Data Management ( 1)

STATISTICS
Statistics
• Is a scientific body of
knowledge that deals with:
 collection ,
organization ,presentation ,
analysis and interpretation
of the gathered of data.
Descriptive Statistics:
•Deals with the collection , presentation of
data and summarizing values that
describe the groups characteristics.
•Inferential Statistics:
• Deals with the predictions and inferences

based on the analysis and interpretation of the
results of the information gathered.
Definitions
• Population. It is the total collection of
all the elements (people, events,
objects, measurements, and so on)
one wishes to investigate.
• Sample. Subgroup obtained from a
population.
• Parameter. A numerical value that
describes a characteristic of a
population.
Definitions
• Statistic. It is a numerical value that describes a particular
sample.
• Data. This are facts, or a set of information gathered or under

study.
• Qualitative Data are attributes which cannot be subjected to

meaningful arithmetic.
Ex: gender, religion, civil status, course, year level.
• Quantitative Data are numerical in nature and therefore

meaningful arithmetic can be done.
Ex: age, height, pulse rate, number of children and speed.

Definitions
•Discrete Data assume exact values only and can be
obtained by counting
•Ex: number of students, number of males, number of

teachers
•Continuous Data assume infinite values within a

specified interval and can be obtained by measurement.
Ex: height, weight, temperature, distance

Definitions
• Variable is a characteristic or
property of a population or sample
which makes the members different
from each other.
> Dependent. A variable which is
affected by another variable.
> Independent. A variable which affects
the dependent variable.
Levels of
•Measurements
1. Nominal scale is a measurement
scale classifies elements into two or
more categories.
Ex: race, religion, gender
• 2. Ordinal scale is a scale that ranks
individuals in terms of the degree.
Ex. E, VG, G , F, P
• 3. Interval Scale: is a scale ordering
from highest to the lowest.
Ex: temperature
• 4. Ratio scale: is a scale has an
absolute zero in the scale.
Ex. Height, weight, speed,
COLLECTION OF DATA:
Methods of collecting data:

1.Interview method
1.1 direct 1.2 indirect
2. Questionnaire method
3. Observation method
4. Test method 5. Registration Method
6. Mechanical devices
Determining the
Sample
Slovin’s Size
Formula:
n= N___ n is the sample size
N is the population size
1 + Ne2
e is the margin of error
The margin of error is a value which

quantifies possible sampling errors.
Sampling Techniques
1. Random sampling
1.1 lottery method
2. Systematic sampling
2.1 stratified random sampling
2.2 cluster sampling
3. Purposive sampling
4. Quota sampling 5. convenience sampling

Sampling Techniques
Sampling is the process of selecting
samples from a given population.
Sampling Techniques
Organization &
Presentation of
Data:Form: Data are presented in
1.Textual
paragraph or in sentences.
2.Tabular Form: A more effective
device of presenting data.
Organization &
Presentation of Data
3.Graphical/Pictorial Form: A most effective
device of presenting data.
1. line graph
2. bar graph (histogram)
3. pie chart( circle graph)
4. pictograph
5. statistical maps
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
What is the frequency distribution

normally used to?
As a statistical tool, a frequency
distribution provides a visual
representation of the distribution of
observations within a particular test.
Analysts often use a frequency
distribution to visualize or illustrate
the data collected in a sample.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
 Is a device for organizing and presenting grouped
data.
 Steps:
 1. Find the range
 2. compute the number of intervals:
 n=1+ 3.3 log N
 3. compute the class size
 I=R/n
 4. Set up the class intervals
 5. set up the class limits
 6. tally 7. set up the frequencies 8. class
marks
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY ( CF)
 - CF< AND CF >
RELATIVE FREQUENCIES
Is also known as percentage frequency.
 Formula:
 RF = f x 100%
 N
Measures of central tendency
The main purpose for obtaining a
measure of central tendency is to find a
single value that will serve as the
representative of the entire distribution
of scores. Usually, this value is the
average of the scores, which could be
the mean, median, or the mode.
Measures of Central Tendency
Calculation of:
Mean
Median
Mode
MEAN : The average value of the set of numbers.

Mean: Ungrouped data
Sample Mean = Σ x
N
Where:
X – The value of any particular
Σ x – The sum of all x.
N – total number of values
Population Mean:
µ=Σx/N
µ - population mean
MEDIAN:
> is the midpoint of the data array.
Median : ungrouped data

Median ( rank value) = N +1 /2
Example 1:
The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48 , 54, 46, 51 ,58 and 55.
Find the median.
MODE:
> is the value in a data set that appears most
frequently.
Mode: ungrouped data
Example 1:
8,9,10,1010,12,14,16 mode = 10
Sample Mean for grouped data:
Mean = Σ fm / N
Where:
f – frequency , m – midpoint/class mark
N – total number of values
Σ fm – sum of all the products of f and x.
Example 1: Calculate the Mean.
MEDIAN:
> is the midpoint of the data array.
Median : Grouped data
Median = L md + ( n/2 – cf<) i
fmd
Where:
Lmd – The lower limits of the median class.
Cf< - Cumulative frequency lesser than up to but below the
median class
i - class size
fmd = frequency of the median class
MODE: grouped data
Mode = L mo + ( Δ1 )i
Δ1 + Δ2
Where:
Lmo – The lower limits of the modal class.
i - class size
Δ1 = The difference between the frequency of modal class &
above it.
 Δ2 = the difference between the frequency of the modal class
& below it.
FRACTILES

FRACTILES are used to divide a dataset
into smaller equal parts or groups.
Quartiles, deciles, and percentiles are all
types of fractiles, with quartiles dividing
a dataset into four equal parts, deciles
dividing it into ten equal parts, and
percentiles dividing it into one hundred
equal parts.
FRACTILES:
 Are measures of location or position which
include not only central location but also any
position based on the number of equal divisions
in a given distribution.
 1. Quartiles
 2. deciles
 Percentiles
 Ungrouped data: Arrange the data from lowest
to highest.
data #
10 1
12 2
14 3
18 4
20 5
Ungrouped data:
Quartiles;
Q : Q1, Q2 , Q3
Deciles:
D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6,D7,D8,D9
 Percentiles:
 P10, P20,P30,P40,P50, P60,P70,P80,P90
Grouped Data:
Quartiles:
Qk = L Qk + ( kN - < CF )i
f Qk
Deciles:
Dk = L Dk + ( kN - < CF ) i
f Dk
Percentiles:
Pk = L Pk + ( kN - < CF ) i
f Pk
Example 1: Find Q, D, P
Class interval frequency
22 – 24 10
19 -21 18
16-18 20
13-15 25
10-12 15
7-9 12
AVERAGE DEVIATION
Why do we use mean deviation?
Mean deviation, shows the average
variance between individual data points
and the dataset mean. It gives an idea of
how widely the values deviate from the
central point.
QUARTILE DEVIATION
Why do we calculate the quartile
deviation?
The quartile deviation helps to examine the
spread of a distribution about a measure
of its central tendency, usually the mean
or the average. Hence, it is in use to give
you an idea about the range within which the
central 50% of your sample data lies.
VARIANCE
The use of Variance:
Variance is a statistical measurement
used to determine how far each number
is from the mean and from every other
number in the set.
STANDARD DEVIATION
The use of standard Deviation:
A standard deviation (or σ) is a measure of
how dispersed the data is in relation to
the mean. Low, or small,
standard deviation indicates data are
clustered tightly around the mean, and
high, or large, standard deviation indicates
data are more spread out.
Coefficient of variation
What is the function of the coefficient
of variation?
Coefficient of variation is a relative
measure of dispersion that is used to
determine the variability of data. It is
expressed as a ratio of the
standard deviation to the mean multiplied
by 100.

Data Management ( 1)

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STATISTICS

• Deals with the predictions and inferences

• Data. This are facts, or a set of information gathered or under

• Qualitative Data are attributes which cannot be subjected to

Ex: gender, religion, civil status, course, year level.

• Quantitative Data are numerical in nature and therefore

Ex: age, height, pulse rate, number of children and speed.

•Ex: number of students, number of males, number of

•Continuous Data assume infinite values within a

Ex: height, weight, temperature, distance

Methods of collecting data:

The margin of error is a value which

1.1 lottery method

2.1 stratified random sampling

2.2 cluster sampling

4. Quota sampling 5. convenience sampling

What is the frequency distribution

MEAN : The average value of the set of numbers.

Median : ungrouped data

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