俄格戰爭
俄格戰爭 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
前蘇聯衝突嘅一部分 | |||||||||
場仗最激烈期間的情況 |
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
參戰方 | |||||||||
俄羅斯 南奧塞梯 [a] 阿布哈茲 [a] | 格魯吉亞 | ||||||||
指揮官同領導者 | |||||||||
梅德韋傑夫 普京 Eduard Kokoity Sergei Bagapsh | 薩卡什維利 Lado Gurgenidze |
||||||||
兵力 | |||||||||
俄羅斯軍隊: 其他武裝: | 格魯吉亞軍隊 |
||||||||
傷亡同損失 | |||||||||
俄羅斯:
總共:
| 格魯吉亞:[21][22]
|
||||||||
平民傷亡: 南奧塞梯: 162死 (俄稱)[23]/ 365死(格稱)[24][25] 格魯吉亞: 224死、547傷、15失蹤[22] 難民: |
俄格戰爭 (俄文:Война в Грузии、格魯吉亞文:რუსეთ-საქართველოს ომი) 係喺2008年喺格魯吉亞爆發嘅一場仗,主要由俄羅斯、阿布哈茲、同南奧塞梯一齊,針對格魯吉亞政府打。喺場仗之前,俄羅斯同格魯吉亞出現咗外交矛盾。成場仗都係喺南高加索地區度打,一般都被認為係21世紀第一場喺歐洲嘅仗[30]。
背景
[編輯]喺1991年4月,經過一場公投之後,格魯吉亞正式宣佈獨立。不過,格魯吉亞同國内南奧塞梯嘅分離派出現咗衝突。有俄羅斯喺後面托住嘅南奧塞梯打贏咗格魯吉亞,自從1992年已經實際上獨立,不過仍然唔受國際社會認同。打完之後,兩個國家之間派咗維和部隊去駐守。之後嗰年,阿布哈茲出現咗幾乎一樣嘅情況,呢兩笪地都城為咗前蘇聯衝突嘅結果。
自從普京喺2000年上場,加上格魯吉亞出現咗親西方嘅玫瑰革命,兩個國家之間嘅關係越嚟越差。到2008年4月,當北約同意考慮格魯吉亞做候選國之後,造成埋外交危機。
過程
[編輯]2008年8月1號,親俄嘅南奧塞梯部隊開始炸格魯吉亞嘅村,而格魯吉亞嘅維和部隊亦都有啲回擊[31][32][33][34][35]。南奧塞梯部隊嘅攻擊越嚟越嚴重,違反埋1992年簽嘅停火協議[36][37][38][39]。到8月7號,格魯吉亞終於派軍隊去南奧塞梯首都 茲辛瓦利,喺幾個鐘頭之内,成功打贏同攞返個城市[40][41][42]。同一時間,有部分俄羅斯軍隊開始由俄國經過隧道入去南奧塞梯[38][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]。俄羅斯跟住指控話格魯吉亞“搞種族滅絕”[50][51] 同埋“對南奧塞梯進行侵略”[40],跟住就開始大型嘅全面入侵,仲打埋格魯吉亞冇異議嘅國土,話係“實行和平”嘅行動[52]。俄國喺幾日之内就打贏咗格魯吉亞,格魯吉亞嘅軍隊被逼撤退。俄國同時間亦都入侵埋阿布哈茲,包括對格魯吉亞嘅黑海海岸做封鎖。除此之外,俄國亦都用咗網絡戰,係歷嚟第一次。到8月12號,法國總統薩爾科齊親自談判咗一份停火協議。
後果
[編輯]喺打完之後,俄羅斯軍隊曾經暫時控制住兩個分離區之外嘅地方,不過之後都撤退咗。喺打仗期間,南奧塞梯嘅部隊基本上炸爛哂格魯吉亞人嘅村,被大家指摘犯咗種族清洗罪。到8月26號,俄羅斯正式承認阿布哈茲同南奧塞梯獨立,而格魯吉亞政府就正式同俄羅斯斷絕外交關係。到10月8號,俄軍基本上由分離區以外嘅地方撤退完,而俄羅斯喺外交上除咗格魯吉亞之外,冇任何其他損失。
場仗搞到19萬人流離失所,其中有2萬,主要都係格魯吉亞人,到依家都仍然返唔到屋企。喺2021年,歐洲人權法院正式告俄羅斯完全控制住分離部隊,而且喺場仗期間侵犯咗人權[53][54]。2022年,國際刑事法院正式為3位俄國公民提出拘捕令,告佢哋喺場仗度針對格魯吉亞人犯咗戰爭罪[55]。
文獻
[編輯]- "The Tanks of August" (PDF). Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. 2010. 原著 (PDF)喺28 January 2011歸檔. 喺12 January 2014搵到.
註
[編輯]攷
[編輯]- ↑ Hider, James (27 August 2008). "Russian-backed paramilitaries 'ethnically cleansing villages'". The Times. 原著喺27 August 2008歸檔.
- ↑ Irma Choladze (22 January 2009). "Kodori Gorge Refugees in Limbo". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 原著喺11 October 2014歸檔.
- ↑ "Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev". The Kremlin. 26 August 2008. 原著喺2 September 2008歸檔.
- ↑ Harding, Luke; Percival, Jenny (9 9月 2008). "Russian troops to stay in Abkhazia and South Ossetia". The Guardian. 原先內容歸檔喺19 10月 2018. 喺26 4月 2019搵到.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Liklikadze, Koba (26 September 2008). "Lessons and losses of Georgia's five-day war with Russia". Jamestown. The Jamestown Foundation. 原先內容歸檔喺5 June 2011.
- ↑ Colonel George T. Donovan Jr. (2009). Russian Operational Art in the Russo-Georgian War of 2008 (PDF). U.S. Army War College. p. 11. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺19 February 2018. 喺12 August 2014搵到.
- ↑ Barabanov, Mikhail (2009). "The August War between Russia and Georgia". Moscow Defence Brief. Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. 3 (13). 原著喺16 April 2009歸檔.
- ↑ Alexander Nicoll; Sarah Johnstone (September 2008). "Russia's rapid reaction". International Institute for Strategic Studies. 原著喺21 October 2008歸檔.
- ↑ Luke Harding (11 August 2008). "Abkhazia: Moscow sends troops into second enclave". The Guardian. 原先內容歸檔喺27 September 2018. 喺26 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ Krasnogir, Sergey (8 August 2008). Расстановка сил. Lenta.ru (俄文). 原著喺9 August 2008歸檔.
- ↑ Tom Parfitt (9 August 2008). "Armed Cossacks pour in to fight Georgians". 《衛報》. 喺6 November 2020搵到.
- ↑ "IIFFMCG Report. Volume II" (PDF). IIFFMCG. 2009年9月. p. 214.
- ↑ Misha Dzhindzhikhashvili (9 August 2008). "Full scale war: Georgia fighting continues over South Ossetia". Die Welt. 原先內容歸檔喺4 March 2017. 喺26 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ "Human Rights Watch – Appendix" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺12 October 2017. 喺26 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ Tanks 2010, pp. 130–135.
- ↑ "Russia lost 64 troops in Georgia war, 283 wounded". Reuters. 21 February 2009. 原先內容歸檔喺25 February 2009. 喺26 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ Tanks 2010, p. 136-137.
- ↑ Inal Khashig (14 August 2008). "Abkhaz Open 'Second Front'". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 原著喺14 August 2008歸檔.
- ↑ Юрий ТАНАЕВ: "Грузинская сторона по моральному духу и боеготовности не готова к активным действиям" (俄文). Южная Осетия. 11 April 2009. 原著喺28 July 2013歸檔.
- ↑ Tanks 2010, p. 137.
- ↑ "List of Casualties among the Georgian Military Servicemen". Ministry of Defence of Georgia. 原著喺7 June 2012歸檔.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Basic Facts: Consequences of Russian Aggression in Georgia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. 原著喺2 August 2014歸檔.
- ↑ Мы полагаем, что мы в полной мере доказали состав преступления (俄文). Interfax. 3 July 2009. 原著喺16 May 2011歸檔.
- ↑ "Deceased victims list". Ossetia-war.com. 原著喺11 May 2009歸檔.
- ↑ Список погибших граждан Южной Осетии на 04.09.08 (俄文). osetinfo.ru. 4 September 2008. 原著喺5 September 2008歸檔.
- ↑ "A Summary of Russian Attack". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. 原著 (PDF)喺2 August 2014歸檔.
- ↑ "Civilians in the line of fire: The Georgia-Russia conflict". 國際特赦組織. 18 November 2008. 原著喺11 December 2008歸檔.
- ↑ "UNHCR secures safe passage for Georgians fearing further fighting". 聯合國難民署. 2008-08-15. 原先內容歸檔喺15 December 2018.
- ↑ Fawkes, Helen (20 August 2008). "Despair among Georgia's displaced". BBC News. 原先內容歸檔喺20 August 2008. 喺20 August 2008搵到.
- ↑ Michael Emerson (8月 2008). "Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century" (PDF). Centre for European Policy Studies. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺7 12月 2014. 喺3 12月 2014搵到.
- ↑ Brian Whitmore (12 9月 2008). "Is The Clock Ticking For Saakashvili?'". 歐洲自由電臺. 原先內容歸檔喺3 9月 2014. 喺27 2月 2014搵到.
- ↑ Marc Champion; Andrew Osborn (16 August 2008). "Smoldering Feud, Then War". The Wall Street Journal.
- ↑ Luke Harding (19 November 2008). "Georgia calls on EU for independent inquiry into war". The Guardian. 原先內容歸檔喺13 September 2017. 喺26 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ Jean-Rodrigue Paré (13 February 2009). "The Conflict Between Russia and Georgia". Parliament of Canada. 原著喺2 January 2016歸檔. 喺19 September 2014搵到.
- ↑ Andrew Rettman (24 February 2016). "West told Ukraine to abandon Crimea, document says". EUobserver. 原先內容歸檔喺20 June 2018. 喺26 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ Eka Tsamalashvili; Brian Whitmore (14 November 2008). "Eyewitness Accounts Confirm Shelling Of Georgian Villages". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 原先內容歸檔喺23 September 2016. 喺26 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ Martin Malek (March 2009). "Georgia & Russia: The 'Unknown' Prelude to the 'Five Day War'". Caucasian Review of International Affairs. 3 (2): 227–232. 原先內容歸檔喺15 June 2014. 喺15 June 2014搵到.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Håkan Karlsson (12 September 2016). "Competing Powers: U.S.-Russian Relations, 2006–2016" (PDF). Swedish Defence University. p. 50. 原著 (PDF)喺22 January 2017歸檔.
- ↑ "2008 Georgia Russia Conflict Fast Facts". CNN. 原著喺28 May 2014歸檔.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Peter Roudik. "Russian Federation: Legal Aspects of War in Georgia". Library of Congress. 原先內容歸檔喺10 January 2019. 喺26 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ Vladimir Socor (8 August 2008). "THE GOALS BEHIND MOSCOW'S PROXY OFFENSIVE IN SOUTH OSSETIA". The Jamestown Foundation. 原著喺3 March 2016歸檔. 喺26 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ Alex Rodriguez; Bay Fang (9 August 2008). "Georgian conflict puts U.S. in middle". Chicago Tribune. 原先內容歸檔喺16 October 2014. 喺12 October 2014搵到.
- ↑ Nikolaus von Twickel (17 November 2008). "Moscow Claims Media War Win". 《莫斯科日報》. 原著喺23 May 2012歸檔.
- ↑ Chifu, Iulian; Nantoi, Oazu; Sushko, Oleksandr (2009). "The Russian Georgian war: a trilateral cognitive institutional approach of the crisis decision – making" (PDF). Editura Curtea Veche. p. 53-54.
- ↑ Maria Raquel Freire; Roger E. Kanet, 編 (2012). Russia and its Near Neighbours. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 94, 96, 101. ISBN 978-0-230-39017-1.
- ↑ Ramūnas Bogdanas (28 July 2015). "Opinion: Spark of hope that Russia's aggression will not pass this time". Delfi. 原先內容歸檔喺28 December 2015. 喺25 December 2021搵到.
- ↑ Gustav Gressel (6 August 2015). "In the shadow of Ukraine: seven years on from Russian-Georgian war". European Council on Foreign Relations.
- ↑ Laaneots, Ants (April 2016). "The Russian-Georgian War Of 2008: Causes And Implication" (PDF). Estonian National Defence College. p. 56-57.
- ↑ ""Little Green Men": A Primer on Modern Russian Unconventional Warfare, Ukraine 2013–2014" (PDF). 美國陸軍特種作戰司令部. 2016. p. 14. 原著 (PDF)喺17 April 2016歸檔. 喺7 August 2018搵到.
- ↑ Andrew Osborn; Jeanne Whalen (15 August 2008). "Evidence in Georgia Belies Russia's Claims of 'Genocide'". 《華爾街日報》. 原先內容歸檔喺7 August 2018. 喺26 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ "IIFFMCG Report. Volume I" (PDF). IIFFMCG. September 2009. p. 26-27.
- ↑ Roy Allison (2008). "Russia resurgent? Moscow's campaign to 'coerce Georgia to peace'" (PDF). International Affairs. 84 (6): 1145–1171. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00762.x. 原著 (PDF)喺29 January 2011歸檔.
- ↑ Strasbourg court rules Russia has ‘direct control’ over Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Euractiv, 21 January 2021
- ↑ Russia guilty of violations during 2008 war with Georgia, says Europe's top court, Euronews, 26 January 2021
- ↑ Situation in Georgia: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber delivers three arrest warrants, 國際刑事法院, 30 June 2022