Chapter 1

Atoms
 Outline
• 1.1 A Particulate View of the World: Structure Determines Properties
• 1.2 Classifying Matter: A Particulate View
• 1.3 The Scientific Approach in Knowledge
• 1.4 Early Ideas about the Building Blocks of Matter
• 1.5 Modern Atomic Theory and the Building Blocks that Lead to it
• 1.6 The Discovery of the Electron
• 1.7 The Structure of the Atom
• 1.8 Subatomic Particles
• 1.9 Atomic Mass
• 1.10 Atoms and the Mole
• 1.11 The Origins of Atoms and the Elements
 Matter
• Matter – Anything that has mass and
occupies space.
• Atoms – Basic particles that compose
matter.
• Molecules – Formed when atoms bind
together in a specific arrangement.
• Chemistry – The science that seeks to
understand the properties of matter by
studying the structure and properties that
compose it.
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 1.2
States of Matter
• Matter exists in three main forms:
• Solids:
• Rigid – definite shape.
• Definite volume.
Solid Liquid Gas
• Hard to compress.
Shape Definite Variable Variabl
• Liquids:
e
• Flows – assumes shape of container.
Volume Definite Definite Variabl
• Definite volume. e
• Hard to compress.
Fluid No Yes Yes
• Gases:
Compressi No No Yes
• Flows – assumes shape & volume of container.
ble
• Easily expanded and compressed.

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States of Matter Comparison
Fluids

Condensed Phases
 Substances
• (Pure) Substance – Form of matter that has definite (constant)
composition and distinct properties (e.g., color, smell, etc.)
• Elements – Substance that cannot be separated into a simpler substance.
• Compounds – Substance composed of two or more elements chemically
combined.
• Properties of the individual components are lost.

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 Mixtures
• Mixture – Combination of two or more substances.
• Properties of the individual components are maintained.

• Heterogeneous mixtures – Variable composition throughout;

components can be distinguished.
• Homogeneous mixtures (solutions) – Uniform composition
throughout; components cannot be distinguished

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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

8
Experimental Matter Classification
Decision Tree

9
 Classification of Matter
Example Question
• For the following scenarios:
• Classify each as elements and/or compounds or mixtures of elements and/or
compounds.
• Identify whether they can be separated into simpler substances by physical or
chemical means.

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 Substances
Example Question
• Categorize the following samples of matter as a
heterogeneous/homogeneous mixture, compound, or element.
• Diamond Element
• Steel Homogeneous
• Table salt Mixture
Compound
• Gold
Element
• Sugar
• Air Compound
Homogeneous
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Mixture
 1.3
The Scientific Approach to Knowledge

• The scientific method:

• Experiment – Observation of natural phenomena carried out
so results can be duplicated and conclusions made.
• Hypothesis – Tentative explanation of observations or
expected result of an experiment.
• Law – Concise verbal or mathematical statement of a reliable
relationship between phenomena.
• Theory – Unifying principle that explains a body of
experimental observations and laws based on them.

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 1.5 Modern Atomic Theory and the
Laws that lead to it
• Law of Conservation of
Mass: In a chemical
reaction matter is neither
created nor destroyed.
• Chemical Reaction: A
process in which one or
more substances is
converted into one or
more different
substances.
 1.4
Early Ideas of Matter
• 400 B.C. – Democritus – Matter is composed of tiny, discrete,
indivisible particles called atoms.
• Smallest quantity of matter that still retains the property of matter.

• 400 B.C. – Plato & Aristotle

• Matter has different portions of 4 main elements: fire, water, earth, air

• Early 1800’s – John Dalton developed his atomic theory:

• Element – Substance that cannot be broken down into two or more simpler
substances.

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 1.5
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

15
 1.6
Discovery of the Electron
• Radiation – The emission and transmission of energy in the form of
waves or fast moving particles.
• Most radiation is manipulated based on charge:
• Two possible charges: positive (+) or negative (-).
• Same charges repel.
• Opposite charges attract.

16
 1.6
Cathode Rays & Electrons

• Radiation was investigated

using cathode rays.
• Composed of small,
negatively charged particles
(electrons).

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 1.7
Plum Pudding Model

• The “plum pudding model” was

an early representation of the
atom.
• “Gold foil experiment” was
performed to confirm this
model.

18
 1.7
Gold Foil Experiment – Results

• Actual results:
• Most α particles
passed through.
• Some α particles
were deflected.
• A few α particles
were deflected at
large angles.

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 1.7 Gold Foil Experiment - Conclusion
• Atoms are mostly empty space with most of the mass of the atom
contained in a positively charged nucleus.

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 1.7
The Proton & Neutron
• Nuclei are comprised of two particles: protons and neutrons.
• Referred to collectively as nucleons.

• Protons and neutrons are much more massive than electrons.

• Protons and electrons have the same magnitude of charge, but
opposite sign.

Electron Proton Neutron

Symbol e- p or p+ n or n0
9.10938×10- 1.67262×10- 1.67493×10-
Mass (kg) 31 27 27 21

-
+1.60218×1
Charge (C) 1.60218×10- -19 0
 1.7
Subatomic Particles

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 1.7
Atomic Scale – Solar System

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 1.8
Atomic & Mass Numbers
• Atomic number (Z) – Number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom.
• Determines identity of element.

• In a neutral atom, the number of protons and

electrons are equal.
• If there are different numbers of these two particles,
then the atom will have a charge.
• Ions are atoms/molecules with an electric charge.

• The mass number (A) is the total number of

protons and neutrons in the nucleus. 24
 1.8
Nuclides & Nuclide Symbols
• Nuclides are atoms with particular atomic and mass numbers.
• Nuclide symbols summarize essential information:
Left Superscript: Right Superscript:
Mass number (A) Charge number
# of protons + # of # of protons - # of
neutrons electrons

A C
Subscript:
Z X Symbol:
Atomic number Identifies element
25
(Z) Based on # of
# of protons protons
 1.8
Element Identification
• All known elements are listed on the periodic table.
• Essential information for each element is included: 12
• Top: Atomic number (Z)
Mg
• Middle: Symbol
• One or two letters. 24.305
• The first letter is always capitalized!
• Bottom: Atomic mass (not mass number).

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 1.8
Isotopes

• Isotopes are nuclides with the same atomic number but different
mass number.
• Same number of protons, different number of neutrons!
10 11
5 B 5 B
=
proton
=
neutron # of protons:5 # of protons: 5
# of neutrons:
5 # of neutrons: 6

• Isotopes are identified using atomic symbols, or by naming the

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element and its mass number.
• e.g., 10
B or boron-10.
 1.8
Hydrogen Isotopes

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Subatomic Particles Example Question
• Fill out the missing information in the table using the
information provided.
Symbol Proton Neutro Electro Mass # Charge
1. s ns ns
2. 3 7 0
3. 53 74 54
4. Cu2+
63

50 40 0
 1.10
Atomic Mass
• Atomic Mass – Mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu).
• 1 amu ≡ 1/12th the mass of a 12
C (carbon-12) atom.
• 1 amu = 1.660537810-24 g.

• Atomic masses of elements are typically given as the weighted

average of the naturally occurring isotopes of that element:

Atomic Mass = ∑ ( Frac. Abundance )( Isotope Mass )

% Abundance
Frac . Abundance = 30

100
 1.10
Atomic Mass Example Calculation

• Silicon exists naturally in three isotopes:

Si (92.22% abundant,
28

27.977 amu); 29Si (4.69% abundant, 28.977 amu); and 30Si (3.09%
abundant, 29.974 amu). Calculate the atomic mass of Si in amu.

Atomic Mass = ∑ ( Frac. Abundance )( Isotope Mass )

AM = ( ( 0.9222 )( 27.977 amu ) ) + ( ( 0.0469 )( 28.977 amu ) ) + ( ( 0.0309 )( 29.974 amu ) )
AM = ( 25.80 amu ) + ( 1.359 amu ) + ( 0.9262 amu )
AM = 28.10 amu
• No individual atom of Si has a mass of 28.10 amu, but the average mass of an
atom in a sample of Si would be 28.10 amu. 31
 1.10
Atomic Mass of Carbon

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 1.10
Mass Spectrometry

• Mass Spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of particles.

• Substance being measured must be charged!

• Used to determine masses of chemical species very precisely.

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 1.10
Mass Spectra
at-cr-cerproduct-esihr-av1-c1 #1 RT: 1.94 AV: 1 NL: 3.55E5
T: [ 394.50-458.50]
443.1037
100

95

90

85

80

75

70

65

60

Relative Abundance
55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20
444.1064
15

10

5
445.1124
0 34
442.0 442.5 443.0 443.5 444.0 444.5 445.0 445.5
m /z

Ideal mass spectrum for Cl Actual experimental high resolution mass spectrum
 Atomic Mass
Example Question

• Depending on the source of the sample, the natural

abundance of stable isotopes of the elements can change,
leading to a different atomic mass than what is listed on the
standard periodic table. Lithium occurs naturally in only two
isotopes, 6Li (6.015 amu) and 7Li (7.016 amu). If the atomic
mass of lithium in a certain geological sample is 6.997 amu,
what are the percent abundances for each isotope?

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 Atomic Mass Question Worked Out
• Lithium occurs naturally in only two isotopes, 6Li (6.015 amu)
and 7Li (7.016 amu). If the atomic mass of lithium in a certain
geological sample is 6.997 amu, what are the percent
abundances for each isotope?

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 1.10
The Mole

• 1 mole (mol) =
6.022140761023 (Avogadro’s
number, NA) elementary
entities.
• Units of NA are mol-1 .

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 1.10
Number of Particles in a Mole

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 1.10
Atomic/Molar Mass 26

Fe

• Atomic (Molar) Mass: 55.85

• Mass of a representative atom of an element in amu.
• Mass of one mole of an element in grams. Average mass of one atom
• Number of particles in a sample of a pure substance of Fe: 55.85 amu
can be calculated using mass of the sample and molar
mass of the substance. Mass of one mole of Fe
atoms: 55.85 g
Mass of 6.0221023 Fe atoms:
55.85 g 39
 1.10
The Mole as a Conversion Factor
• The mole provides a bridge between the mass of a pure substance
and the number of particles:
23
23 6.022× 10 1 mole
1 mole = 6.022× 10 1= or 1 = 23
1 mole 6.022 × 10

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 Molar Mass and the Mole
Example Question

• How many moles of sulfur are in 64.14 g of

sulfur?
• What is the mass, in grams, of 1.811024 atoms
of phosphorus?

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 Molar Mass and the Mole
Example Question
• How many moles of sulfur are in 64.14 g of sulfur?

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 Molar Mass and the Mole
Example Question
• What is the mass, in grams, of 1.811024 atoms of phosphorus?

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