Group 3

Members:
Matillano
Piala
Rosello
Panes
Padillo
Vergara
Selim
Siasico
Yu
Zerna
 OBJECTIVES

After the discussion students may learn what

is "The Wind and Pressure Systems over the
Oceans and it's characteristics.
The Wind and Pressure Systems over the Oceans

The Coriolis effect is the observed deflection of a moving object, caused by the moving frame of reference on the spinning
Earth. As air warms, expands, and rises at the equator, it moves toward the pole, but instead of traveling in a straight path, the
air is deflected eastward. In the Northern Hemisphere air turns to the right. In the Southern Hemisphere air turns to the left.

Air moves in cells, influenced by the Coriolis effect. The wind belts girdling the planet are organized into three cells: the
Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell.
Prevailing Winds

The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, or ITCZ known by sailors as the doldrums is a belt of low
pressure which circles the Earth generally near the equator where the trade winds of the Northern
and Southern Hemispheres come together. The prevailing winds are calm but generates often
vigorous thunderstorms over large areas.

Westerlies are on the polar sides of the oceanic anticyclones where the wind direction becomes
predominantly W. It generally lie on 40 deg N and 40 deg S. The continual process of depressions
from W to E across these zones causes the wind to vary greatly in both direction and strength.

Polar easterlies (also Polar Hadley cells) are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-
pressure areas of the polar highs at the north and south poles towards low-pressure areas within
the Westerlies at high latitudes.

The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics, within the
lower portion of the Earth's atmosphere, in the lower section of the troposphere near the
Earth's equator.

Subtropical high, one of several regions of semi permanent high atmospheric pressure located
over the oceans between 20° and 40° of latitude in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres
of the Earth. The circulation around the highs is clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and
counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

Mean surface pressure and wind distribution over the Earth’s surface in January
Mean surface pressure and wind distribution over the Earth’s surface in July
The Wind and Pressure Systems over the Oceans

Monsoon is the seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and
sea. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is
also a dry phase.

Monsoons are large-scale sea breezes which occur when the temperature on land is significantly warmer or cooler than the
temperature of the ocean. These temperature imbalances happen because oceans and land absorb heat in different ways.

Monsoons
The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the West African and Asia-Australian monsoons. Tropical monsoon climates
are also commonly found in South and Central America. However, there are sections of South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa
(particularly West and Central Africa), the Caribbean, and North America that also feature this climate.

The Wind and Pressure Systems over the Oceans

Local winds are small scale convective winds of local origin caused by temperature differences. Local terrain has a very strong
influence on local winds, and the more varied the terrain, the greater the influence.
Common Local Winds
1. Land and Sea Breeze 3. Thunderstorm downdrafts
2. Slope and Valley Winds 4. Whirlwinds
A sea breeze is a gentle wind that develops over bodies of water near land due to differences in air
pressure created by their different heat capacity. It is a common occurrence along coasts during the
morning as solar radiation heats the land more quickly than the water.
 A land breeze or offshore breeze is the reverse effect, caused by land cooling more quickly than
water in the evening. The sea breeze dissipates and the wind flows from the land towards the sea.
Both are important factors in coastal regions' prevailing winds

Katabatic wind
is a wind that carries high density air from a
higher elevation down a slope under the force of
gravity. Such winds are sometimes also called fall
winds. Katabatic winds can rush down elevated
slopes at hurricane speeds.

Anabatic Wind
The air at the bottom of the valley is warmed by
conduction from the heated land during the day,
and this air, being less dense than the air above it,
takes the easiest path to the top of the valley by
following the warm sides.
Structure of Depression

An air mass is a large volume of air in the atmosphere that is

mostly uniform in temperature and moisture. Air masses can extend thousands of kilometers across
the surface of the Earth, and can reach from ground level to the stratosphere 16 kilometers (10 miles)
into the atmosphere.

Air masses form over large surfaces with uniform temperatures and humidity, called source regions.
Low wind speeds let air remain stationary long enough to take on the features of the source region,
such as heat or cold.

When winds move air masses, they carry their weather conditions (heat or cold, dry or moist) from
the source region to a new region.

Air masses are classified according to their temperature and moisture characteristics. They are
grouped into four categories based on their source region.
cP: cold, dry air mass
mP: cold, moist air mass
cT: warm, dry air mass
mT: warm, moist air mass
cA: extreme cold, moist air mass
✔ Continental Arctic (cA): This air mass is characterized by extremely cold temperatures and contains very little
moisture. These air masses form north of (or very near) the Arctic Circle and poleward.

✔ Maritime Tropical (mT): Being from a source region in the Tropics and over water, this air mass is characterized
by hot, humid conditions.

✔ Continental Tropical (Ct) : These are the hot, dry air massesThe leading edge of this air mass is often called
the dry line where it encounters the maritime tropical air mass, (to the east),

✔ Maritime Polar (mP): Maritime Polar may be considered the cool, moist air mass which affects the United States.
The source region for these air masses are the northern Pacific and the north-western Atlantic. Because they
carry an abundance of moisture, they usually produce clouds and precipitation as they move inland and are
forced upward by the rising land.

✔ Continental Polar (cP): These air masses bring cold air during the winter and cool, relatively clear, rather pleasant
weather in the summer. The air mass is stable and usually prevents cloud formation. It also can develop
inversions which inhibits vertical motion and may cause high pollution events, especially near and downwind of
large industrial areas.

Cold Front
The cold air behind the front undercuts the warm air of the warm sector, causing the less dense warm air to rise.
 Warm Front
When the air in the warm sector of the depression meets the denser, cold air on the frontal boundary, the warm air overrides it; extensive cloud and
precipitation covering a wide area result as the warm air ascends.

COLD FRONT:
✓Pressure reaches minimum and then begins rising
✓Temperature drops quickly
✓Wind increase in speed often gusty Direction begins shifting
✓Overcast
✓Visibility drops quickly to very poor in showers

WARM FRONT:
✓ Pressure reaches minimum and then remains steady
✓ Temperature warms steadily
✓ Wind Direction varies Speed may increase as front
passes
✓ Usually overcast conditions with predominantly stratus
and nimbostratus type clouds
✓ Visibility poor but slowly improving as front passes
 Depression (also referred to as a 'low'), air is rising. As it rises and cools, water vapour condenses to form clouds and
perhaps precipitation.
Consequently, the weather in a depression is often cloudy, wet and windy (with winds blowing in an anticlockwise
direction around the depression). There are usually frontal systems associated with depressions.

Before we have considered the formation of a wave-like disturbance, along a small section of a front. But sometimes
with each out break of an air mass develops a series of waves along the front and each wave forms its own wavelike
disturbance.

So from two or three to five depressions can form along a particular front.

The initial depression is called primary and others are called secondary depression. These secondary depressions
sometimes grow very quickly into intense low with almost same characteristics as primary low.

Primary along with another or a series of secondary depressions is termed as Family of depression.

Structure of Depression
✓In the Northern Hemisphere, winds circulate around a depression in a anticlockwise direction
✓In the Southern Hemisphere, winds circulate around a depression in a clockwise direction
FAMILY OF DEPRESSION
Depression on the weather map
Occluded Front
An occluded front is formed during the process of cyclogenesis when a cold
front overtakes warm front.

Normally cold fronts move faster than warm fronts, they can catch up to and
overtake their related warm front. When they do, an occluded front is formed.
A trough is an elongated region of relatively low atmospheric pressure, often
associated with fronts.
Strong troughs are typically preceded by stormy weather and colder air at the
surface
Anticyclones and other Pressure Systems

ANTICYCLONES

An anticyclone is a weather phenomenon in which there is a descending movement of the air and a relative increase in barometric
pressure over the part of the earth's surface affected by it.

High-pressure centers are associated with the letter H in English, within the isobar with the highest pressure value.
On constant-pressure upper-level charts, anticyclones are located within the highest height line contour.

In the northern hemisphere an anticyclone rotates in the clockwise direction, while it rotates
counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere .
A ridge is an elongated region of relatively high atmospheric pressure, the opposite of a
trough. In hydrologic terms, a line or wall of broken ice forced up by pressure.
A col is the intersection between two high and two low pressure systems. This creates an area of neutral air
where there is no fixed weather

A synoptic chart is any map

which data from synchronous weather observations are entered in the form of numbers and symbols.
Many kinds
of synoptic charts are used for weather forecasting and for studying atmospheric processes.
The surface prognostic chart display forecast positions and characteristics of pressure systems, fronts, turbulence, icing,
rain and precipitation
Stages of Typhoons

Hurricanes just don't come out of nowhere to become what they are. They go through a process of development that
involves several different stages. These stages can have different lengths just as in human development depending on
certain environmental conditions where it is located at a particular time. If these conditions are right, a hurricane can
develop rapidly, and go through these early stages very quickly. If these conditions aren't right, then development can
be slow, or not at all. Here are the various stages of development a hurricane goes through

1st Stage of a typhoon

Tropical Wave--These are the most common of tropical disturbances with about 100 forming each season. They
lack a closed circulation, which is when there are winds in every direction. Wind speeds are less than 20 knots, or
25 mph.

Tropical Depression

Tropical Depression--A wave becomes a depression when there is a presence of a closed circulation,
and sustained winds are 20 knots, or 25 mph. At this point, the system is still quite disorganized.
Tropical Storm

Tropical Storm--A depression becomes a tropical storm when shower and

thunderstorm activity moves over the closed circulation, and sustained winds reach
at least 35 knots, or 39 mph. At this point, the system is capable of causing minimal
damage.

Hurricane

Hurricane: --A tropical storm becomes a hurricane

when the closed circulation becomes an eye, and
sustained winds reach at least 65 knots, or 74 mph.
At this point, the system is capable of causing
significant damage.
Trough

A trough is an elongated region of relatively low atmospheric pressure, often associated with
fronts.

Cold front

Cold air is displacing warm air. The heavier, cold air is shoving under
the warm air, pushing it upward. Unless the air is extremely dry,
clouds form. Often the clouds grow into thunderstorms. The slope
of the front is fairly steep, especially if it is moving fast, around 25
mph for examples. About 30 miles back from the front the warm-
cold boundary would be at around 3,000 feet above the ground.
Warm front
Warm air is replacing colder air. The lighter warm air slides over the heavier cold
air, creating a boundary with a gentle slope.