOLECULAR AND ELECTROCHEMICAL EVENTS
THAT DRIVE THE RMP

7. When a membrane is permeable


to several different ions,
the membrane potential can be
calculated by the
GOLDMAN-HODGKIN-KATS Equation.
MOLECULAR AND ELECTROCHEMICAL EVENTS
THAT DRIVE THE RMP

8. The permeability of the membrane


to the major ions is as follows:
pK+ : pNa+ : pCl- = 1: 0.04 : 0.45
The permeability of the membrane
for potassium is about 25 times as much
as that for sodium.
ACTION POTENTIAL IN A NERVE
TISSUE
When the membrane of a muscle
or nerve is excited in response to
an adequate stimulus, the resting
membrane potential transforms
to an action potential in order to
transmit signals for body
function.
ACTION POTENTIAL IN A NERVE
TISSUE
There are four major phases or stages in the
action potential in a nerve tissue.

1. The Resting Membrane Potential


2. The Depolarization Phase/Offshoot
3. The Repolarization Phase
4. The Recovery Phase
PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL IN A
NERVE
THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL PHASE

This is the same as discussed


above.
Note that the RMP for a large
nerve is about
-70mV.
THE DEPOLARIZATION PHASE
• The membrane potential, from its resting value, becomes positive,
in response to an adequate or threshold stimulus. Depolarization is
caused by Na+ entry into the nerve across the cell membrane.
• Threshold is reached by a positive feedback cycle of Na+ channel
opening: A stimulus causes some Na+ channels to open initially.
Some Na+ enters the cell, and the membrane potential becomes less
negative. This leads to activation of some more channels, some
more Na+ enters the cell and the membrane potential becomes
even less negative. Eventually, the threshold potential is reached.
The AP becomes inevitable once this potential is reached. A critical
number of activated Na+ channels is available now.
OVERSHOOT AT THE PEAK OF DEPOLLARIZATION
PHASE
UPSTROKE AND OVERSHOOT:

There is very rapid influx of Na+ now.

The potential rises, almost instantaneously, and overshoots


the zero-potential mark.

It becomes positive, up to a value of about +35 mV to +45 mV.

The potential above zero is called SPIKE.

The sharp rise and rapid fall are called the SPIKE POTENTIAL.
REPOLARIZATION PHASE

• K+ efflux gathers momentum now.

• Na+ channels Close

• Efflux of K+ increases
• The potential again returns to its original negative
value.
• It should be clearly understood that, the excitation
means the depolarization.
• Repolarization means recovery from excitation.
RECOVERY PHASE

At this point the Na and


K ions return to their
original positions
momentarily.
TYPES OF MUSCLES
Generally, there are three types of
muscle tissues
A) SKELETAL MUSCLES

B) SMOOTH MUSCLES

C) CARDIAC MUSCLES
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
• ATTACHED TO BONES AT BOTH ENDS
• STRIATED IN THE MICROSCOPIC
STRUCTURE
• VOLUNTARY IN ACTION
• HAVE SPECIFIC NERVE CONNECTIONS
• MAKES MOVEMENTS AND CONTROL THEM
INNER STRUCTURE OF THE
SKELETAL TISSUE
• STRIATED BECAUSE THE COMPONENTS ARE STRANDED
• THERE ARE TWO MAJOR MYOFIBRILS: ACTIN AND MYOSIN
• ACTIN: THIN FILAMENTS, ARISE FROM THE EITHER END OF A Z-LINE
• MYOSIN: THICK FILAMENTS,
• THE CONTRACTILE UNIT OF THE MUSCLE IS KNOWN AS THE
SACROMERE
• A SACROMERE IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN ONE Z-LINE AND THE NEXT
Z-LINE
• AT THE MIDDLE OF THE SACROMERE IS AN M-LINE
INNER STRUCTURE OF THE
SKELETAL TISSUE 2
• The ACTIN /THIN filaments are attached to the Z-Line
while the MYOSIN/THICK filaments are anchored at
the M=Line.
• Therefore, at some point, the Actin Filaments are
interspersed with the myosin filaments
• On either side of the Z-Line, there is a Light Area
known as the I-BAND containing ACTIN filaments only.
• At the centre of the Sacromere, there ia a Thick area
containing both Actin and Myosin filaments. This is
known as the A-BAND
INNER STRUCTURE OF THE
SKELETAL TISSUE 3
•The ratio of Thin: Thick filaments is 2:1

•1 Sacromere = 1 entire A-Band + 2 half I-Bands

•The central portion of the A-Band contains only


thick filaments. This is called the H-Zone

•At the very centre of the H-Zone is the M-Line


Events in Skeletal Muscle
Contraction
• The A-Band remains constant in length
• I-Band is shortened
• H-Zone disappears
• The Actin filaments overlap against the Myosin
filaments at the very center of the sarcomere: known
as the SLIDING MECHANISM of PHENOMENON
• The two Z-Lines move closer to each other
• M-Line becomes more prominent
• Finally, the original length of the Sacromere is reduced.
• At the Relaxation phase, the original length is regained
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
• NOT STRIATED IN MICROSCOPIC VIEW, SO APPEARS SMOOTH
• OCCUR IN THE WALLS OF VISCERAL ORGANS
• INVOLUNTARY IN FUNCTION AND CONTROL
• BOTH NERVOUS AND HORMONAL CONTROL ARE IMPORTANT
• MAINTAINS THE SHAPE AND ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE OF THE
ORGAN
• FUNCTIONS INCLUDE: SECRETIONS, MOTILITY
• TWO MAJOR TYPES: SINGLE UNIT AND MULTI-UNIT SMOOTH
MUSCLES
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
• OCCUR IN THE MIDDLE LAYER OF WALL OF THE HEART
• ALSO KNOWN AS MYOCARDIUM
• INVOLUNTARY IN ACTION AND CONTROL
• SUPPLIED WITH NERVES
• STRIATED UNDER MICROSCOPIC VIEW
• HAS SPECIALIZED CELLS CALLED PACEMAKER CELLS
• DETERMINES THE RATE AND RHYTHM OF THE HEARTBEAT
• CONTROLS THE PUMPING ACTION OF BLOOD
• BOTH NERVOUS AND HORMONAL INFLUENCES ARE SIGNIFICANT
TYPES OF NERVES
• SENSORY NERVES: TRANSMIT INFORMATION FROM THE TISSUES
AND THE ENVIRONMENT TO THE SPINAL CORD OR THE BRAIN

• MOTOR NERVES: TRANSMITS INFORMATION FROM THE BRAIN OR


SPINAL CORD TO THE TARGET TISSUES FOR SPECIFIC ACTIONS eg
Movement, Secretion, Blood Supply, etc

• A MIXED NERVE contains fibres that are Sensory and fibres that are
Motor, and these fibres function respectively, and appropriately.
SYNAPSE AND
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
• A SYNAPSE IS THE JUNCTION BETWEEN TWO NERVES

• A NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION IS THE DISCRETE POINT AT WHICH A


MUSCLE TISSUE MEETS WITH A SPECIFIC NERVE ENDING

• BOTH SYNAPSE AND NMJ are discrete point for the handover of
signals via an action potential.
EXCITATION CONTRACTION
COUPLING
• An impulse crosses the neuromuscular junction
and excites the muscle membrane.
• The electrical excitation of the muscle results in
the mechanical event, that is, contraction of the
muscle.
• Thus, two different types of events are
“coupled”.
EXCITATION CONTRACTION
COUPLING: 1
•The Sarcoplasmic reticulum
(SR) is the site for coupling
between electrical excitation
of muscle and its mechanical
contraction
EXCITATION CONTRACTION
COUPLING: 2
•The SR has a longitudinal tubule with its
expanded ends called terminal cisternae.
•The T-tubules extend from muscle surface
membrane up to the terminal cisternae.
•The ends of T-tubules and terminal
cisternae on their either side create the
“triads”.
EXCITATION CONTRACTION
COUPLING : 3
•When depolarization travels
deep into the muscle via
T-tubules, it first activates the
sarcoplasmic reticulum via a
voltage-gated Ca++ channel.
EXCITATION CONTRACTION COUPLING: 4

•This causes the release of Ca++


from terminal cisternae of L-
tubules into the sarcoplasm.
•This Ca++ then combines with
troponin C to initiate muscle
contraction.
•Thus, Ca++ is the coupling agent.

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