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    Atomic Structure

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    Stealer Man
    This document summarizes the history of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It begins with Democritus proposing the idea of indivisible atoms in 460 BC. Key contributors and their discoveries discussed include John Dalton proposing atoms in 1808, J.J. Thompson discovering electrons in 1898, Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1910 establishing the nuclear model of the atom, and Niels Bohr refining this in 1913 by proposing electron orbits around the nucleus. The document concludes by explaining modern atomic structure, including electronic configurations, subatomic particles, electron shells, and methods of representation like dot-and-cross diagrams.

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    Atomic Structure

    Uploaded by

    Stealer Man
    127 views22 pages
    This document summarizes the history of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It begins with Democritus proposing the idea of indivisible atoms in 460 BC. Key contributors and their discoveries discussed include John Dalton proposing atoms in 1808, J.J. Thompson discovering electrons in 1898, Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1910 establishing the nuclear model of the atom, and Niels Bohr refining this in 1913 by proposing electron orbits around the nucleus. The document concludes by explaining modern atomic structure, including electronic configurations, subatomic particles, electron shells, and methods of representation like dot-and-cross diagrams.

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    This document summarizes the history of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It begins with Democritus proposing the idea of indivisible atoms in 460 BC. Key contributors and their discoveries discussed include John Dalton proposing atoms in 1808, J.J. Thompson discovering electrons in 1898, Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1910 establishing the nuclear model of the atom, and Niels Bohr refining this in 1913 by proposing electron orbits around the nucleus. The document concludes by explaining modern atomic structure, including electronic configurations, subatomic particles, electron shells, and methods of representation like dot-and-cross diagrams.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    127 views22 pages

    Atomic Structure

    Uploaded by

    Stealer Man
    This document summarizes the history of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It begins with Democritus proposing the idea of indivisible atoms in 460 BC. Key contributors and their discoveries discussed include John Dalton proposing atoms in 1808, J.J. Thompson discovering electrons in 1898, Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1910 establishing the nuclear model of the atom, and Niels Bohr refining this in 1913 by proposing electron orbits around the nucleus. The document concludes by explaining modern atomic structure, including electronic configurations, subatomic particles, electron shells, and methods of representation like dot-and-cross diagrams.

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    C.

    ANCHETA ECE0042030

    HISTORY OF THE ATOM


    460 BC

    Democritus develops the idea of atoms

    he pounded up materials in his pestle and


    mortar until he had reduced them to smaller and smaller particles which he called

    ATOMA
    (greek for indivisible)

    HISTORY OF THE ATOM


    1808

    John Dalton

    suggested that all matter was made up of


    tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity and called them

    ATOMS

    HISTORY OF THE ATOM


    1898

    Joseph John Thompson

    found that atoms could sometimes eject a far


    smaller negative particle which he called an

    ELECTRON

    HISTORY OF THE ATOM


    1904
    Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge like plums surrounded by pudding.

    PLUM PUDDING MODEL

    HISTORY OF THE ATOM


    1910

    Ernest Rutherford
    oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his famous experiment. they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil which was only a few atoms thick. they found that although most of them passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit

    HISTORY OF THE ATOM


    helium nuclei gold foil

    helium nuclei

    They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their

    surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.

    HISTORY OF THE ATOM


    Rutherfords new evidence allowed him to propose a more detailed model with a central nucleus.

    He suggested that the positive charge was all in a central


    nucleus. With this holding the electrons in place by electrical attraction

    However, this was not the end of the story.

    HISTORY OF THE ATOM


    1913

    Niels Bohr
    studied under Rutherford at the Victoria University in Manchester.

    Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding


    that the electrons were in orbits. Rather like planets orbiting the sun. With each orbit only able to contain a set number of electrons.

    Bohrs Atom
    electrons in orbits

    nucleus

    HELIUM ATOM
    proton

    Shell

    + electron
    N

    neutron

    What do these particles consist of?

    ATOMIC STRUCTURE

    Particle proton neutron electron

    Charge + ve charge No charge -ve charge

    Mass 1 1 nil

    ATOMIC STRUCTURE

    He

    2 4

    Atomic number the number of protons in an atom

    Atomic mass the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

    number of electrons = number of protons

    Subatomic Particles
    Particle
    Electron (e-) Proton (p+)

    Charge

    Mass (g)

    Location

    -1

    9.11 x 10-28

    Electron cloud
    Nucleus Nucleus

    +1 0

    1.67 x 10-24 1.67 x 10-24

    Neutron (no)

    ATOMIC STRUCTURE
    Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or

    Shells around the nucleus of an atom.


    first shell second shell a maximum of 2 electrons a maximum of 8 electrons

    third shell

    a maximum of 18 electrons

    ATOMIC STRUCTURE
    There are two ways to represent the atomic
    structure of an element or compound;

    1.

    Electronic Configuration

    2.

    Dot & Cross Diagrams

    ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
    With electronic configuration elements are represented
    numerically by the number of electrons in their shells and number of shells. For example;

    Nitrogen
    2 in 1st shell 5 in 2nd shell

    configuration = 2 , 5 2

    5 = 7

    14

    ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
    Write the electronic configuration for the following elements;
    a)

    Ca

    20 40

    b)

    Na

    11 23

    c)

    8 16

    2,8,10
    d)

    2,8,1
    e)

    2,6
    f)

    Cl

    17

    35

    Si

    14

    28

    5 11

    2,8,7

    2,8,4

    2,3

    DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS


    With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds

    are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons,


    and circles to show the shells. For example; X

    Nitrogen

    X X

    X X

    14

    XX

    DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS


    Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following elements; X 8 17 X a) O b) Cl 35 16 X X X X X X X X X Cl X X X X X O X X X X X X X X X

    SUMMARY
    1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
    protons in the nucleus.

    2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of


    Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus. 3. 4. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

    5.

    Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.

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