A D.C. motor converts direct current (D.C.) power into mechanical power and operates on the principle that a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a mechanical force. The motor's performance is influenced by back electromotive force (E.M.F.), which self-regulates the armature current based on the load requirements. D.C. motors are commonly used in various industrial applications and come in three types: series-wound, shunt-wound, and compound-wound.
A D.C. motor converts direct current (D.C.) power into mechanical power and operates on the principle that a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a mechanical force. The motor's performance is influenced by back electromotive force (E.M.F.), which self-regulates the armature current based on the load requirements. D.C. motors are commonly used in various industrial applications and come in three types: series-wound, shunt-wound, and compound-wound.
A D.C. motor converts direct current (D.C.) power into mechanical power and operates on the principle that a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a mechanical force. The motor's performance is influenced by back electromotive force (E.M.F.), which self-regulates the armature current based on the load requirements. D.C. motors are commonly used in various industrial applications and come in three types: series-wound, shunt-wound, and compound-wound.
A D.C. motor converts direct current (D.C.) power into mechanical power and operates on the principle that a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a mechanical force. The motor's performance is influenced by back electromotive force (E.M.F.), which self-regulates the armature current based on the load requirements. D.C. motors are commonly used in various industrial applications and come in three types: series-wound, shunt-wound, and compound-wound.
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D.C.
Motors A d.c. motor is a machine that converts d.c. power into mechanical power(Def) Basically, there is no constructional difference between a d.c. motor and a d.c. generator. The same d.c. machine can be run as a generator or motor. Used for special applications such as in steel mills, mines and electric trains. The speed/torque characteristics of d.c. motors are much more superior to that of a.c. motors. Therefore, for industrial drives, d.c. motors are as popular as 3-phase induction motors (Why). Like d.c. generators, d.c. motors are also of three types viz., series-wound, shunt-wound and compound wound. The use of a particular motor depends upon the mechanical load it has to drive. D.C. Motor Principle Its operation is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force. The direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule. The magnitude is given by: F = BIl newtons Working of D.C. Motor Consider a part of a multipolar d.c. motor as shown in the fig. When the terminals of the motor are connected to an external source of d.c. supply: (i) the field magnets are excited developing alternate N and S poles; (ii) the armature conductors carry currents. All conductors under N-pole carry currents in one direction while all the conductors under S-pole carry currents in the opposite direction. Suppose the conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of the paper and those under S-pole carry currents out of the plane of the paper as shown in the fig. Since each armature conductor is carrying current and is placed in the magnetic field, mechanical force acts on it. Referring to the fig. and applying Fleming’s left hand rule, it is clear that force on each conductor is tending to rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction. All these forces add together to produce a driving torque which sets the armature rotating. Back or Counter E.M.F. When the armature of a d.c. motor rotates under the influence of the driving torque, the armature conductors move through the magnetic field and hence e.m.f. is induced in them as in a generator The induced e.m.f. acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage V(Lenz’s law) and in known as back or counter e.m.f. Eb. The polarity of the induced voltage is such as to oppose the cause producing it. The back e.m.f. Eb(= PφZN/60 A) is always less than the applied voltage V, although this difference is small when the motor is running under normal conditions. Consider a shunt wound motor shown in the fig When d.c. voltage V is applied across the motor terminals, the field magnets are excited and armature conductors are supplied with current. Therefore, driving torque acts on the armature which begins to rotate. As the armature rotates, back e.m.f. Eb is induced which opposes the applied voltage V. The applied voltage V has to The electric work done in overcoming and causing the current to flow against Eb is converted into mechanical energy developed in the armature. Therefore, the energy conversion in a d.c. motor is only possible due to the production of back e.m.f. Eb.
Net voltage across armature circuit = V - Eb
If Ra is the armature circuit resistance, then, Ia = (V – Eb)/ Ra Since V and Ra are usually fixed, the value of Eb will determine the current drawn by the motor. If the speed of the motor is high, then back e.m.f. Eb (= PφZN/60A) is large and hence the motor will draw less armature current and vice versa. Significance of Back E.M.F. (What is) Back e.m.f. makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating machine i.e., it makes the motor to draw as much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque required by the load. Armature current, Ia = (V - Eb)/Ra
(i) When the motor is running on no load, small torque is required to over- come the friction and windage losses. Therefore, the armature current Ia is small and the back e.m.f. is nearly equal to the applied voltage. (ii) If the motor is suddenly loaded, the first effect is to cause the armature to slow down. Therefore, the speed at which the armature conductors move through the field is reduced and hence the back e.m.f. Eb falls. The decreased back e.m.f. allows a larger current to flow through the armature and larger current means increased driving torque. Thus, the driving torque increases as the motor slows down. The motor will stop slowing down when the armature current is just sufficient to produce the increased torque required by the load. (iii) If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving torque is momentarily in excess of the requirement so that armature is accelerated. As the armature speed increases, the back e.m.f. Eb also increases and causes the armature current Ia to decrease. The motor will stop accelerating when the armature current is just sufficient to produce the reduced torque required by the load. The back e.m.f. in a d.c. motor automatically changes the armature current to meet the load requirement. Voltage Equation of D.C. Motor
Power Equation of the d.c. motor
VIa = EbIa + IaRa
converted into mechanical power within the armature Pm.
Armature Torque of D.C. Motor T=F r Let in a d.c. motor r = average radius of armature in m l = effective length of each conductor in m Z = total number of armature conductors A = number of parallel paths i = current in each conductor = Ia/A B = average flux density in Wb/m2 φ = flux per pole in Wb P = number of poles Force on each conductor, F = Bil newtons Torque due to one conductor = F r newton- metre Total armature torque, Ta = Z F r newton-metre =ZBilr Now i = Ia/A, B = φ /a where a is the x-sectional area of flux path per pole at radius r. Clearly, a = 2πrl /P. Since Z, P and A are fixed for a given machine,
(i) For a shunt motor, flux φ is practically constant.
Ta Ia (ii) For a series motor, flux φ is directly proportional to armature current Ia provided magnetic saturation does not take place. Ta I2a Alternative expression for Ta
