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    Rules of Inference: Presented By: N.Sridevi

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    Sri Devi
    Rules of Inference provide the justification of the steps used in a proofs. Fallacies resemble Rule of Inference but are based on contingencies.

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    Rules of Inference: Presented By: N.Sridevi

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    Sri Devi
    91 views16 pages
    Rules of Inference provide the justification of the steps used in a proofs. Fallacies resemble Rule of Inference but are based on contingencies.

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    Rules of Inference provide the justification of the steps used in a proofs. Fallacies resemble Rule of Inference but are based on contingencies.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    91 views16 pages

    Rules of Inference: Presented By: N.Sridevi

    Uploaded by

    Sri Devi
    Rules of Inference provide the justification of the steps used in a proofs. Fallacies resemble Rule of Inference but are based on contingencies.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    Rules of Inference

    Presented By: N.Sridevi

    Rule of Inference

    In logic, a rule of inference, inference rule, or transformation rule is the act of drawing a conclusion based on the form of premises interpreted as a function which takes premises, analyses their syntax , and returns a conclusion (or conclusions) . It provide the justification of the steps used in a proofs.

    Rules of Inference

    The general form of a rule of inference is:


    p1 p2 . . . . pn ____ q

    The rule states that if p1 and p2 and and pn are all true, then q is true as well. Where pi are the premises and q is the conclusion.

    Modus ponens
    -

    The inference rule


    p pq ____ q

    If the statement in p is assumed as true, and also the statement pq is accepted as true, then, the conclusion q is also true. The basis of the modus ponens is the tautology. (p(pq)) q.

    Example:
    It rains. If it rains, then it is cloudy Therefore it is cloudy.

    r = it rains c = it is cloudy
    r rc c

    Modus tollens

    The rule of inference is q pq p This rule of inference is based on contrapositive. [~q (pq)] p

    Example
    It is not cloudy. If it rains, then it is cloudy. Therefore, it is not the case that is rains..
    r = it rains c = it is cloudy ~c rc ~r

    Rules of inference
    Addition
    pq _____ p p _____ pq ~q pq _____ ~p pq qr _____ pr

    Modus tollens Hypothetical syllogism

    Simplification

    p pq _____ q

    Modus ponens

    pq ~p _____ q

    Disjunctive syllogism

    Conjunction

    p q _____ pq

    (pq) (rs) Pr q s

    Constructive dilemma

    (pq) (rs) ~q ~s ~p ~r

    Destructive dilemma

    Fallacies

    Fallacies are incorrect arguments. Fallacies resemble rule of inference but are based on contingencies rather than tautologies.

    Example:

    If the price of gold is rising then inflation is surely coming. Inflation is surely coming. Therefore the price of gold is rising.
    p : the price of gold is rising. q : inflation is surely coming.
    pq q p

    Rules of Inference for Quantified Statements


    x P(x)
    P(c) if cU

    Universal instantiation

    P(c) for an arbitrary cU ___________________ x P(x)

    Universal generalization

    x P(x) _____________________ P(c) for some element cU

    Existential instantiation

    P(c) for some element cU ____________________ x P(x)

    Existential generalization

    Applications

    Artificial intelligence researchers develop automated inference systems to emulate human inference Industrial applications under the form of expert systems Recently automatic reasoners found in semantic web a new field of application. Being based upon first-order logic, knowledge expressed using one variant of OWL can be logically processed Computer games, IVRS, educational and tutorial software

    COMPUTER GAMES

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