Maclura: Difference between revisions

Maclura; Temporal range: Paleogene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N (Molecular clock)
	M. pomifera foliage and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Moraceae
Tribe:	Maclureae
Genus:	Maclura; Nutt.
Species
	13; see text
Synonyms
	Cardiogyne Bureau (1873); Chlorophora Gaudich. (1830); Cudrania Trécul (1847), nom. cons.; Cudranus Miq. (1859), orth. var.; Fusticus Raf. (1838); Ioxylon Raf. (1818); × Macludrania André (1905); Plecospermum Trécul (1847); Sukaminea Raf. (1838); Toxylon Raf. (1818); Vanieria Lour. (1790);

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Maclura is a genus of flowering plants in the mulberry family, Moraceae. It includes the inedible Osage orange, which is used as mosquito repellent and grown throughout the United States as a hedging plant.^[3] It is dioecious, with male and female flowers borne on separate plants.^[4]

Maclura is closely related to the genus Cudrania, and hybrids between the two genera have been produced. Some botanists recognize a more broadly defined Maclura that includes species previously included in Cudrania and other genera of Moraceae.^{[citation needed]} The genus likely originated in South America during the Paleogene.^[5]

Species

13 species are accepted.^[2]

Maclura africana (Bureau) Corner – eastern Africa and Madagascar
Maclura andamanica (King ex Hook.f.) C.C.Berg – Vietnam, Laos to Andaman Islands
Maclura brasiliensis (Mart.) Endl. – Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela
Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner (Syn.: Cudrania cochinchinensis, Cudrania javanensis, Vanieria cochinchinensis) – China, Vietnam, Malesia, and northern Australia
Maclura fruticosa (Roxb.) Corner – China and Vietnam
Maclura mollis (Fernald) Carvajal – Mexico (Oaxaca)
Maclura montana Z.P.Lei, G.Y.Li & Z.H.Chen – China (Zhejiang)
Maclura orientalis G.Y.Li, W.Y.Xie & Z.H.Chen – China (Zhejiang)
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. – Osage-orange; United States
Maclura pubescens (Trécul) Z.K.Zhou & M.G.Gilbert (Syn.: M. cochichinensis var. pubescens) – China
Maclura spinosa (Willd.) C.C.Berg – India to Sri Lanka
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D.Don ex Steud. – Mexico to northern Argentina
Maclura tricuspidata Carrière (Syn.: Cudrania tricuspidata, Cudrania triloba) – China, Vietnam, and Korea

Formerly placed here

Milicia excelsa (as Maclura excelsa)
Milicia regia (as Maclura regia)
Broussonetia greveana (as Maclura greveana and Maclura humbertii)

Etymology

The genus is named in honor of William Maclure (1763-1840), a Scottish-born American geologist and educational reformer. President of the American Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 22 years. Maclure made major contributions to his field, including the first true geological map of any part of North America, and was a strong advocate of universal education, especially for women.

Fossil record

Fossils similar to Maclura have been reported from the Middle Eocene of England.^[6]

References

^ "Maclura Nutt". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 16 January 2009. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c Maclura Nutt. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
^ Burton, J D (1990). "Maclura pomifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 3 March 2009 – via Southern Research Station.
^ C.C., Berg; Corner, E.J.H.; Jarrett, F.M. (2006). Moraceae - Genera other than Ficus. 1. Vol. 17. pp. 1–152. ISBN 9789071236648. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Gardner, Elliot M.; Sarraf, Paya; Williams, Evelyn W.; Zerega, Nyree J.C. (December 2017). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Maclura (Moraceae) and the origin of an anachronistic fruit". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 117: 49–59. Bibcode:2017MolPE.117...49G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.021. PMID 28698111.
^ "Broussonetia – Maclura clade, and its probable ancestral area… – Figure 2". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

External links

Media related to Maclura at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Maclura at Wikispecies

This Moraceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] "Maclura Nutt". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 16 January 2009. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.

[powo-2] Maclura Nutt. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 22 April 2024.

[Silvics-3] Burton, J D (1990). "Maclura pomifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 3 March 2009 – via Southern Research Station.

[4] C.C., Berg; Corner, E.J.H.; Jarrett, F.M. (2006). Moraceae - Genera other than Ficus. 1. Vol. 17. pp. 1–152. ISBN 9789071236648. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[5] Gardner, Elliot M.; Sarraf, Paya; Williams, Evelyn W.; Zerega, Nyree J.C. (December 2017). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Maclura (Moraceae) and the origin of an anachronistic fruit". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 117: 49–59. Bibcode:2017MolPE.117...49G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.021. PMID 28698111.

[6] "Broussonetia – Maclura clade, and its probable ancestral area… – Figure 2". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
+{{automatic taxobox
+| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Paleogene|Recent}} (Molecular clock)
 | image = Maclura pomifera2.jpg
+| image_caption = ''[[Maclura pomifera|M. pomifera]]'' foliage and fruit
-| image_width = 250px
+| taxon = Maclura
-| image_caption = Osage-orange foliage and fruit
+| authority = [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7108 |title=''Maclura'' Nutt. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=2009-01-16 |accessdate=2009-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115032921/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7108 |archive-date=2009-01-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-| regnum = [[Plantae]]
-| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
-| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
-| unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
-| ordo = [[Rosales]]
-| familia = [[Moraceae]]
-| tribus = [[Moreae]]
-| genus = '''''Maclura'''''
-| genus_authority = [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7108 |title=''Maclura'' Nutt. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=2009-01-16 |accessdate=2009-03-03}}</ref>
 | subdivision_ranks = Species
-| subdivision = See text
+| subdivision = 13; see text
+| subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331741-2 ''Maclura'' Nutt.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</ref>
+| synonyms =
+*''Cardiogyne'' {{small|Bureau (1873)}}
+*''Chlorophora'' {{small|Gaudich. (1830)}}
+*''Cudrania'' {{small|Trécul (1847), nom. cons.}}
+*''Cudranus'' {{small|Miq. (1859), orth. var.}}
+*''Fusticus'' {{small|Raf. (1838)}}
+*''Ioxylon'' {{small|Raf. (1818)}}
+*''× Macludrania'' {{small|André (1905)}}
+*''Plecospermum'' {{small|Trécul (1847)}}
+*''Sukaminea'' {{small|Raf. (1838)}}
+*''Toxylon'' {{small|Raf. (1818)}}
+*''Vanieria'' {{small|Lour. (1790)}}
+|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/>
 }}
-'''''Maclura''''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Morus (plant)|mulberry]] family, [[Moraceae]]. It includes the inedible [[Maclura pomifera|Osage-orange]], which is used as [[mosquito]] repellent and grown throughout the [[United States]] as a hedging plant.<ref name="Silvics">{{cite web |url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/maclura/pomifera.htm |title=Osage-Orange |first=J D |last=Burton |work=Silvics of North America Volume 2: Hardwoods |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-03}}</ref>
+'''''Maclura''''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Morus (plant)|mulberry]] family, [[Moraceae]]. It includes the inedible [[Maclura pomifera|Osage orange]], which is used as [[mosquito]] [[Insect repellent|repellent]] and grown throughout the [[United States]] as a [[Hedge|hedging plant]].<ref name="Silvics">{{Silvics |first=J D |last=Burton |volume=2 |genus=Maclura |species=pomifera |accessdate=2009-03-03}}</ref> It is dioecious, with male and female flowers borne on separate plants.<ref>{{cite book|isbn= 9789071236648|title= Moraceae - Genera other than Ficus|work=Flora Malesiana|series=1|volume=17|issue=1|date=2006|pages=1–152|first1=Berg|last1=C.C.|last2=Corner|first2=E.J.H.|last3=Jarrett|first3=F.M.}}</ref>
+''Maclura'' is closely related to the genus ''[[Cudrania tricuspidata|Cudrania]]'', and hybrids between the two genera have been produced. Some botanists recognize a more broadly defined ''Maclura'' that includes species previously included in ''Cudrania'' and other genera of Moraceae.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} The genus likely originated in South America during the [[Paleogene]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gardner|first1=Elliot M.|last2=Sarraf|first2=Paya|last3=Williams|first3=Evelyn W.|last4=Zerega|first4=Nyree J.C.|date=December 2017|title=Phylogeny and biogeography of Maclura (Moraceae) and the origin of an anachronistic fruit|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=117|pages=49–59|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.021|pmid=28698111|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017MolPE.117...49G }}</ref>
 == Species ==
+species are accepted.<ref name = powo/>
-* ''[[Maclura africana]]'' ([[Africa]])
-* ''[[Maclura brasiliensis]]'' ([[Brazil]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Peru]], and [[Venezuela]])
+* ''[[Maclura africana]]'' {{small|(Bureau) Corner}} – eastern Africa and Madagascar
+* ''[[Maclura andamanica]]'' {{small|(King ex Hook.f.) C.C.Berg}} – [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] to [[Andaman Islands]]
-* ''[[Maclura cochinchinensis]]'' (Syn.: ''Cudrania cochinchinensis'', ''Cudrania javanensis'', ''Vanieria cochinchinensis'') ([[China]])
-* ''[[Maclura excelsa]]'' ([[West Africa]])
+* ''[[Maclura brasiliensis]]'' {{small|(Mart.) Endl.}} – [[Brazil]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Peru]], and [[Venezuela]]
+* ''[[Maclura cochinchinensis]]'' {{small|(Lour.) Corner}} (Syn.: ''Cudrania cochinchinensis'', ''Cudrania javanensis'', ''Vanieria cochinchinensis'') – [[China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malesia]], and northern [[Australia]]
-* ''[[Maclura fruticosa]]'' (China)
-* ''[[Maclura pomifera]]'' <small>([[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]) [[Camillo Karl Schneider|C.K.Schneid.]]</small> Osage-orange ([[United States]])
+* ''[[Maclura fruticosa]]'' {{small|(Roxb.) Corner}} – China and Vietnam
-* ''[[Maclura pubescens]]'' (China)
+* ''[[Maclura mollis]]'' {{small|(Fernald) Carvajal}} – Mexico (Oaxaca)
-* ''[[Maclura tinctoria]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[David Don|D.Don]] ex [[Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel|Steud.]]</small>
+* ''[[Maclura montana]]'' {{small|Z.P.Lei, G.Y.Li & Z.H.Chen}} – China (Zhejiang)
-* ''[[Maclura tricuspidata]]'' (Syn.: ''Cudrania tricuspidata'', ''Cudrania triloba'') (China)
+* ''[[Maclura orientalis]]'' {{small|G.Y.Li, W.Y.Xie & Z.H.Chen}} – China (Zhejiang)
+* ''[[Maclura pomifera]]'' {{small|(Raf.) C.K.Schneid.}} <small>([[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]) [[Camillo Karl Schneider|C.K.Schneid.]]</small> &ndash; Osage-orange; [[United States]]
+* ''[[Maclura pubescens]]'' {{small|(Trécul) Z.K.Zhou & M.G.Gilbert}} (Syn.: ''M. cochichinensis var. pubescens'') – China
+* ''[[Maclura spinosa]]'' {{small|(Willd.) C.C.Berg}} – India to Sri Lanka
+* ''[[Maclura tinctoria]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[David Don|D.Don]] ex [[Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel|Steud.]]</small> – Mexico to northern Argentina
+* ''[[Maclura tricuspidata]]'' {{small|Carrière}} (Syn.: ''Cudrania tricuspidata'', ''Cudrania triloba'') – China, Vietnam, and [[Korea]]
+===Formerly placed here===
+* ''[[Milicia excelsa]]'' (as ''Maclura excelsa'')
+* ''[[Milicia regia]]'' (as ''Maclura regia'')
+* ''[[Broussonetia greveana]]'' (as ''Maclura greveana and Maclura humbertii'')
+==Etymology==
+The genus is named in honor of [[William Maclure]] (1763-1840), a Scottish-born American geologist and educational reformer. President of the American Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 22 years. Maclure made major contributions to his field, including the first true [[geological map]] of any part of North America, and was a strong advocate of [[universal education]], especially for women.
+==Fossil record==
+[[Fossil]]s similar to ''Maclura'' have been reported from the Middle [[Eocene]] of [[England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/292995365_fig2_Fig-2-Broussonetia-Maclura-clade-and-its-probable-ancestral-area-Fragment-of-the|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081023/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/292995365_fig2_Fig-2-Broussonetia-Maclura-clade-and-its-probable-ancestral-area-Fragment-of-the|archive-date=11 Feb 2017|access-date=2023-09-26|title=Broussonetia – Maclura clade, and its probable ancestral area… – Figure 2}}</ref>
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
-{{Moraceae-stub}}
+==External links==
+{{commons category-inline|Maclura|''Maclura''}}
+{{Wikispecies-inline}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q137091}}
+{{Moraceae genera}}
 [[Category:Maclura| ]]
+[[Category:Moraceae genera]]
+[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
+{{Moraceae-stub}}
-[[fr:Maclura]]