Benjamin Štular
•EDUCATION
2007 PhD, Archaeological department, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia•
CURRENT POSITION
2016 –Senior Research Fellow, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti, Slovenia
PREVIOUS POSITIONS
2020–2020 Assistant Profesor, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz (University of Graz), Institut für Antike, Austria
2011–2016 Research Fellow, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti (Research centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts), Slovenia
2014CENDARI TNA Research Fellow for digital humanities–LiDAR data in archaeology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
2010–2011 Post-doctoral researcher, MSHE C.N. Ledoux, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
2007 PhD, Archaeological department, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia•
CURRENT POSITION
2016 –Senior Research Fellow, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti, Slovenia
PREVIOUS POSITIONS
2020–2020 Assistant Profesor, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz (University of Graz), Institut für Antike, Austria
2011–2016 Research Fellow, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti (Research centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts), Slovenia
2014CENDARI TNA Research Fellow for digital humanities–LiDAR data in archaeology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
2010–2011 Post-doctoral researcher, MSHE C.N. Ledoux, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Books by Benjamin Štular
First, grave orientation was an important, and in some cases the most important, conduit for the symbolic meaning of burials in the Middle Ages. Second, for an archaeologist to reconstruct this meaning, the analysis must be conducted with methodological rigour, and inferences must take the broader context into account.
To this end, the book addresses three interrelated issues. First, the state of scholarship on grave orientation studies; both in this case study and in the literature, the topic is intertwined with church orientation. Second, the methodology for analysing grave orientation; since the case study is based on old excavations, special attention is given to the reuse of the legacy data. Third, the Bled Island case study. Bled Island is an islet on Lake Bled (Slovenia) that has a special meaning for modern Slovenians and it held a special meaning for the local populations since prehistory.
It is thus not surprising that the two Medieval cemeteries and the church on the islet are imbued with symbolism. And much of this symbolism was expressed through the orientation of the individual graves, grave groups, and the church building.
The book, which is a substantially revised version of chapters 3-8 in the monograph Medieval archaeology of Bled Island (2020), is primarily aimed at researchers interested in the Middle Ages and the archaeology of death and burial. A wider range of archaeologists may find interest in the methodology of analysing archival ("old") excavations and other geocomputational methods used in the book.
Such a book would normally be expected to contain a consolidated archaeological and anthropological analy- sis, an analysis of written sources, and a confrontation of the findings in the conclusion. But, when it comes to Bled Island in the Middle Ages, this is not possible. The most comprehensive archaeological sources are those from the 10th century, and the events of the 11th and 12th centuries cannot be identified with much accuracy. Due to the excavation method, there is no contextualised ar- chaeological data from the 13th century onwards. When it comes to written sources, the situation is reversed. The earliest direct written source for Bled Island dates to 1185 and is followed by two brief mentions in the 13th century. Only from the 14th century onwards do written sources become informative enough to enable the creation of a continuous interpretation.
There is a second, perhaps even more significant difference between the written and archaeological sources for the Early and High Middle Ages. The vast majority of the former are biased writings produced by the extremely narrow and isolated social class of monks and priests. The latter are exactly the opposite: they were unwittingly – or at least without the knowledge that one day they would be readable – produced by all people. The consequences are well known: medieval historiography – at least when it comes to the study of the discussed area – focuses on Archaeology focuses on the study of material culture (cf. Chapter 2), on the stories of individuals and individual communities within the context of long-term processes (cf. Chapter 8.1.2).
Here, we have stumbled upon an unexpected di- chotomy between the archaeology of material culture per se and the archaeology of individuals and communities. This volume contains an outstanding example of the first approach, written by T. Knific and P. Bitenc, and an example of the second approach, written by me. During the process of the creation of this book, I have come to a realisation that might be of a broader significance for archaeology: there is no better and worse method; even less so a right and wrong method, as it is taught by some university programmes. What we are seeing are two distinct scientific fields of archaeology that ask differ- ent questions of the same archaeological record about the same people from the past. More questions result in more answers and our knowledge of the studied past is therefore enriched.
The above realisation had a key effect on the struc- ture of this book. Individual analyses were conducted in parallel with, and independently from, each other. The original separation of tasks into a cemetery analysis (Knific, Bitenc) and a stratigraphic and building analysis (Štular) proved infeasible. The intertwined archaeological record forced everybody to investigate everything. Our intent was to merge the two final products into a ho- mogeneous whole. Soon, however, it was found that duplications were the exception rather than the rule, and the advantages of two different approaches were immense. Both the cemetery and the structures analysis are therefore presented intact. Naturally, both exploit the same catalogue of graves, plates with artefacts, and reproductions of original documents.
The very poor state of preservation of the bone ar- chive meant that an anthropological analysis could not be included in the process of interpretation of the site on an equal footing with archaeological data (Leben Seljak).
This is followed by taking a broader perspective, where the new findings are placed in the context of the archaeological landscape of the Bled micro-region (Pleterski).
Important for the book are the findings of the exca- vations near the village of Bodešče (Modrijan).
Namen monografije je objava grobov, ki jih je Andrej Valič, kustos Gorenjskega muzeja Kranj, izkopal med letoma 1964 in 1970. Podatke črpa iz vseh dosegljivih virov (terenska dokumentacija, predmeti, fototeka, inventarna knjiga, kasnejši zaznamki izkopavalca, analize okostij ipd).
Načrt grobov, ki je nastajal ob študiju gradiva, prvič združuje vse doslej izkopane grobove na grobišču Župna cerkev v Kranju. Zaradi obsežnosti grobišča in velike gostote pokopov na nekaterih delih je namesto običajne enodelne priloge prikazan po posameznih kvadrantih.
Začetni del knjige je spremna študija o naravi predstavljenih podatkov, prav tako pa so v kataloškem delu sprotni komentarji vseh morebitnih nenavadnosti in neskladnosti.
The varied documentation, which has changed over the years, is the basis for the publication of all available data on the graves and artefacts kept by the Gorenjski muzej in Kranj. The introduction, a study on the nature of the data, comments on possible inconsistencies between the various types of documentation. Primarily it deals with the question of reliability of individual grave good assemblages, which is the basis for all further analysis.
The discussed group of graves originates mainly from the northern exterior of the church and from the interior of the present-day church, that is, from the place where graves intertwined with the remains of older church and non-church buildings. Their building development and changing usability will be impossible to explain without good knowledge of the cemetery.
The excavations of the extensive cemetery continued in 1964 and 1965, from 1969 to 1973, and in 1984. In the following decades, several graves were excavated in the course of various ground works. The graves found between 1964 and 2010 were published in two monographs in the series Opera Instituti Archaelogici Sloveniae (volumes 35 and 37).
From 2011 to 2013 there was a large archaeological excavation at the start of the complete renovation of public areas in the city centre. It was carried out by archaeological company PJP, d. o. o. 561 graves were dug under the leadership of Rafko Urankar.
The third book on the cemetery Župna cerkev in Kranj completes the entire corpus of data on objects, graves and the cemetery as a whole. During the sixty years of field research (1953-2013) all documentation techniques that prevailed in individual periods were used, which is an ideal test of their comparative advantages and disadvantages. The route from excavations to critical publication was extremely compound and could only be completed in a very complex digital environment with the help of a number of unique information solutions. Simultaneous publishing in analogue and digital form makes it possible to use the best of both media.
The three-part structure of the book introduces an overview of field documentation and its structure, and solves the problems that arise. The most extensive is the central part, which uniquely represents archaeological remains. The third part is cartographic and shows spatial distribution of individual graves.
The cemetery belonging to the medieval city is the largest published medieval cemetery in Europe. More than 1000 years (from the 8th century to the end of the 18th century) of continuous burial in the same place caused the accumulation of graves, resulting in over 10,000 stratigraphic relations. Complete information is now available for further typological, chronological, population and other studies. Sky (imagination) is the limit.
=
Early Medieval archaeology in the South eastern Alpine area: past, present, future
This is the English translation of the original publication in Slovenian Grad Smlednik. Raziskave 2011-2012 published in 2013. The translation differs from the original in two ways. First, it omits the appendices. Secondly, a chapter on 3D scanning of the Smlednik Castle in 2007 including interactive 3D model is added.
1 Introduction
2 Methodology of 3D digitisation in archaeology
2.1 3D digitisation in archaeology
2.2 3D digitisation in Slovenian archaeology
2.3 State of the art and a look into the future
2.4 A silhouette method and 3D documentation of early medieval earrings
3 The Site
4 The Artefacts
4.1Crescent-Shaped Earrings
4.2 Other Earrings
5 3D Catalogue
6 Bibliography
In the introductory chapters the written sources and interpretative models are presented, followed by the analysis of pictorial representations. The focus of the research is on the archaeological sources, above all on the analysis of the small finds, stratigraphy, the spatial analysis of the castle itself and its position within the landscape.
The aim of the interactive book is twofold. The first is to ensure that the book is available to the readers in years to come. Although the printed copies of this book are available in more than 250 specialised libraries across the Europe in this day of age that statistic can be hardly cited as “widely available".
The second, perhaps more important reason for this edition is the desire to reach new audience. It is especially aimed at university level students of all things Medieval across the world. Although this is a scientific archaeological book, it is written in accessible language, that does not necessitate any prior archaeological knowledge.
In order to improve the quality this edition has had 28 black & white figures replaced with colour versions. To the same end 13 completely new figures and 1 interactive image have been added.
Historical, archaeological, geoarchaeological, archaeozoological and GIS analysis of a Medieval castle.
Prvi je metodološki. Uporaba trirazsežnih modelov v arheologiji je namreč na točki, ko je na voljo vse več dobrih in odličnih izdelkov, katerih potenciala arheologi ne izkoristimo v celoti. Največkrat se kakovosten trirazsežni model predmeta močno zmanjša in predstavi na spletu ali v obliki datoteke PDF. Še slabše se godi trirazsežnim modelom arheoloških kontekstov ali celih najdišč. Večina arheologov vidi samo v naprej posnete animacije, trirazsežni model pa nikoli ne zapusti delovne postaje strokovnjaka, ki je model izdelal. Iščemo torej načine, kako trirazsežne modele bolj tvorno uporabiti v arheoloških raziskavah. Več je o tej problematiki zapisano v poglavju Trirazsežno skeniranje v arheologiji.
Drugi razlog za predstavitev trirazsežnih modelov uhanov v pričujoči iKnjigi (imenovana tudi knjiga na dotik - ang. multi-touch book - ali interaktivna knjiga) sledi iz zgoraj povedanega: iskali smo medij, ki bi združeval prednosti klasičnih monografskih publikacij in možnosti vključevanja trirazsežnih modelov. iKnjige predstavljajo trenutno edino možnost, ki zadostuje našim kriterijem: enostavna cenovno dostopna izdelava in distribucija na eni ter prepoznavnost oz. klasifikacija “znanstvena monografija” na drugi strani.
Glavna značilnost dela Dotik dediščine so trirazsežni modeli zgodnjesrednjeveških uhanov v dveh kataloških poglavjih (Trirazsežni katalog polmesečastih uhanov in Trirazsežni katalog ostalih uhanov). V vsem ostalem se iKnjiga, ki jo prebirate, ne razlikuje od klasičnih objav.
Tako uvodu in metodološkemu poglavju sledi poglavje Grobišče župna cerkev v Kranju, v katerem je na kratko predstavljena zgodovina raziskav in pomen najdišča, iz katerega izvirajo predstavljeni uhani.
Sledita poglavji, ki predstavljene predmete postavita v kontekst. V poglavju Nekatere redke oblike kranjskih uhanov je najprej na kratko predstavljen nad-regionalni pomen teh predmetov v zgodnjem srednjem veku. V nadaljevanju je predstavljen vsak tip posebej. Najpogostejši tip uhanov na najdišču Župna cerkev v Kranju so polmesečasti uhani. Ti so zato predstavljeni nekoliko obširneje v poglavju Polmesečasti uhani, najprej zgodovina raziskav in izvor, nato pa še tehnika izdelave ter motivika. Pri tem je potrebno poudariti, da ni namen teh dveh poglavij podrobna analiza, temveč zgolj povzeti stanje raziskav z namenom, da bralec lažje “bere” trirazsežne modele. Ker pa je zadnje tovrstno delo staro že več kot tri desetletja, sta ti poglavji za slovensko zgodnjesrednjeveško arheologijo dobrodošli.
V tej strokovni knjigi je srednjeveška Ljubljana predstavljena kronološko v štirih poglavjih:
Ribiči, splavarji ter kmetovalci v 10. in 11. stoletju
Trg v 12. stoletju
Ljubljana postane mesto
Tri mesta v enem
Sledi predstavitev srednjeveške preteklosti na lokaciji današnje Mačkove ulice in na koncu še predstavitev arheoloških izkopavanj z bogatim slikovnim gradivom.
V prvem zvezku predstavljamo grobišče, terenske dnevnike, katalog grobov in dnevnik meritev z izkopavanj leta 1953.
Grobišče nudi enkratno možnost za kakovosten preskok v arheološkem poznavanju srednjeevropskega zgodnjega srednjega veka kot tudi mlajših stoletij, saj omogoča s pomočjo naravoslovnih metod vzpostaviti reprezentanačno absolutno kronologijo v jugovzhodnem alpskem prostoru, ki bo uporabna tudi za širši sosednji prostor, kjer obstaja sorodno arheološko gradivo.
Izjemen pomen tega gradiva tako za arheologijo kot vedo, kot tudi za srednjeveško zgodovino jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora, pa nam narekuje nekoliko drugačen pristop. V evropski arheologiji namreč še vedno prevladujejo t. i. “zaprte" raziskave. Za te je značilno, da skupina strokovnjakov zbere podatke, jih analizira in interpretira ter v obliki tiskanih znanstvenih monografij in člankov objavi prvenstveno rezultate, mnogo manj in v bolj skromni obliki pa gradivo, ki so ga zbrali. V primeru grobišča Župna cerkev v Kranju pa smo se odločili, da bomo sledili načelom odprte znanosti. To še vedno pomeni, da bomo rezultate svojih analiz in svoje interpretacije posredovali preko običajnih znanstvenih objav. Vendar smo si zadali še dodatno nalogo, da omogočimo nadaljnje ali ponovne raziskave na isti osnovi čim širšemu krogu ljudi in jim hkrati prihranimo mukotrpno zbiranje in urejanje arhivskega gradiva. Nekateri veliki projekti so v zadnjih letih pokazali, da je najučinkovitejše sredstvo za skokovito povečanje količine in kakovosti raziskav prav brezplačna in neomejena dostopnost raziskovalnega gradiva na svetovnem spletu.
Papers by Benjamin Štular
First, grave orientation was an important, and in some cases the most important, conduit for the symbolic meaning of burials in the Middle Ages. Second, for an archaeologist to reconstruct this meaning, the analysis must be conducted with methodological rigour, and inferences must take the broader context into account.
To this end, the book addresses three interrelated issues. First, the state of scholarship on grave orientation studies; both in this case study and in the literature, the topic is intertwined with church orientation. Second, the methodology for analysing grave orientation; since the case study is based on old excavations, special attention is given to the reuse of the legacy data. Third, the Bled Island case study. Bled Island is an islet on Lake Bled (Slovenia) that has a special meaning for modern Slovenians and it held a special meaning for the local populations since prehistory.
It is thus not surprising that the two Medieval cemeteries and the church on the islet are imbued with symbolism. And much of this symbolism was expressed through the orientation of the individual graves, grave groups, and the church building.
The book, which is a substantially revised version of chapters 3-8 in the monograph Medieval archaeology of Bled Island (2020), is primarily aimed at researchers interested in the Middle Ages and the archaeology of death and burial. A wider range of archaeologists may find interest in the methodology of analysing archival ("old") excavations and other geocomputational methods used in the book.
Such a book would normally be expected to contain a consolidated archaeological and anthropological analy- sis, an analysis of written sources, and a confrontation of the findings in the conclusion. But, when it comes to Bled Island in the Middle Ages, this is not possible. The most comprehensive archaeological sources are those from the 10th century, and the events of the 11th and 12th centuries cannot be identified with much accuracy. Due to the excavation method, there is no contextualised ar- chaeological data from the 13th century onwards. When it comes to written sources, the situation is reversed. The earliest direct written source for Bled Island dates to 1185 and is followed by two brief mentions in the 13th century. Only from the 14th century onwards do written sources become informative enough to enable the creation of a continuous interpretation.
There is a second, perhaps even more significant difference between the written and archaeological sources for the Early and High Middle Ages. The vast majority of the former are biased writings produced by the extremely narrow and isolated social class of monks and priests. The latter are exactly the opposite: they were unwittingly – or at least without the knowledge that one day they would be readable – produced by all people. The consequences are well known: medieval historiography – at least when it comes to the study of the discussed area – focuses on Archaeology focuses on the study of material culture (cf. Chapter 2), on the stories of individuals and individual communities within the context of long-term processes (cf. Chapter 8.1.2).
Here, we have stumbled upon an unexpected di- chotomy between the archaeology of material culture per se and the archaeology of individuals and communities. This volume contains an outstanding example of the first approach, written by T. Knific and P. Bitenc, and an example of the second approach, written by me. During the process of the creation of this book, I have come to a realisation that might be of a broader significance for archaeology: there is no better and worse method; even less so a right and wrong method, as it is taught by some university programmes. What we are seeing are two distinct scientific fields of archaeology that ask differ- ent questions of the same archaeological record about the same people from the past. More questions result in more answers and our knowledge of the studied past is therefore enriched.
The above realisation had a key effect on the struc- ture of this book. Individual analyses were conducted in parallel with, and independently from, each other. The original separation of tasks into a cemetery analysis (Knific, Bitenc) and a stratigraphic and building analysis (Štular) proved infeasible. The intertwined archaeological record forced everybody to investigate everything. Our intent was to merge the two final products into a ho- mogeneous whole. Soon, however, it was found that duplications were the exception rather than the rule, and the advantages of two different approaches were immense. Both the cemetery and the structures analysis are therefore presented intact. Naturally, both exploit the same catalogue of graves, plates with artefacts, and reproductions of original documents.
The very poor state of preservation of the bone ar- chive meant that an anthropological analysis could not be included in the process of interpretation of the site on an equal footing with archaeological data (Leben Seljak).
This is followed by taking a broader perspective, where the new findings are placed in the context of the archaeological landscape of the Bled micro-region (Pleterski).
Important for the book are the findings of the exca- vations near the village of Bodešče (Modrijan).
Namen monografije je objava grobov, ki jih je Andrej Valič, kustos Gorenjskega muzeja Kranj, izkopal med letoma 1964 in 1970. Podatke črpa iz vseh dosegljivih virov (terenska dokumentacija, predmeti, fototeka, inventarna knjiga, kasnejši zaznamki izkopavalca, analize okostij ipd).
Načrt grobov, ki je nastajal ob študiju gradiva, prvič združuje vse doslej izkopane grobove na grobišču Župna cerkev v Kranju. Zaradi obsežnosti grobišča in velike gostote pokopov na nekaterih delih je namesto običajne enodelne priloge prikazan po posameznih kvadrantih.
Začetni del knjige je spremna študija o naravi predstavljenih podatkov, prav tako pa so v kataloškem delu sprotni komentarji vseh morebitnih nenavadnosti in neskladnosti.
The varied documentation, which has changed over the years, is the basis for the publication of all available data on the graves and artefacts kept by the Gorenjski muzej in Kranj. The introduction, a study on the nature of the data, comments on possible inconsistencies between the various types of documentation. Primarily it deals with the question of reliability of individual grave good assemblages, which is the basis for all further analysis.
The discussed group of graves originates mainly from the northern exterior of the church and from the interior of the present-day church, that is, from the place where graves intertwined with the remains of older church and non-church buildings. Their building development and changing usability will be impossible to explain without good knowledge of the cemetery.
The excavations of the extensive cemetery continued in 1964 and 1965, from 1969 to 1973, and in 1984. In the following decades, several graves were excavated in the course of various ground works. The graves found between 1964 and 2010 were published in two monographs in the series Opera Instituti Archaelogici Sloveniae (volumes 35 and 37).
From 2011 to 2013 there was a large archaeological excavation at the start of the complete renovation of public areas in the city centre. It was carried out by archaeological company PJP, d. o. o. 561 graves were dug under the leadership of Rafko Urankar.
The third book on the cemetery Župna cerkev in Kranj completes the entire corpus of data on objects, graves and the cemetery as a whole. During the sixty years of field research (1953-2013) all documentation techniques that prevailed in individual periods were used, which is an ideal test of their comparative advantages and disadvantages. The route from excavations to critical publication was extremely compound and could only be completed in a very complex digital environment with the help of a number of unique information solutions. Simultaneous publishing in analogue and digital form makes it possible to use the best of both media.
The three-part structure of the book introduces an overview of field documentation and its structure, and solves the problems that arise. The most extensive is the central part, which uniquely represents archaeological remains. The third part is cartographic and shows spatial distribution of individual graves.
The cemetery belonging to the medieval city is the largest published medieval cemetery in Europe. More than 1000 years (from the 8th century to the end of the 18th century) of continuous burial in the same place caused the accumulation of graves, resulting in over 10,000 stratigraphic relations. Complete information is now available for further typological, chronological, population and other studies. Sky (imagination) is the limit.
=
Early Medieval archaeology in the South eastern Alpine area: past, present, future
This is the English translation of the original publication in Slovenian Grad Smlednik. Raziskave 2011-2012 published in 2013. The translation differs from the original in two ways. First, it omits the appendices. Secondly, a chapter on 3D scanning of the Smlednik Castle in 2007 including interactive 3D model is added.
1 Introduction
2 Methodology of 3D digitisation in archaeology
2.1 3D digitisation in archaeology
2.2 3D digitisation in Slovenian archaeology
2.3 State of the art and a look into the future
2.4 A silhouette method and 3D documentation of early medieval earrings
3 The Site
4 The Artefacts
4.1Crescent-Shaped Earrings
4.2 Other Earrings
5 3D Catalogue
6 Bibliography
In the introductory chapters the written sources and interpretative models are presented, followed by the analysis of pictorial representations. The focus of the research is on the archaeological sources, above all on the analysis of the small finds, stratigraphy, the spatial analysis of the castle itself and its position within the landscape.
The aim of the interactive book is twofold. The first is to ensure that the book is available to the readers in years to come. Although the printed copies of this book are available in more than 250 specialised libraries across the Europe in this day of age that statistic can be hardly cited as “widely available".
The second, perhaps more important reason for this edition is the desire to reach new audience. It is especially aimed at university level students of all things Medieval across the world. Although this is a scientific archaeological book, it is written in accessible language, that does not necessitate any prior archaeological knowledge.
In order to improve the quality this edition has had 28 black & white figures replaced with colour versions. To the same end 13 completely new figures and 1 interactive image have been added.
Historical, archaeological, geoarchaeological, archaeozoological and GIS analysis of a Medieval castle.
Prvi je metodološki. Uporaba trirazsežnih modelov v arheologiji je namreč na točki, ko je na voljo vse več dobrih in odličnih izdelkov, katerih potenciala arheologi ne izkoristimo v celoti. Največkrat se kakovosten trirazsežni model predmeta močno zmanjša in predstavi na spletu ali v obliki datoteke PDF. Še slabše se godi trirazsežnim modelom arheoloških kontekstov ali celih najdišč. Večina arheologov vidi samo v naprej posnete animacije, trirazsežni model pa nikoli ne zapusti delovne postaje strokovnjaka, ki je model izdelal. Iščemo torej načine, kako trirazsežne modele bolj tvorno uporabiti v arheoloških raziskavah. Več je o tej problematiki zapisano v poglavju Trirazsežno skeniranje v arheologiji.
Drugi razlog za predstavitev trirazsežnih modelov uhanov v pričujoči iKnjigi (imenovana tudi knjiga na dotik - ang. multi-touch book - ali interaktivna knjiga) sledi iz zgoraj povedanega: iskali smo medij, ki bi združeval prednosti klasičnih monografskih publikacij in možnosti vključevanja trirazsežnih modelov. iKnjige predstavljajo trenutno edino možnost, ki zadostuje našim kriterijem: enostavna cenovno dostopna izdelava in distribucija na eni ter prepoznavnost oz. klasifikacija “znanstvena monografija” na drugi strani.
Glavna značilnost dela Dotik dediščine so trirazsežni modeli zgodnjesrednjeveških uhanov v dveh kataloških poglavjih (Trirazsežni katalog polmesečastih uhanov in Trirazsežni katalog ostalih uhanov). V vsem ostalem se iKnjiga, ki jo prebirate, ne razlikuje od klasičnih objav.
Tako uvodu in metodološkemu poglavju sledi poglavje Grobišče župna cerkev v Kranju, v katerem je na kratko predstavljena zgodovina raziskav in pomen najdišča, iz katerega izvirajo predstavljeni uhani.
Sledita poglavji, ki predstavljene predmete postavita v kontekst. V poglavju Nekatere redke oblike kranjskih uhanov je najprej na kratko predstavljen nad-regionalni pomen teh predmetov v zgodnjem srednjem veku. V nadaljevanju je predstavljen vsak tip posebej. Najpogostejši tip uhanov na najdišču Župna cerkev v Kranju so polmesečasti uhani. Ti so zato predstavljeni nekoliko obširneje v poglavju Polmesečasti uhani, najprej zgodovina raziskav in izvor, nato pa še tehnika izdelave ter motivika. Pri tem je potrebno poudariti, da ni namen teh dveh poglavij podrobna analiza, temveč zgolj povzeti stanje raziskav z namenom, da bralec lažje “bere” trirazsežne modele. Ker pa je zadnje tovrstno delo staro že več kot tri desetletja, sta ti poglavji za slovensko zgodnjesrednjeveško arheologijo dobrodošli.
V tej strokovni knjigi je srednjeveška Ljubljana predstavljena kronološko v štirih poglavjih:
Ribiči, splavarji ter kmetovalci v 10. in 11. stoletju
Trg v 12. stoletju
Ljubljana postane mesto
Tri mesta v enem
Sledi predstavitev srednjeveške preteklosti na lokaciji današnje Mačkove ulice in na koncu še predstavitev arheoloških izkopavanj z bogatim slikovnim gradivom.
V prvem zvezku predstavljamo grobišče, terenske dnevnike, katalog grobov in dnevnik meritev z izkopavanj leta 1953.
Grobišče nudi enkratno možnost za kakovosten preskok v arheološkem poznavanju srednjeevropskega zgodnjega srednjega veka kot tudi mlajših stoletij, saj omogoča s pomočjo naravoslovnih metod vzpostaviti reprezentanačno absolutno kronologijo v jugovzhodnem alpskem prostoru, ki bo uporabna tudi za širši sosednji prostor, kjer obstaja sorodno arheološko gradivo.
Izjemen pomen tega gradiva tako za arheologijo kot vedo, kot tudi za srednjeveško zgodovino jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora, pa nam narekuje nekoliko drugačen pristop. V evropski arheologiji namreč še vedno prevladujejo t. i. “zaprte" raziskave. Za te je značilno, da skupina strokovnjakov zbere podatke, jih analizira in interpretira ter v obliki tiskanih znanstvenih monografij in člankov objavi prvenstveno rezultate, mnogo manj in v bolj skromni obliki pa gradivo, ki so ga zbrali. V primeru grobišča Župna cerkev v Kranju pa smo se odločili, da bomo sledili načelom odprte znanosti. To še vedno pomeni, da bomo rezultate svojih analiz in svoje interpretacije posredovali preko običajnih znanstvenih objav. Vendar smo si zadali še dodatno nalogo, da omogočimo nadaljnje ali ponovne raziskave na isti osnovi čim širšemu krogu ljudi in jim hkrati prihranimo mukotrpno zbiranje in urejanje arhivskega gradiva. Nekateri veliki projekti so v zadnjih letih pokazali, da je najučinkovitejše sredstvo za skokovito povečanje količine in kakovosti raziskav prav brezplačna in neomejena dostopnost raziskovalnega gradiva na svetovnem spletu.
Keywords: sites and monuments database; digital archaeology; digital humanities; low-code; ai-augmented code; ChatGPT; Caspio; ArcGIS Experience builder
landscape archaeology; airborne LiDAR; airborne laser scanning; data processing
At a first glance all of the sites exhibit not only very similar types of finds but are also set in a very similar hilltop environment. However, on a closer inspection significant variations are observed: some locations are more remote than others, some are more prominent in the landscape, some are better posi- tioned for subsistence agriculture, and so on.
These differences are addressed in a systematic and quantifiable manner employing a GIS toolset often termed a predictive modelling kit. The aim of this article is to provide a landscape context to the interpretation of the hilltops with Early Medieval military finds in the eastern Alpine area.
The book: From Late Antiquity and in the Early Middle Ages, the Eastern Alpine region was a contact zone of various dominions. In the 7th and 8th century, the former part of the Roman Empire was known primarily as a border region between the Frankish Empire and the Avar Khaganate, where the Carantanians established themselves in the 8th century. Despite its importance, however, only a few and mostly late sources are preserved, which makes it difficult to describe this region in an accurate way. The contributions gathered in this volume edited by Maximilian Diesenberger, Stefan Eichert and Katharina Winckler apply comparative and interdisciplinary studies to present new perspectives on the history of the Eastern Alpine region.
Gradišče above Bašelj is a site best known for numerous finds of military equipment and equestrian gear dated between the late 8 and early 10 centuries. Altogether, more than 1700 metal artefacts. However, this is a three-phase site: Late Antique, Early Medieval and High Medieval are known from this site. The distinction baffled early researchers but was clarified by modern excavation. The Late Antique phase is characterised by a stone-built fortified settlement. The end of this phase is radiocarbon-dated to between the end of the 4 and mid-6 centuries AD. This date is corroborated by LRA 1B and LRA 2 amphorae found on the pavement dated in the second half of the 5th and the 6th c.
Here we are focusing on the Early Medieval phase.
About the book: From Late Antiquity and in the Early Middle Ages, the Eastern Alpine region was a contact zone of various dominions. In the 7th and 8th century, the former part of the Roman Empire was known primarily as a border region between the Frankish Empire and the Avar Khaganate, where the Carantanians established themselves in the 8th century. Despite its importance, however, only a few and mostly late sources are preserved, which makes it difficult to describe this region in an accurate way. The contributions gathered in this volume edited by Maximilian Diesenberger, Stefan Eichert and Katharina Winckler apply comparative and interdisciplinary studies to present new perspectives on the history of the Eastern Alpine region.
Many forms of archaeological research (including excavation) destroy the cultural resource, and the recorded observations become the primary record, derived from non-repeatable documentation;
Archaeological data is often born-digital, and there are no paper surrogates for the primary record derived, for example, from the use of mobile devices on site, geophysical surveys or logging of experimental data by analytical laboratory equipment;
Archaeological researchers are particularly creative and innovative in their methodologies; adopting, adapting and developing novel techniques and approaches, and requiring stewardship of a wide range of data formats, and more complex understandings of data reuse, but often lacking the proper workflow and data policy found in other sciences.
Many forms of archaeological research (including excavation) destroy the cultural resource, and the recorded observations become the primary record, derived from non-repeatable documentation;
Archaeological data is often born-digital, and there are no paper surrogates for the primary record derived, for example, from the use of mobile devices on site, geophysical surveys or logging of experimental data by analytical laboratory equipment;
Archaeological researchers are particularly creative and innovative in their methodologies; adopting, adapting and developing novel techniques and approaches, and requiring stewardship of a wide range of data formats, and more complex understandings of data reuse, but often lacking the proper workflow and data policy found in other sciences.
Keywords: archaeological prospection; airborne LiDAR; method; workflow; documentation
Bistvena razlika med tradicionalnim in sodobnim varstvom dediščine je v razumevanju, komu varstvo služi. Tradicionalno varstvo temelji predvsem na prepričanju, da je njegov cilj fizična zaščita posamičnih kulturnih spomenikov pred propadanjem in pred spremembami, ki jih prinašata čas in sodobni način življenja. V primerjavi s tradicionalnim se v sodobnem varstvu širi predvsem obseg sodelujočih, poleg stroke tudi na lokalne skupnosti, civilno družbo… Toda prenos teh načel v prakso ni enostaven, še najmanj ko ga želimo uporabiti za celotno kulturno krajino.
Kulturna krajina je eden draguljev kulturne dediščine Slovenije. Vendar pokrajino vse prepogosto podcenjujemo, ko pozornost usmerjamo na posamezne spomenike dediščine. Še posebej pogosto spregledamo historično vrednost pokrajine ali jo celo zamenjujemo za naravne lepote. Tako Slovenci na primer pogosto zamenjujemo obširne gozdove, katerih današnja razprostranjenost je plod več stoletnega intenzivnega gospodarjenja s pokrajino, za naravne lepote.
Historični značaj krajine (ang. Historical landscape characterization) so razvili v Angliji v 1990-tih v tesni povezavi z evropsko konvencijo o krajini, ki jo je leta 2003 ratificirala tudi Slovenija. Evropska konvencija o krajini daje vsebinski okvir opredeljevanju historičnega značaja krajine. Opredeljevanje historičnega značaja lahko razumemo kot učinkovito in v Evropi še nepreseženo metodologijo za implementacijo omenjene konvencije, ki v Sloveniji še nima lastnega pravnega dokumenta. Namen te metodologije je pripraviti objektivno in preverljivo osnovo za usmerjanje posegov v prostor, predvsem na podeželju .
Opredeljevanje historičnega značaja krajine je močno orodje, ki omogoča razumevanje pokrajine kot celote in nam pomaga pri usmerjanju bodočih posegov. Pri tej metodi pokrajino obravnavamo kot artefakt in jo, podobno kot to počno krajinski arhitekti, v celoti razdelimo na površine glede na historični značaj. Na primer:
• pravilno razdeljena polja (pred - srednjeveška starost);
• polja razdeljena na proge (srednjeveška starost);
• postopno izkrčena polja (posrednjeveška starost)...
Rezultat je na GIS-ih temelječ interaktiven opis historične dimenzije - časovne globine - ki okarakterizira obstoječo pokrajino.
Namenu in ciljem so prilagojene tudi osnovne značilnosti historičnega značaja krajine:
• gre za metodologijo "velikega merila", s katero lahko majhna skupina strokovnjakov opredeli historični značaj ozemlje celotne Republike Slovenije v 3-eh do 4-ih letih;
• rezultat so poligoni, ki določajo historični značaj - časovno globino - obstoječe pokrajine (npr. poljske površine srednjeveške starosti) in kontinuirano pokrivajo celotno ozemlje in ne le posamezne "spomenike";
• osnovni viri za kabinetno delo so sodobna pokrajina, historični zemljevidi in obstoječe podatkovne zbirke o preteklih in sodobnih pokrajinah;
• končni dokument (v obliki spletnih GIS-ov ali tiskanih zemljevidov) je namenjen širokemu spektru strokovnjakov, ki načrtujejo posege v prostor;
• končni dokument tako vsebinsko kot po namembnosti ne zamenjuje temveč dopolnjuje obstoječi register kulturne dediščine.
Ištitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU in Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije v sodelovanju z Birmingham Archaeology, University of Birmingham vas vabijo na predstavitev Historični značaj krajine. Skupaj z gosti iz Anglije vam bomo predstavili razvoja in uporabo te metodologije v Angliji, uspešno "presaditev" metodologije v povsem drugačno okolje pokrajine v Texasu ter pilotski primer uporabe v Sloveniji.
9.00 - 9.30
Uvodi pozdrav, dr. Damjana Pečnik, v.d. generalne direktorice ZVKDS
1.del, Historični značaj krajine v Angliji in ZDA
9.35 - 10.20
Dr. Henry Chapman
Birmingham Archaeology, University of Birmingham, Director of IBM Visual and Spatial Technology Centre (VISTA)
Historical Landscape Characterization in Englad: History, Practical Use, Further Development.
10.20 - 10.50
Professor Vince Gaffney (via Skype)
Director of Research and Knowledge Transfer, College of Arts and Law, University of Birmingham
One Land - Many Landscapes: the Fort Hood (Texas) Landscape Characterisation (HLC) Project .
10.50 - 11.10
Shane Kelleher (via Skype)
Assistant Project Manager Built Heritage and Conservation
Urban HLC: the Church Square Case Study.
11.10 - 11.30 Premor
2. del, Možnosti implementacije HKK v Sloveniji
11.30 - 11.45
Sneža Tecco Hvala,
Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU
Arheološki informacijski sistem
11.45 - 12.00
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Register nepremične kulturne dediščine
12.00 - 12.15
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Evropska konvencija o krajini in z njo povezana zakonodaja
12.15 - 13.00
Dr. Benjamin Štular
Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU
Historični značaj krajine v Sloveniji (Kobarid z okolico); metodologija, neodvisno preverjanje rezultatov, uporabnost.
13.00 - 14.30
Vodena diskusija, moderatorka
Barbara Nadbath
Vodja centra za preventivno arheologijo
Benjamin Štular, MSHE UFC Besancon
Lidar derived data in archaeology has been so far exploited predominantly for recording new features, either previously unknown or not well known. To be more exact, currently most of archaeological applications are concerned with recognition of man made anomalies in lidar derived high-resolution digital elevation models of ground surface. This indeed is the most powerful addition of lidar-derived data to the arsenal of archaeological tools. However, lidar derived data can – and in this authors opinion should – be used alongside with other tools commonly employed in landscape archaeology, foremost archaeological topography and DEM based GIS analysis.
This approach will be demonstrated on the dataset (© ZRC SAZU = SRC SASA) from Kobarid region in Slovenia, situated on the border between Mediterranean and Alpine Europe. In this micro-region, S. Ciglenečki and colleagues has been intensively studying the late antiquity period (4th to 6th c. AD) for two decades. Still, the first analyses of lidar derived data – by K. Oštir, Ž. Kokalj and colleagues - brought forth new data even within a settlement that has been excavated for more than a decade.
Starting from this we was able to gain new insight into the late antiquity landscape by employing the above-mentioned tools. Combining the optimal path analysis with network analysis of the lidar derived path network we were able to precisely map the ancient route, the backbone of this landscape. Using DEM manipulation and soil moisture analysis the meadows and fields have been mapped. Soil moisture analysis proved useful in estimating the settlement potential for some suspected settlements. Modeling the exposure to predominant winds enabled better understanding of internal division of space in settlements. And above all, precise mapping of buildings within settlement enabled an insight into the settlement plan template and its adaptations to specific environment.
V primerjalni historični in arheološki analizi lidarskih podatkov območja načrtovanega pokopališča v Občini Piran na območju kulturne dediščine Seča – Arheološko najdišče Sv. Marija na Seči (EŠD 7200) smo dokumentirali arheološke ostaline in sicer historične parcelne meje, ki so del historične kulturne krajine.