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    Amino Acid

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    Amino Acid

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    1 views34 pages

    Amino Acid

    Uploaded by

    sadiqgarba18

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Amino Acids

    Yahaya Shehu, MPSN, UDUS


    Introduction: Amino acids and chemistry of
    Proteins

    The proteins speak :


    “We are the basis of structure and function of
    life; Composed of twenty amino acids, the
    building blocks; Organized into primary,
    secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure;
    Classified as simple, conjugated and derived
    proteins.”
    Amino Acids
    • Protein monomers (building block)
    • Amine group
    • carboxylic acid
    • Attached to central carbon
    • Also contain side chain represented by R group
    • The side chain is what differentiate them
    Examples
    Structural configuration
    Optical isomers

    • Carbon atom attached to four different groups:


    • Asymmetric
    • Exhibits optical isomerism.
    • All (except glycine) possess four distinct groups
    Structural configuration
    • All except glycine have L-and D-configurations
    • Only L-amino acids used in human proteins

    L-alanine D-alanine
    Acid – Base property
    • Pka : log acid dissociation constant
    Pka value
    Pka value
    • pKa of the α-carboxyl group is around 2.0
    • pKa of the α-amino group is near 9 or 10
    • Protonation state varies with the pH

    1- pH below the pKa of the carboxyl group, the amino acid is


    predominantly a cation;

    2- pH above the pKa of the amino group, the amino acid is an anion;

    3- Between the two pKa values, the amino acid is a zwitterion


    • positive and a negative charge.
    Pka value

    • Amino acids: multiple acid-base regions


    • Each has different pKa
    Pka value

    • Some side chains have pKa (3 pKa values!)


    Pka value
    • Charge at Normal pH
    • Normal plasma pH=7.4
    • AA charge (+/-) depends on pKa values
    Pka value
    • Charge at Normal pH
    Acidic amino acids
    Basic amino acids
    Histones
    • Contain basic amino acids
    • High content of lysine, arginine
    • Positively charged
    • Binds negatively charged phosphate backbone DNA
    Histidine
    • Considered a “basic” amino acid
    • Side chain pKa close to plasma pH
    Hydrophobic Amino Acids
    Sickle Cell Anemia
    • Substitution of polar glutamate for nonpolar
    valine in hemoglobin protein
    Proline
    • Rigid structure (ring) formed from amino group and
    side chain
    • Used in collagen
    Essential Amino Acids
    • Nine amino acids must be supplied by diet
    • Cannot be synthesized de novo by cells
    Glucogenic vs. Ketogenic
    • Glucogenic amino acids:
    • Can be converted to pyruvate or TCA cycle
    intermediates
    • Can become glucose via gluconeogenesis

    • Ketogenic amino acids


    • Convert to ketone bodies and acetyl CoA
    • Cannot become glucose
    • Most amino acids are either:
    • Glucogenic
    • Glucogenic and ketogenic
    Glucogenic vs. Ketogenic
    Ketogenic Amino acids
    Classification
    • More than 200 amino acids
    • 20 amino acids serve as building blocks of proteins
    • Common amino acids
    • Derived amino acids are also found

    • Different ways of classifying the amino acid


    • Structure and chemical nature
    • Nutritional requirement
    • Metabolic fate
    Classification
    Based on side chain and ring structure
    •Aliphatic Side Chain
    •Hydroxyl Groups
    •Sulfur Atoms
    •Acidic Groups
    •Basic Groups
    •Aromatic Rings
    •Imino Acids
    Aliphatic Side Chain
    • Simple amino acids:

    • Branched chain amino acids


    Hydroxyl Groups and Sulfur Atoms
    • Hydroxy amino acids:

    • Sulphur containing amino acids:


    Aromatic Rings
    Classification
    Based on nutritional requirement
    Rare Amino Acids
    • Not found in proteins
    • Play important roles in metabolism
    • Unusual amino acids
    Specific functions
    •Tryptophan can synthesis vitamin
    •Niacin
    •Glycine, arginine and methionine Synthesis creatine.
    •Histidine changes to histamine
    •Decarboxylation
    •Serotonin is formed from tryptophan.
    •Some are converted to carbohydrates
    •Glucogenic amino acid
    •Tyrosine forms hormones
    • Thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
    •Epinephrine and norepinephrine
    THE
    END

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