1 Outline • Introduction o Classification of sensor o Type of Measuremen • Contact Temperature Sensors o Bimetallic Strip o Filled-bulb temperature sensors • Class i and V • Class III • Class II o Resistance Temperature Detector • 2-wire RTD • 3-wire RTD • 4-wire RTD
2 Outline • Temperature Sensor o Thermistor o Thermocouple • Reference junction compensation • Types • Law of Intermediate Metals • Thermopile • Non-Contact Temperature Sensor o Pyrometer • Field of view o Thermal Imaging
3 Introduction Industrial measurement and control systems have their own unique terms and standards • Process: The physical system we are attempting to control or measure. Examples: water filtration system • Process Variable, or PV: The specific quantity we are measuring in a process. Examples: pressure, level, temperature, flow, electrical conductivity, pH, position, speed, vibration. • Setpoint, or SP: The value at which we desire the process variable to be maintained at. • Primary Sensing Element, or PSE: A device that directly senses the process variable and translates that sensed quantity into an analog representation • Lower- and Upper-range values, abbreviated LRV and URV, respectively 4 Classification of Sensors • The classification of the sensors are Analog and Digital Sensors • The other type of classification is Active and Passive Sensor o Active Sensors are those which require an external excitation signal or a power signal. o Passive Sensors, on the other hand, do not require any external power signal and directly generates output response. • The next type of classification is based on the means of detection used in the sensor. o Electric, Biological, Chemical, Radioactive etc. • The Final classification is based on conversion phenomenon i.e. the input and the output. o Photoelectric, Thermoelectric, Electrochemical, Electromagnetic, Thermooptic, etc.
5 Types of Measurement • Pressure • Temperature • Flow • Level • Position • Vibration • Tilt • Proximity • Gas, Smoke, Alcohol • Ultrasonic, IR • Humidity • pH
8 Bimetallic Temperature Sensors • Solids tend to expand when heated. • The following formula relates linear expansion to temperature change
Where, l = Length of material after heating = Original length of material = Coefficient of linear expansion = Change in temperature
9 Bimetallic Temperature Sensors Typical value of o Aluminum = o Copper = o Iron = o Tin = o Titanium =
The values for are quite small hence the length of material is huge
However, for a sample the change in length from a cold day to
a warm day will be microscopic
10 Bimetallic Temperature Sensors One way to amplify the motion resulting from thermal expansion is to bond two strips of dissimilar metals together, such as copper and iron.
Copper = Iron =
This device is called a bi-metal strip:
11 Bimetallic Temperature Sensors If a bi-metallic strip is twisted over a long length, it will tend to un-twist as it heats up This twisting motion may be used to directly drive the needle of a temperature gauge
Application: Home thermostat
12 Filled-bulb temperature sensors Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature Here, the volumetric expansion of the liquid drives an indicating mechanism to show temperature
13 Filled-bulb temperature sensors • Class III system use gas filled fluid • The change in pressure with temperature (as described by the Ideal Gas Law) allows us to sense the bulb’s temperature
• Expansion sensitive to temperature of
tube and bellow
14 Filled-bulb temperature sensors Class II uses a volatile liquid/vapor combination to generate a temperature-dependent fluid expansion:
15 Drawback of Filled bulb • Temperature indication varies somewhat as the indicator temperature changes due to expansion and contraction of metals • Compensation exist for this effect (for example, a bi-metal spring inside the indicator mechanism to automatically offset the indication as ambient temperature changes)
16 Temperature Detectors (RTD) Temperature effects a change in electrical resistance.
17 Temperature Coefficient • Positive Temperature Coefficient: Increase in resistance with increasing temperature. • Negative temperature coefficient: decrease in resistance with increasing temperature.
• Thermistors are devices made of metal oxide. They are
PTC and NTC. They are highly sensitive and nonlinear.
• RTDs are devices made of pure metal wire (usually
platinum or copper) which are PTC. RTDs are relatively insensitive but very linear.
18 Temperature Coefficient Where = Resistance of RTD at given temperature T (ohm) = Resistance of RTD at reference temperature (ohm) = Temperature coefficient of resistance (ohms per ohm/degree)
Some typical values of for common metals:
• Nickel = 0.00672 / • Tungsten = 0.0045 / • Silver = 0.0041 / • Gold = 0.0040 / • Platinum = 0.00392 / • Copper = 0.0038 / 19 Example Calculate the resistance of a “100 ohm” platinum RTD with a temperature coefficient value of 0.00392 at a temperature of 35 degrees Celsius.
20 Callendar-van Dusen formula Callendar-van Dusen formula, introduces second, third, and fourth-degree terms for a better approximation
• For temperature ranging -
• for temperatures ranging
assuming
21 RTD The most common industrial RTD are Pt100 and Pt1000
Pt 100 Platinu 100 Ω m resistan ce at 0
22 Two Wire RTD • 2 ohms total wire resistance
1.96% of the total circuit resistance
0.004% of the total circuit resistance
23 3 wire RTD
Resistances of the two current-carrying wires are precisely
identical 24 4 wire RTD
Expensive but accurate
25 RTD modern temperature transmitter capable of receiving input from 2-wire, 3- wire, or 4-wire RTDs
26 Thermistor • Thermistor are semiconductors devices that behave as resistors with a usually negative high temperature coefficient of resistance.
27 Thermistor The temperature-resistance characteristics of a thermistor is of exponential type and is given by
• = resistance at the reference temperature (Kelvin)
• = resistance at the measured temperature T (Kelvin) • β = experimentally determined constant for the given thermistor material.
28 Thermistor Relationship of R and T R decreases as T increases
29 Example For a certain thermistor, β=3140K and the resistance at is known to be 1050Ω. The thermistor is used for temperature measurement and the resistance measured is 2330Ω. Find the measured temperature.
30 Thermocouple • RTDs are completely passive sensing elements. • Thermocouples, however, generate their own electric potential.
31 Thermocouple
What voltage would be generated if we experience sudden
change in entire room temperature 32 Reference Junction Compensation • Thermocouple systems are fundamentally differential temperature sensors • Electrical output proportional to the difference in temperature between two different points
Stabilize the temperature at reference junction
33 Reference Junction Compensation • An additional voltage source counter the reference junction voltage
• Uses some other temperature-sensing device such as a
thermistor or RTD to sense the local temperature at junction J2.
34 Reference Junction Compensation Digital smart thermocouple
35 Types
Type J thermocouples, rapidly corrode in any oxidizing atmosphere.
Type K thermocouples are attacked by reducing8 atmospheres as well as sulfur and cyanide. Type T thermocouples stand up to both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres quite well at lower temperatures, even when wet but are 36 limited in upper temperature Law of Intermediate Metals Temperature at and are same Iron Copper Copper Constantan
37 Law of Intermediate Metals
38 Thermopile
the thermopile acts like a multiplied thermocouple,
39 Comparison Thermocouple RTD Thermistor Range to to to Sensitivity 10’s 0.00385Ω / Ω Several Ω / Ω For Platinum Accuracy Low Medium High Linear Nonlinear (5th) Linear (2nd) Linear (3rd) Rugged Extremely Fragile Fragile Rugged Output type Voltage Resistance Resistance Size 5 time wire 0.25×0.25 inch 0.5×0.5 inch diameter Price Inexpensive Expensive Expensive
40 Non-Contact Any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons or light) as a function of that temperature.
where, • Radiant heat loss rate (watts) • e = Emissivity factor (unitless) • σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant () • A = Surface area (square meters) • T = Absolute temperature (Kelvin)
41 Pyrometer The fourth-power characteristic of Stefan- Boltzmann’s law means
Tripling of absolute temperature eighty one times as much radiant energy Absolute temperature 1mV Tripling the absolute temperature =81mV
Extremely nonlinear, narrow
ranges but good accuracy
42 Field of View
Viewing angle (θ) and distance ratio (D/d)
43 Thermal Imaging Thermal Imaging sensors provides a graphic display of objects in its view according to their temperatures by detecting infrared radiation For thermal Imaging relative differences in temperature is detect rather than specific temperature values.
Application Detecting hot spot of elevated potential (power line insulators) performing “energy audits” of buildings
44 Thermal Imaging A three- phase motor starter as it is powered
45 End of Topic 6 To download this lecture visit http://ammaruet.weebly.com/
