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    Major Ppt. 1050

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    Sneha Aloth
    ALKALOIDS, DISTRIBUTION AND ANALYSIS Seat no.: 1050 INTRODUCTION group of naturally occurring organic substances having a cyclic nitrogenous nucleus. Physiologically active Widely used to treat diseases from malaria to cancer. Extremely poisonous in high doses while in small doses it has many therapeutic uses.

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    Major Ppt. 1050

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    Sneha Aloth
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    ALKALOIDS, DISTRIBUTION AND ANALYSIS Seat no.: 1050 INTRODUCTION group of naturally occurring organic substances having a cyclic nitrogenous nucleus. Physiologically active Widely used to treat diseases from malaria to cancer. Extremely poisonous in high doses while in small doses it has many therapeutic uses.

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    ALKALOIDS, DISTRIBUTION AND ANALYSIS Seat no.: 1050 INTRODUCTION group of naturally occurring organic substances having a cyclic nitrogenous nucleus. Physiologically active Widely used to treat diseases from malaria to cancer. Extremely poisonous in high doses while in small doses it has many therapeutic uses.

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    342 views28 pages

    Major Ppt. 1050

    Uploaded by

    Sneha Aloth
    ALKALOIDS, DISTRIBUTION AND ANALYSIS Seat no.: 1050 INTRODUCTION group of naturally occurring organic substances having a cyclic nitrogenous nucleus. Physiologically active Widely used to treat diseases from malaria to cancer. Extremely poisonous in high doses while in small doses it has many therapeutic uses.

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    ALKALOIDS, DISTRIBUTION AND ANALYSIS

    Seat no.: 1050

    INTRODUCTION
    Group of naturally occurring organic substances having a cyclic nitrogenous nucleus. Physiologically active Widely used to treat diseases from malaria to cancer. Extremely poisonous in high doses while in small doses it has many therapeutic uses.

    GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
    Bitter to taste Most are crystalline solids except a few are amorphous and some are liquid. Insoluble in water Sharp melting point Colour

    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
    Nitrogenous bases with tertiary amines Alkaline pH Contain one or more rings of carbon atoms, usually with a nitrogen atom in the ring Position of the nitrogen atom effects the property of alkaloids

    FUNCTION OF ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS


    Protection against insects and animals Final products of detoxification

    Source of nitrogen
    Growth regulators

    Source of energy

    BIOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS
    Formed from amino acids Alkaloidal precursors: phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, anthranilic acid, lysine and ornithine.

    DISTRIBUTION OF ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS


    Alkaloids are distributed mostly in the following angiosperms: APOCYNACEAE PAPAVERACEAE RANUNCULACEAE RUBIACEAE SOLANACEAE AND BERBERIDACEAE Alkaloid production from monocotyledon Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceace

    DISTRIBUTION OF ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS


    All Parts e.g. Datura. Barks e.g. Cinchona Seeds e.g. Nux vomica Roots e.g. Aconite Fruits e.g. Black pepper Leaves e.g. Tobacco Latex e.g. Opium
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    NOMENCLATURE
    The names of alkaloids are obtained in various ways: From the specific name of the plant yielding them. E.g.:- such as Cocaine from Erythroxylon coca From the common name of the drug they yield . E.g.:ergotamine From the generic name of the plant yielding them E.g.:nicotine from Nicotiana tabacum From their physiological activity. E.g.:- morphine. Occasionally from the discoverer. Eg:- pelletierine
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    BASIC NUCLEUS OF ALKALOIDS


    NH
    NH

    N N-CH 3 N N H Piperidine Tropane

    Pyrrole

    Pyrrolidine Pyrrolizidine

    Pyridine

    N Quinoline

    N Isoquinoline N-CH 3 Aporphine H N N H N Indolizidine N Imidazole N N

    N Nor-lupinane H N N
    10

    Indole

    Purine

    CLASSIFICATION OF ALKALOIDS
    They are broadly classified into: Proto alkaloids e.g.: ephedrine

    Pseudo alkaloids e.g.: caffeine


    True or heterocyclic alkaloids e.g.: nicotine

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    Classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug: Pyridine and piperidine eg: nicotine from Nicotiana tobacum Tropane :- solanaceous alkaloids Hyoscine from Datura fastuosa and coca alkaloids cocaine from coca leaves Quinoline :- cinchonine from cinchona bark Isoquinoline :- morphine from Papaver somniferum

    Indole :- vinblastine and vincristine from Catharanthus roseus


    Imidazole:- pilocarpine from pilocarpus Steroidal :- germicides, veratridine from Veratrum viride Alkaloidal amines :- ephedrine from Ephedra sinica Purine bases :- caffeine from Coca nitida
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    NICOTINE
    Found in the nightshade family of plants Hygroscopic, oily liquid It has a pyridine ring with pyrrole side chain POSITIVE Anxiolysis Cognitive Enhancement Cerebro-vasodilation Neuroprotection Analgesia Anti-psychotic NEGATIVE Gastrointestinal Distress Hypothermia Emesis Hypertension Seizures Respiratory Distress
    13

    PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND USES


    ALAKALOID Vinblastine, vincristine MEDICINAL USES antitumor

    Codeine
    Cocaine Morphine Quinidine Quinine Ergot alkaloids

    cough medicine, analgesic


    anesthetic analgesic antiarrhythmic antipyretics, antimalarial vasodilator, antihypertensive
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    GENERAL TEST PROCEDURES FOR ALKALOID ANALYSIS


    All alkaloids in acid solution give precipitates with heavy-metal reagents such as Mayers and Dragendroffs.

    Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents

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    ALKALOIDAL REAGENTS
    MAYERS REAGENT: gives a cream precipitate DRAGENDROFFS REAGENT: gives a reddish brown precipitate WAGNERS REAGENT: produces reddish brown precipitate PICRIC ACID SOLUTION: gives a yellow precipitate. 10% TANNIC ACID SOLUTION: gives a buff colored precipitate

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    QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ALKALOIDS


    PROCESS OF EXTRACTION LIBERATING FREE BASE BY MEANS OF A SUITABLE ALKALI

    EXTRACTION OF ALKALOID WITH ORGANIC SOLVENT LIKE CHLOROFORM

    ADD DILUTE ACID AND SHAKE, ALKALOID FORM SOLUBLE SALTS AND PASS INTO SOLUTION IN THE AQUEOUS LAYER
    17

    LIBERATE FREE BASES BY ADDITION OF AKALI

    EXTRACT ALKALOID BY MEANS OF AN IMMISCIBLE ORGANIC SOLVENT.

    EVAPORATE ON WATER BATH, DRY IN OVEN AND WEIGH

    18

    QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALKALOIDS


    TLC HPTLC

    HPLC

    19

    ANALYSIS OF ALKALOIDS BY TLC


    For the identification of drugs containing known alkaloids pharmacopoeias commonly employ TLC separations using reference compounds to establish the presence of individual alkaloids. Developing reagent used- Dragendroffs reagent. Stationary Phase - Silica gel 60F 254

    20

    DIFFERENT SOLVENT SYSTEMS


    Solvent systems Toluene-ethyl acetatediethylamine(70:20:10) (v/v) Chloroform-diethyl amine (90:10) (v/v) Alkaloid For majority of alkaloids

    cinchona alkaloids i.e. quinine, quinidine. Opium alkaloids like morphine, odine Atropine, hyoscyamine and solanaceaeous alklaoids Rauwolfia alkaloids; xanthine derivatives like caffeine etc.
    21

    Toluene-acetone-ethanolconc.ammonia(40:40:6:2) (v/v) Acetone-water-conc.ammonia(90:7:3) (v/v)

    Ethyl acetate-methanol-water(100:13.5:10) (v/v)

    DIFFERENT SOLVENT SYSTEMS


    Solvent systems Toluene-chloroform-ethanol (28.5:57:14.5 v/v) N-heptane-ethylmethyl ketone-methanol (58:34:8 v/v ) Toluene-methanol (86:14 v/v ) n-propanol-formic acid-water (90:1:9 v/v ) Alkaloid Secale alkaloids Rauwolfia alkaloids Colchici semen Beberidis cortex Hydrastis rhizoma Colombo radix Berberine, and protoberberine type alkaloids
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    Cyclohexane-chloroform-glacial acetic acid (45:45:10 v/v )

    IDENTIFICATION OF NICOTINE FROM Leucas aspera

    commonly called chota halkusa. used as an insecticide indicated in traditional medicine for coughs, colds, painful swellings and chronic skin eruptions. antipyretic wound healing property and is used in cobra venom poisoning
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    HPTLC of Leucas aspera


    Solvent system - toluene: ethyl acetate: diethyl amine (70:20:10 v/v) TLC Chromatogram of LAA at 540 nm.

    Peak at Rf =0.66

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    HPTLC of Leucas aspera


    Solvent system - toluene: ethyl acetate: diethyl amine (70:20:10 v/v) TLC Chromatogram of nicotine at 540 nm.

    Peak at Rf =0.65

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    HPLC OF Leucas aspera


    HPLC of nicotine standard, RT = 2.45 min

    HPLC of Leucas aspera RT = 2.44 min


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    REFERENCES
    Pulok K Mukherjee:Quality Control of Herbal Drugs , volume I , 2008, Business horizon, 8190078844

    Isolation and Identification of Nicotine from Leucas aspera (Wild)Journal: Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Year : 2006 | Volume : 68 | Issue : 1 | Page : 88-90 Copyright: Indian Pharmaceutical Association

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    THANK YOU !!!

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