Thermo Dynamics

C H E M I S T RY
CLASS : XI - A
THERMO
DYNAMICS
P R E S E N T E D BY A N I K A K A P O O R
Overview
INTRODUCTION I M P O RTA N T L AW S O F T H E R M O DY N A M I C S
TERMS
T H E R M O DY N A M I C FORMULA CONCLUSION
PRO CE SSE S E
INTRODUCTI
ON
01 0
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of
2 SYSTEM AND
relation between work, heat and chemical SURROUNDINGS :
A system in thermodynamics refers to that
reactions or with the physical changes of part of universe in which observations are
the state which are confi ned to the laws made and remaining universe constitutes the
of thermodynamics. surroundings. The surroundings include

everything other than the system. System and
THE UNIVERSE = THE SYSTEM + the surroundings together constitute the
THE SURROUNDINGS
universe.
The wall that separates the system from the
surrounding is called boundary.
SYSTEMS
01 02 03
In an open system, there is In a closed system, there is no In an isolated system, there is no
exchange of energy and matter exchange of matter, but exchange of exchange of energy or matter
between system and surroundings. energy is possible. between the system and the
The boundary is made of conducting surroundings.
The boundary is closed and
The boundary is an imaginary
material enclosing the beaker and
surface enclosing the beaker and insulated enclosing the beaker and
reactants.
reactants. reactants.
important terms
W O R K (w H E AT (q
) )
Work done by a system is defined as the quantity of Heat in thermodynamics is defined as the kinetic
energy of the molecules of the substance. Heat and
energy exchanged between a system and its
the thermodynamics together form the basics which
surroundings. Work is completely governed by
helped process designers and engineers to optimize
external factors such as an external force, pressure their processes and harness the energy associated
or volume or change in temperature etc. with chemical reactions economically. Heat energy
flows from higher temperature to lower
temperature.
01
FIRST LAW of
thermodynamics
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed however it may be
converted from one form to another. Therefore, the total energy of
the universe remains constant although it may change forms.
ΔU = q + w
THERMODYNAM
IC PROCESSES
ISOTHERMAL:
When the operation is carried out at constant
temperature, the process is said to be isothermal.
A D I A B AT I C :
It is a process in which no transfer of heat between
system and surroundings, takes place.
ISOBARIC:
When the process is carried out at constant pressure, it
is said to be isobaric.
ISOCHORIC:
A process when carried out at constant volume, it is
known as isochoric in nature.
04
types of properties
EXTENSIVE INTENSIVE
P ROP E RTIE S P ROP E RTIE S
An extensive property is a property whose value An intensive property is a property whose value
depends on the quantity or size of the matter does not depend on quantity or size of matter
present in the system. For example, mass, volume, present in the system. For example, temperature,
internal energy etc. are extensive properties. density, pressure etc. are intensive properties.
Useful terms
0 0
1
E N T H A L P Y:
It is defi ned as total heat content of
2
E N T R O P Y:
The entropy is a measure of
the system. It is equal to the sum of degree of randomness or disorder
internal energy and pressure-volume of a system.
work.
Change in enthalpy is the heat The change in entropy in a
absorbed or evolved by the spontaneous process is
system at constant pressure. expressed as ΔS.
02
SECOND LAW of
thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy
of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase
over time. The second law also states that the changes in the
entropy in the universe can never be negative.

03
third LAW of
thermodynamics
The entropy of any pure crystalline substance approaches zero as the
temperature approaches absolute zero. This is called third law of
thermodynamics.
This is so because there is perfect order in a crystal at absolute zero.

Formulae
ΔU = Q + W ∆H = ∆U + ∆ r G  = – 2 .3 03 RT log
P∆V K
pV = n RT ∆S = ΔG = ΔH -
Q/T TΔS
∆r H = Σ bond enthalpies of the

reactants – Σ bond enthalpies of the
products
C H E M I S T RY
CLASS : XI - A
Thank you
P R E S E N T E D BY A N I K A K A P O O R

Thermo Dynamics

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C H E M I S T RY

of thermodynamics. surroundings. The surroundings include

converted from one form to another. Therefore, the total energy of

the universe remains constant although it may change forms.

of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase

entropy in the universe can never be negative.

temperature approaches absolute zero. This is called third law of

This is so because there is perfect order in a crystal at absolute zero.

∆r H = Σ bond enthalpies of the

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