Beyond a baseline survey: development of a sampling technique for an urbanization study in Africa... more Beyond a baseline survey: development of a sampling technique for an urbanization study in Africa Bayo Ijagbemi Urbanization encompasses both physical and social dimensions. The former includes the attributes of size, layout, land use pattern, and the pattern and rate of growth or expansion. The social dimension on the other hand, embodies a panoply of subjects that include, but are not limited to, the composition and distribution of the population, housing, the availability and accessibility to services, and the livelihood strategies of the urban dwellers. While data on most of these variables may be collected using scientific sampling techniques such as those used for the National Science Foundation sponsored project, Creation of a GIS for six Cities in Arid Environments: in Morocco, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Tanzania and Botswana, which aim for representative sampling, research on some of these and other urban issues may also require complementary techniques. This paper seeks to examine the adequacy of the remote sensing imagery-based random sampling technique in collecting information on the social dimensions of urbanization such as the urban migrant and to demonstrate the need for complementary techniques such as migrants' network analysis at both ends of the rural and urban continuum. This paper is part of an ongoing dissertation research on land tenure reforms and social transformation in Botswana: implications for urbanization and development. The project attempts "to document and assess the linkages between land cover change, urban structure change and the work/livelihood history of the urban poor in six African cities located in arid environments." To accomplish this objective, the project processed and analyzed remote sensing imagery to ascertain land use/land cover changes as well as the framework for selecting a random sample of households for interview. The first part entails the analysis of the remote sensing imagery to identify the various categories of urban land use at each time and over the study period. This methodology also allows for the quantification of the observed land use changes through the computation of pixels in the imagery. The second component of the project entails the conduct of household interview to reconstruct the livelihood history of the urban residents especially, the poor. The processed imagery with a grid overlay is also used for the spatial stratification of the cities (based on the perceived land use classes) from which a random sample of households are selected for interview. This process starts with a random selection of cells by a computer software, with a bias for poor residential sections as well as adjustments for stages of growth in the different sections of the cities. A list of households closest to the center of each cell are then drawn up from which ten are randomly selected for interview. The claim that is made for this sampling method is that it allows for a stratification of the random sample based on the land use patterns perceived from the remote sensing imagery. In short, the sampling approach aims for a scientific research that could be replicated. While this sampling method may be appropriate in tackling a broad array of urban issues that the NSF project is concerned with, it may not be adequate in investigating quite a number that relate to the urban migrant and rural-urban migration in which the project is also interested. This paper will use urbanization in Botswana, one of the six countries covered by the NSF project, as a case study. The Case of Botswana Botswana provides a classic example of urbanization in Africa, both in terms of the expansion within the existing cities and the emergence of new urban centers. On the eve of independence in 1964, the urbanization rate was only 4%.
for their sacrifices and the invaluable insights that they gave me on this project. Special thank... more for their sacrifices and the invaluable insights that they gave me on this project. Special thanks to my advisor, Dr Thomas Park, for taking me under his wings and for the countless number of times he read the drafts of this dissertation. Many thanks to Tau Pheto for the translation of the court documents and Mamadou Niane for his help with my maps.
Land reforms, with the majority bordering on full scale revision of tenure rules have become a re... more Land reforms, with the majority bordering on full scale revision of tenure rules have become a recurrent theme in the agenda of most African states since attaining political independence. For southern Africa, and a number of former colonies where the white settler populations ...
This article raises questions about sample size and representativity of the remote sensing based
... more This article raises questions about sample size and representativity of the remote sensing based urban sampling methodology. It argues that for many purposes a larger sample, than that of the initial study, would be better and complementary sampling procedures such as network analysis and snowball sampling may be indispensable to capture the variation needed to study some specific research topics. It uses the case of recent immigration to Gaborone, Botswana, to illustrate these points.
Cet article soulève des questions concernant la grandeur de l'échantillon et la représentativité de la méthodologie de l'échantillonnage urbaine basée sur la télédétection. Il propose que pour certains buts un échantillon plus grand que celui utilisé dans l'étude initiale serait mieux et on pourrait aussi ajouter des procédures comme l'analyse des réseaux et l'échantillonnage "snowball" à fin de capturer la variation nécessaire pour l'étude de certains sujets. L'article utilise le cas d'immigration récente à Gaborone, Botswana pour illustrer ces points.
Este artículo plantea preguntas sobre tamaño de muestra y el representatividad de la metodología de muestreo urbana basada de la detección remota. Discute que para muchos propósitos una muestra más grande, que la del estudio inicial, fuera mejor y los procedimientos de muestreo complementarios tales como análisis de red y muestreo del snowball pueden ser imprescindibles para capturar la variación necesitada para estudiar algunos asuntos específicos de la investigación. Utiliza el caso de la inmigración reciente a Gaborone, Botswana, para ilustrar estos puntos.
Beyond a baseline survey: development of a sampling technique for an urbanization study in Africa... more Beyond a baseline survey: development of a sampling technique for an urbanization study in Africa Bayo Ijagbemi Urbanization encompasses both physical and social dimensions. The former includes the attributes of size, layout, land use pattern, and the pattern and rate of growth or expansion. The social dimension on the other hand, embodies a panoply of subjects that include, but are not limited to, the composition and distribution of the population, housing, the availability and accessibility to services, and the livelihood strategies of the urban dwellers. While data on most of these variables may be collected using scientific sampling techniques such as those used for the National Science Foundation sponsored project, Creation of a GIS for six Cities in Arid Environments: in Morocco, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Tanzania and Botswana, which aim for representative sampling, research on some of these and other urban issues may also require complementary techniques. This paper seeks to examine the adequacy of the remote sensing imagery-based random sampling technique in collecting information on the social dimensions of urbanization such as the urban migrant and to demonstrate the need for complementary techniques such as migrants' network analysis at both ends of the rural and urban continuum. This paper is part of an ongoing dissertation research on land tenure reforms and social transformation in Botswana: implications for urbanization and development. The project attempts "to document and assess the linkages between land cover change, urban structure change and the work/livelihood history of the urban poor in six African cities located in arid environments." To accomplish this objective, the project processed and analyzed remote sensing imagery to ascertain land use/land cover changes as well as the framework for selecting a random sample of households for interview. The first part entails the analysis of the remote sensing imagery to identify the various categories of urban land use at each time and over the study period. This methodology also allows for the quantification of the observed land use changes through the computation of pixels in the imagery. The second component of the project entails the conduct of household interview to reconstruct the livelihood history of the urban residents especially, the poor. The processed imagery with a grid overlay is also used for the spatial stratification of the cities (based on the perceived land use classes) from which a random sample of households are selected for interview. This process starts with a random selection of cells by a computer software, with a bias for poor residential sections as well as adjustments for stages of growth in the different sections of the cities. A list of households closest to the center of each cell are then drawn up from which ten are randomly selected for interview. The claim that is made for this sampling method is that it allows for a stratification of the random sample based on the land use patterns perceived from the remote sensing imagery. In short, the sampling approach aims for a scientific research that could be replicated. While this sampling method may be appropriate in tackling a broad array of urban issues that the NSF project is concerned with, it may not be adequate in investigating quite a number that relate to the urban migrant and rural-urban migration in which the project is also interested. This paper will use urbanization in Botswana, one of the six countries covered by the NSF project, as a case study. The Case of Botswana Botswana provides a classic example of urbanization in Africa, both in terms of the expansion within the existing cities and the emergence of new urban centers. On the eve of independence in 1964, the urbanization rate was only 4%.
for their sacrifices and the invaluable insights that they gave me on this project. Special thank... more for their sacrifices and the invaluable insights that they gave me on this project. Special thanks to my advisor, Dr Thomas Park, for taking me under his wings and for the countless number of times he read the drafts of this dissertation. Many thanks to Tau Pheto for the translation of the court documents and Mamadou Niane for his help with my maps.
Land reforms, with the majority bordering on full scale revision of tenure rules have become a re... more Land reforms, with the majority bordering on full scale revision of tenure rules have become a recurrent theme in the agenda of most African states since attaining political independence. For southern Africa, and a number of former colonies where the white settler populations ...
This article raises questions about sample size and representativity of the remote sensing based
... more This article raises questions about sample size and representativity of the remote sensing based urban sampling methodology. It argues that for many purposes a larger sample, than that of the initial study, would be better and complementary sampling procedures such as network analysis and snowball sampling may be indispensable to capture the variation needed to study some specific research topics. It uses the case of recent immigration to Gaborone, Botswana, to illustrate these points.
Cet article soulève des questions concernant la grandeur de l'échantillon et la représentativité de la méthodologie de l'échantillonnage urbaine basée sur la télédétection. Il propose que pour certains buts un échantillon plus grand que celui utilisé dans l'étude initiale serait mieux et on pourrait aussi ajouter des procédures comme l'analyse des réseaux et l'échantillonnage "snowball" à fin de capturer la variation nécessaire pour l'étude de certains sujets. L'article utilise le cas d'immigration récente à Gaborone, Botswana pour illustrer ces points.
Este artículo plantea preguntas sobre tamaño de muestra y el representatividad de la metodología de muestreo urbana basada de la detección remota. Discute que para muchos propósitos una muestra más grande, que la del estudio inicial, fuera mejor y los procedimientos de muestreo complementarios tales como análisis de red y muestreo del snowball pueden ser imprescindibles para capturar la variación necesitada para estudiar algunos asuntos específicos de la investigación. Utiliza el caso de la inmigración reciente a Gaborone, Botswana, para ilustrar estos puntos.
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Papers by Bayo Ijagbemi
urban sampling methodology. It argues that for many purposes a larger sample, than that of the
initial study, would be better and complementary sampling procedures such as network analysis
and snowball sampling may be indispensable to capture the variation needed to study some
specific research topics. It uses the case of recent immigration to Gaborone, Botswana, to illustrate
these points.
Cet article soulève des questions concernant la grandeur de l'échantillon et la représentativité de la
méthodologie de l'échantillonnage urbaine basée sur la télédétection. Il propose que pour certains
buts un échantillon plus grand que celui utilisé dans l'étude initiale serait mieux et on pourrait
aussi ajouter des procédures comme l'analyse des réseaux et l'échantillonnage "snowball" à fin de
capturer la variation nécessaire pour l'étude de certains sujets. L'article utilise le cas d'immigration
récente à Gaborone, Botswana pour illustrer ces points.
Este artículo plantea preguntas sobre tamaño de muestra y el representatividad de la metodología
de muestreo urbana basada de la detección remota. Discute que para muchos propósitos una
muestra más grande, que la del estudio inicial, fuera mejor y los procedimientos de muestreo
complementarios tales como análisis de red y muestreo del snowball pueden ser imprescindibles
para capturar la variación necesitada para estudiar algunos asuntos específicos de la investigación.
Utiliza el caso de la inmigración reciente a Gaborone, Botswana, para ilustrar estos puntos.
urban sampling methodology. It argues that for many purposes a larger sample, than that of the
initial study, would be better and complementary sampling procedures such as network analysis
and snowball sampling may be indispensable to capture the variation needed to study some
specific research topics. It uses the case of recent immigration to Gaborone, Botswana, to illustrate
these points.
Cet article soulève des questions concernant la grandeur de l'échantillon et la représentativité de la
méthodologie de l'échantillonnage urbaine basée sur la télédétection. Il propose que pour certains
buts un échantillon plus grand que celui utilisé dans l'étude initiale serait mieux et on pourrait
aussi ajouter des procédures comme l'analyse des réseaux et l'échantillonnage "snowball" à fin de
capturer la variation nécessaire pour l'étude de certains sujets. L'article utilise le cas d'immigration
récente à Gaborone, Botswana pour illustrer ces points.
Este artículo plantea preguntas sobre tamaño de muestra y el representatividad de la metodología
de muestreo urbana basada de la detección remota. Discute que para muchos propósitos una
muestra más grande, que la del estudio inicial, fuera mejor y los procedimientos de muestreo
complementarios tales como análisis de red y muestreo del snowball pueden ser imprescindibles
para capturar la variación necesitada para estudiar algunos asuntos específicos de la investigación.
Utiliza el caso de la inmigración reciente a Gaborone, Botswana, para ilustrar estos puntos.