Papers (English) by Chin-Chuan Lee
Curran, J., Esser, F., Hallin, D.C., Hayashi, K., & Lee, C. C. (2017). International News and Global Integration: A Five Nation Reappraisal. Journalism Studies, 18(2), 118-134. This study challenges the ruling orthodoxy that foreign news tends to be reported in divergent wa... more This study challenges the ruling orthodoxy that foreign news tends to be reported in divergent ways, reflecting the interests and identity of the home nation. Instead it concludes that the Greek and US elections in 2012 were reported in very similar ways in the leading news media of five countries located in different continents. In the case of the 2012 Chinese election, there were striking affinities in the news reporting of four out of five countries. Powerful forces that make for global conformity include the dominance of a small number of international news agencies, the emergence of a transnational journalistic culture, the hegemony of market liberal thought, the legacy of the Cold War, and the shared perspectives of allied states.
International Communication Gazette, Mar 28, 2012
Globalization signifies the increasing interconnectedness among different parts of the world. But... more Globalization signifies the increasing interconnectedness among different parts of the world. But few studies have examined whether and how the processes of globalization relate to people’s interests in foreign affairs. This study tackles the question at the individual level. It identifies transnational social connections, willingness to move abroad, foreign language abilities, and perceived impact of globalization as four factors representing people’s connections with and orientations toward the processes of globalization. These four factors are hypothesized as correlates of people’s interest in foreign affairs. Analysis of a comparative survey ( N = 1117) conducted in Hong Kong and Taipei generally supports the hypotheses, but the results also show that social contexts may shape the strengths of the relationships among different factors. The analysis also explores the problematic of causality. The results suggest that some, but not all, aspects of individuals’ connections with globalization can influence interest in foreign affairs.
Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, May 8, 2019
China has regularly claimed to have been intentionally and systematically misrepresented by Weste... more China has regularly claimed to have been intentionally and systematically misrepresented by Western media. That said, their general characterization of China is said to see improvement with the initial impetus coming from Beijing's hosting of Olympic Games in 2008. China's representation in Western media has now entered what many observers considered to be an 'age of uncertainty', and it differs greatly from China's projected self-image. This study examines US, UK versus Chinese media coverage of 'China's rise' from 2009 to 2017. Our analysis entails a 2.2 million-word corpus of news texts retrieved from six leading national newspapers. A combination of computerassisted corpus linguistics methods with critical discourse analysis was used to identify and compare linguistic elements as well as the structural dimensions that denote the journalistic positioning across large corpora. We argue that the globalist positioning stands in a dialectical relationship to the nationalist positioning. Globalism may be used to frame press narratives when it is viewed as suiting national interest, and this dynamic differs between the United States, the United Kingdom and China.
The International Journal of Press/Politics, Mar 27, 2011
The Tiananmen crackdown on the pro-democracy movement in 1989 was a decisive event that has provi... more The Tiananmen crackdown on the pro-democracy movement in 1989 was a decisive event that has provided an enduring prism for the world media to interpret China. This article examines how two of the most preeminent U.S. newspapers— New York Times and Washington Post—editorially invoked Tiananmen as a “news icon” in the past twenty years. We contend that the meanings of Tiananmen were reconstructed over twenty years partly but not completely in line with the changes in the United States’ policy toward China. Specifically, Tiananmen symbolized Communist dictatorship in the initial years after 1989 and then became an example of China’s human rights abuse in the late 1990s. Into the 2000s, the significance of Tiananmen faded away. But it remained as part of United States’ ritualistic memory of China’s repression that invokes the moral bottom line of U.S. foreign policy. In theoretical terms, this study shows how a news icon, in the course of an extended life cycle, may exhibit both continuities and changes in its meanings, and there can also be subtle variations in the relationships between a news icon and the dominant power structure over time.
Reporters in Hong Kong who wete working for 21 Chinese-language newspapers were mailed questionna... more Reporters in Hong Kong who wete working for 21 Chinese-language newspapers were mailed questionnaires to elicit information on the following: how news organizations in a highly politicized enbirondent exercise control on recruitment, policy direction with regard to the coverage of conflicting issues, and the resolution of possible conflicts between tie press and journalists. Respondents were. encouraged to return the questionnaire with the assurance of.anonymity. The findings revealed that (1) political ideology Sf the pyess determines staff recruitment, policy governing the coverage of conflicting issues, and the resolution of conflicts between the press and journalists; (2) reporters are highly congruent with their employing organizations in terms of political ideology on a rightist-.centrist-leftist continuum; (3) the party-owned press has a higher propensity to impose policy control over the coverage of social issues than the nonparty press; (4) reporters on occasion dispute policibs; and (5) older reporters working in the party press tend to be more submissive to policy control than their counterparts in the nonparty press, and the more educated reporters are less compliant at both types of newspapers. (HOD)
Media, Culture & Society, 2015
This article examines how the New York Times and the Washington Post have in the
past two decade... more This article examines how the New York Times and the Washington Post have in the
past two decades presented discourses of anniversary journalism to commemorate the
Tiananmen Square crackdown and the fall of the Berlin Wall, both of which occurred
in 1989 and had global implications. These two events ideologically signified the failure of Communism and the victory of the West. However, they posed different challenges to the U.S.-orchestrated “new world order.” Insofar as the Tiananmen crackdown was remembered as an “unfinished revolution” and fell within the “sphere of legitimated controversy,” the elite U.S. press had greater leeway in presenting the views of elite factions, albeit all within the orbit of “established pluralism.” In contrast, since European integration after the fall of the Berlin Wall was an issue of broad elite consensus, the press constructed its perspectives more closely aligned with those of official foreign policy. Anniversary journalism connects personal reminiscences of distinguished journalists to the dominant narratives. The ideological structure of the elite U.S. press has been highly stable, even though the narratives may appear to shift periodically. The legacy of the anti-Communist frame remains an important constituent of the elite U.S. press’s prisms for viewing and interpreting the post-Communist world.
Ch 10, Internationalizing "International Communication", 2015
In this chapter, I shall first argue that the extreme form of positivistic
methodology, with its... more In this chapter, I shall first argue that the extreme form of positivistic
methodology, with its bent for subsuming cultural specificity to abstract
generality, has reinforced the Western-cum-universal epistemology and
practices. By way of making my point, I shall take the liberty of drawing
on my own intellectual biography to reflect on what I consider to be
the pitfalls of the once dominant paradigm of international communication
in the United States. Seeing this methodological flaw as deriving in
part from cultural vacuousness, I shall plead that we give the Weberian-phenomenological methodology its due attention, and take cultural meaning
more seriously instead of treating it as an antecedent, a consequence, or
a residual category of sociological or psychological variables
Journalism, 2010
By cross-examining a large volume of original sources, we seek to investigate the
social context... more By cross-examining a large volume of original sources, we seek to investigate the
social context in which the Protestant missionary press in China changed its primary
orientation from gospel to news. Furthermore, by focusing on the case of the Globe
Magazine, we argue that the missionary press provided an important foundation for
the rise of the indigenous Chinese press at the end of the 19th century. Protestant
missionaries in China invented certain journalistic practices and secularized their
publications to appeal to Chinese readers. These innovations were not necessarily
in line with mainstream western journalism, but they inspired Chinese editors who
later came to model themselves after the language, content and format of the
missionary press. The Chinese elite press was receptive to the missionary press model
partly because both shared the goal of enlightenment and held business profi t in
contempt.
International Journal of Communication, May 24, 2011
Scholarship on the early Chinese press is underdeveloped, while attention has been given preponde... more Scholarship on the early Chinese press is underdeveloped, while attention has been given preponderantly if not exclusively to the well-deserved reformist Liang Qichao and his enlightenment projects. Chinese historiography has owed Shen Bao, arguably China's oldest and most influential commercial newspaper, and its peers a serious appraisal of their historical role, content, and impact. The University of
Chinese Journal of Communication, 2014
In China, scholarly journals are affiliated with the particular governing organizations that hous... more In China, scholarly journals are affiliated with the particular governing organizations that house them. This process of what can be characterized as danweization has given the editors of these journals almost unchallenged power, prompting the contributors to seek their favor through guanxi networks. Drawing on fieldwork and in-depth interviews with key journal editors in media studies, this paper aims to explore the configuration of guanxi networks, the dynamics of guanxi practice in the gatekeeping process, and the implications of this practice for communication scholarship. We found that guanxi functions as a multi-layered particularism to facilitate the flow of information, to advance the priority of given papers, and to increase the rate at which such papers are published. In consequence, these journals publish a disproportionate number of articles by colleagues from the same sponsoring danwei. The operation of guanxi networks is so entrenched that it raises questions about the integrity of knowledge production and academic autonomy in China.
Media, Culture and Society, 2015
Inspired by Tuchman’s concept of the ‘strategic ritual of objectivity’, we argue that journalists... more Inspired by Tuchman’s concept of the ‘strategic ritual of objectivity’, we argue that journalists employ what can be called the ‘strategic ritual of irony’ in their accounts to convey moral stance toward morally ‘tainted’ stories, often under the façade of objectivity. Systematic reading of American journalists’ memoirs and writings reveals that their portrayals of post-1989 China, against the tragic background of the Tiananmen crackdown, habitually resorted to two genres of irony – situational irony and verbal irony – to express their disdain for an emerging moral vacuum in contemporary China. The injection of irony, in the form of objectivity, distances journalists from the ‘tainted’ targets they cover and hence protects their own professional reputation.
Mass Communication and Society, 2001
... Page 12. Beijing and Shanghai—all with official acquiescence. As a result, PRC reporters repo... more ... Page 12. Beijing and Shanghai—all with official acquiescence. As a result, PRC reporters reporting from Hong Kong outnumbered the official figure. Most of these unoffi-cial reporters did not register with the Hong Kong Government ...
Making Journalists, 2006
The separated instrument inside the root canal system leads to metallic obstruction, in the root ... more The separated instrument inside the root canal system leads to metallic obstruction, in the root canal and blocks thorough cleaning and shaping procedure. When attempts of bypassing such a fragment go in vain, it should be retrieved. Masserann Kit is one such device for orthograde removal of intra canal metallic obstructions. This clinical case demonstrates usage of Masserann technique in successful retrieval of a separated file which was tightly binding in the middle and apical 3 rd root canal dentin of maxillary left central incisor.
Chinese Media, Global Contexts (Ch. 1), 2003
... world) have become less rather than more globalized, while another three billion (including C... more ... world) have become less rather than more globalized, while another three billion (including China, Argentina, Brazil, India, and the ... Media conglomerates have been globalized, helped undoubtedly by the metropolitan countries' efforts to promote economic deregulation and the ...
International "International Communication", 2015
Critical reflections on international communication research. Introductory chapter to Internation... more Critical reflections on international communication research. Introductory chapter to Internationalizing International Communication. Origin and paradigm shift; hegemony; a new point of departure; revisiting cultural imperialism.
Journalism, 2017
This study applies a most similar systems design to examine ‘anniversary journalism’ of two epic ... more This study applies a most similar systems design to examine ‘anniversary journalism’ of two epic global events in the year 1989 – the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Tiananmen crackdown – as reported by the elite press in the United States and Britain from 1990 to 2014, through the combined methods of computerized network-based text analysis and critical historical discourse analysis. Findings suggest that the elite press in both countries continued to view these two events through the lenses of the lingering anti-Communist ideology in the post–Cold War era and shared an increasingly converged cosmopolitan vocabulary primarily in terms of the universal rights of global citizens. Most commemorative anniversary coverage drew on the memory of correspondents who had covered the events. We argue that both US and British representations have become central political-cultural icons facilitating the emergence of a memory transcending national boundaries. Meanwhile, results indicate that eli...
Chinese Journal of Communication, 2014
ABSTRACT As China is increasingly integrated into the processes of economic, political, social, a... more ABSTRACT As China is increasingly integrated into the processes of economic, political, social, and cultural globalization, important questions arise about how Chinese people perceive and evaluate such processes. At the same time, international communication scholars have long been interested in how local, national, and transnational media communications shape people’s attitudes and values. Combining these two concerns, this book examines a range of questions pertinent to public opinion toward globalization in urban China: To what degree are the urban residents in China exposed to the influences from the outside world? How many transnational social connections does a typical urban Chinese citizen have? How often do they consume foreign media? To what extent are they aware of the notion of globalization, and what do they think about it? Do they believe that globalization is beneficial to China, to the city where they live, and to them personally? How do people’s social connections and communication activities shape their views toward globalization and the outside world? This book tackles these and other questions systematically by analyzing a four-city comparative survey of urban Chinese residents, demonstrating the complexities of public opinion in China. Media consumption does relate, though by no means straightforwardly, to people’s attitudes and beliefs, and this book provides much needed information and insights about Chinese public opinion on globalization. It also develops fresh conceptual and empirical insights on issues such as public opinion toward US-China relations, Chinese people’s nationalistic sentiments, and approaches to analyze attitudes toward globalization.
Media, Culture & Society, 2017
We argue that the concept ‘media events’ has renewed the relevance of many existing studies, shar... more We argue that the concept ‘media events’ has renewed the relevance of many existing studies, sharpened the significance of other studies, and inspired a stream of research. We then review our work on media events in relation to the grand narratives of national interest and collective memory. To reinvigorate the conceptual viability of ‘media events’, we put forward four questions for consideration in the larger theoretical, technological, and globalized contexts.
International Communication Gazette, 2016
Mainstream U.S. media studies has been marked by an involuntary process toward greater self-absor... more Mainstream U.S. media studies has been marked by an involuntary process toward greater self-absorption and internal development, hence privileging methodologically elaborate study of neatly delineated problems over conceptual or theoretical innovation. Communication research is increasingly divorced from the larger contexts of the humanities and social sciences. It may also risk being criticized for operating in historical and global vacuum. The solution is to return to what C. Wright Mills describes as the classic tradition of ‘intellectual craftsmanship’ that encourages the production of sociological imagination.
Uploads
Papers (English) by Chin-Chuan Lee
past two decades presented discourses of anniversary journalism to commemorate the
Tiananmen Square crackdown and the fall of the Berlin Wall, both of which occurred
in 1989 and had global implications. These two events ideologically signified the failure of Communism and the victory of the West. However, they posed different challenges to the U.S.-orchestrated “new world order.” Insofar as the Tiananmen crackdown was remembered as an “unfinished revolution” and fell within the “sphere of legitimated controversy,” the elite U.S. press had greater leeway in presenting the views of elite factions, albeit all within the orbit of “established pluralism.” In contrast, since European integration after the fall of the Berlin Wall was an issue of broad elite consensus, the press constructed its perspectives more closely aligned with those of official foreign policy. Anniversary journalism connects personal reminiscences of distinguished journalists to the dominant narratives. The ideological structure of the elite U.S. press has been highly stable, even though the narratives may appear to shift periodically. The legacy of the anti-Communist frame remains an important constituent of the elite U.S. press’s prisms for viewing and interpreting the post-Communist world.
methodology, with its bent for subsuming cultural specificity to abstract
generality, has reinforced the Western-cum-universal epistemology and
practices. By way of making my point, I shall take the liberty of drawing
on my own intellectual biography to reflect on what I consider to be
the pitfalls of the once dominant paradigm of international communication
in the United States. Seeing this methodological flaw as deriving in
part from cultural vacuousness, I shall plead that we give the Weberian-phenomenological methodology its due attention, and take cultural meaning
more seriously instead of treating it as an antecedent, a consequence, or
a residual category of sociological or psychological variables
social context in which the Protestant missionary press in China changed its primary
orientation from gospel to news. Furthermore, by focusing on the case of the Globe
Magazine, we argue that the missionary press provided an important foundation for
the rise of the indigenous Chinese press at the end of the 19th century. Protestant
missionaries in China invented certain journalistic practices and secularized their
publications to appeal to Chinese readers. These innovations were not necessarily
in line with mainstream western journalism, but they inspired Chinese editors who
later came to model themselves after the language, content and format of the
missionary press. The Chinese elite press was receptive to the missionary press model
partly because both shared the goal of enlightenment and held business profi t in
contempt.
past two decades presented discourses of anniversary journalism to commemorate the
Tiananmen Square crackdown and the fall of the Berlin Wall, both of which occurred
in 1989 and had global implications. These two events ideologically signified the failure of Communism and the victory of the West. However, they posed different challenges to the U.S.-orchestrated “new world order.” Insofar as the Tiananmen crackdown was remembered as an “unfinished revolution” and fell within the “sphere of legitimated controversy,” the elite U.S. press had greater leeway in presenting the views of elite factions, albeit all within the orbit of “established pluralism.” In contrast, since European integration after the fall of the Berlin Wall was an issue of broad elite consensus, the press constructed its perspectives more closely aligned with those of official foreign policy. Anniversary journalism connects personal reminiscences of distinguished journalists to the dominant narratives. The ideological structure of the elite U.S. press has been highly stable, even though the narratives may appear to shift periodically. The legacy of the anti-Communist frame remains an important constituent of the elite U.S. press’s prisms for viewing and interpreting the post-Communist world.
methodology, with its bent for subsuming cultural specificity to abstract
generality, has reinforced the Western-cum-universal epistemology and
practices. By way of making my point, I shall take the liberty of drawing
on my own intellectual biography to reflect on what I consider to be
the pitfalls of the once dominant paradigm of international communication
in the United States. Seeing this methodological flaw as deriving in
part from cultural vacuousness, I shall plead that we give the Weberian-phenomenological methodology its due attention, and take cultural meaning
more seriously instead of treating it as an antecedent, a consequence, or
a residual category of sociological or psychological variables
social context in which the Protestant missionary press in China changed its primary
orientation from gospel to news. Furthermore, by focusing on the case of the Globe
Magazine, we argue that the missionary press provided an important foundation for
the rise of the indigenous Chinese press at the end of the 19th century. Protestant
missionaries in China invented certain journalistic practices and secularized their
publications to appeal to Chinese readers. These innovations were not necessarily
in line with mainstream western journalism, but they inspired Chinese editors who
later came to model themselves after the language, content and format of the
missionary press. The Chinese elite press was receptive to the missionary press model
partly because both shared the goal of enlightenment and held business profi t in
contempt.
活的敏銳性與歷史觀照，亦將缺乏境界，無法高瞻遠矚——而聯經所出版這
部長達622 頁的鉅著《傳播縱橫》，便是一部有著人生境界、國際視野、以及歷史宏觀的登高望遠之作。看作者把個人讀書的樂趣和治學的心得，用旁徵博引、深入淺出的文字娓娓道來，真教人讀得酣暢淋漓！學術著作能讓讀者在咀嚼箇中知識之餘，還深切感受到求知的恣意歡快，乃至對個人生命經驗低吟反覆的，毋寧鳳毛麟角，由此可見作者功力之深厚了。
中國人講「知人論世」，對於在 傳播學界縱橫馳騁了四十年的李金銓教授來說，若讀不懂他這個人，而去讀他的書，很可能「不識廬山真面目，只緣身在此山中」。 研究李老師的經歷，才能瞭解，為什麼李老師會這樣做研究和做這樣的研究。這種「通」，實際上貫穿了李老師的為人和為文，他終生都在致力於打通某些區隔，接通看似散亂的研究物件，用「上下左右」、「縱橫交錯」的視野做研究。
考察李老師的生命史，他是一個一直「在路上」的行者，有跨文化、跨地域的全球化視野，而他的學術旨趣，也不同於專門從事傳播研究的學者，既旁及社會學、政治學等學科，又有後來的文史積累，所以他會反對傳播研究的「內眷化」。他的跨界跨的很徹底，很讓人服氣。
中。更难得的是，对国际传播、历史钩沉，作者驾轻就熟，哪怕是讲极为复杂的现象学，作者也绝不板起面孔，而是在晓畅通达的表述与对话中，将自己的观点和盘托出。放在整个社会科学研究领域，此书不断“跨界”“搭桥”，成为超越学科界限之佳作。
Communication” (University of Michigan Press, 2014)中文版於今年(2022)年初由聯經出版社發行，當屬李教授繼《傳播縱橫：歷史脈絡與全球視野》(2019)後，另一本經典書。《「國際傳播」國際化》專注探究國際傳播學術研究半個多世紀，為何其「邊緣」的位置與所謂一般以為的「國際」好像並不相稱，究竟怎麼回事？
播與社會學領域共14 位明星學者的論文，英文原著緣起於李教授任職
香港城市大學講座教授期間所發起的「南北對話」，由美國密西根大學
出版。中文版誕生於李金銓教授自眾國外名校榮退後，回歸知識出發之地——母校政大傳院擔任「玉山學者」期間出版，意義深遠。因為這部書從國際強權秩序、傳播與文化帝國主義、學術霸權與典範轉移，甚至隱含學門間的競合，勾勒傳播思路變化，可能也屬於李教授本人的學思傳記（intellectual biography）。
國際政治觀察思考者，我認爲李金銓教授的《新聞自由的幽靈》The
Specter of Press Freedom 是一本及時的巨著。在邁入2020 年代的世界
中，如何高度評價這本書的意義都恰如其分。
cal, social, and cultural globalization, important questions arise about how
Chinese people perceive and evaluate such processes. At the same time, inter-
national communication scholars have long been interested in how local,
national, and transnational media communications shape people’s attitudes
and values. Combining these two concerns, this book examines a range of
questions pertinent to public opinion toward globalization in urban China:
To what degree are the urban residents in China exposed to the influences
from the outside world? How many transnational social connections does
a typical urban Chinese citizen have? How often do they consume foreign
media? To what extent are they aware of the notion of globalization, and
what do they think about it? Do they believe that globalization is benefi-
cial to China, to the city where they live, and to them personally? How do
people’s social connections and communication activities shape their views
toward globalization and the outside world? This book tackles these and
other questions systematically by analyzing a four-city comparative survey
of urban Chinese residents, demonstrating the complexities of public opinion
in China. Media consumption does relate, though by no means straightfor-
wardly, to people’s attitudes and beliefs, and this book provides much needed
information and insights about Chinese public opinion on globalization. It
also develops fresh conceptual and empirical insights on issues such as pub-
lic opinion toward US-China relations, Chinese people’s nationalistic senti-
ments, and approaches to analyze attitudes toward globalization.
----美國加州大學聖地亞哥分校教授Dan Hallin推薦。
打破傳播媒介帝國殖民的霸權，跨越東西文化，在尊重的基礎上尋求求同存異的溝通。
本書強調社會分析的辯證性、複雜性與條件性，旨在聯繫個人關懷到公共議題。第一部分為國際傳播，試圖連接在地經驗與全球視野，第二部分為新聞與歷史的聯繫。第三部分是治學經驗拾綴。