China

The paper attempts to outline the urban visions and architectural ideas and vocabulary behind the formation of the large urban conglomeration in Japan, South Korea and China, and how the seeds of Western planning theories and architectural design practice have helped shaping and building the contemporary cites along the vast regions of Asia Pacific Region, and frame a local language in envisioning the city of the future.
Reflecting on the contributions from East Asia to the discourse of planning and design a city for the future as promoted by single actors, larger cultural movements and national elites fostering economic ambitions and political agendas of autocratic forces (e.g. from the experimental cities by the Metabolists in Japan, to the more “pragmatic” urban development projects fostered by local and national governments in South Korea and China), the paper tries to explain the key socio-economic factors and engines which have dramatically and radically transformed the skylines of the most dynamic and growing influential area of the world at the dawn of 21st century; it also aims at describe the origins of the various forms and elements of the modern built environments which have been shaped and molded by these same forces, and how/whether these urban forms embodies a true genuine East Asian vision of the city of the future, and what is the current trend in terms of new urban forms and architectural design research at the beginning of 21st century.

Objective: This study examines the associations between social networks and vision-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among Chinese older adults. Method: Urban older adults with visual problems (N = 167) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to assess self-reported visual functioning, general health, social networks, and vision-specific HRQOL. Objective visual function was clinically measured by ophthalmologists in terms of distance visual acuity. Results: Findings indicate that agerelated vision loss is significantly associated with older adults' social networks. Multiple regression analyses show that social networks are mildly related to vision-specific HRQOL even after controlling for other variables, and that friendship network was a significant predictor, independent of family network, of vision-specific HRQOL. Discussion: Previous studies have emphasized the importance of family network, whereas this study finds that friendship network correlates more strongly with HRQOL measures among Chinese visually impaired older adults. This suggests a need to expand intervention beyond the family system.

The opportunities to grow the ‘organic pie’ are substantial for both China and Australia. However the challenges and the opportunities are far from identical, although the goals of growing the production area, increasing the market awareness, fostering consumer confidence in certification and labeling, broadening the product offering and availability, and increasing sales are shared issues. Some of the aspects of organics opportunity and challenge are examined in this book chapter. Comparative statistics between Australia and China are presented in Table 3.1.

This book provides, for the first time, a visual documentation of the wave of 'starchitect' designed museums under construction in certain Arabian Peninsula states, in China, and emerging economies, such as Azerbaijan and India. It offers a sustained architectural critique of the style of these new museums and suggests they represent a new dynamic in the production of cultural spaces. Karen Exell argues projects and finished buildings by the likes of Jean Nouvel, Frank Gehry and Norman Foster+Associates are less connected to regional cultural production than to globalized capitalist modernity, and contrasts this globalised aesthetic with the architecture of smaller museums that responds to more traditional regional materials and construction methods. These projects are less well known, but no less striking in their thoughtful and richly contextualised architectural approach, and reveal a nuanced interpretation of the role and function of contemporary museums. For anyone seeking to understand the profusion of grand architectural projects within the cultural sector of emerging economies, The Global Spectacular provides invaluable insight into the varying socio-economic contexts driving their development and poses vital questions about their likely impact.

This essay focuses on the salient place given to staging both the modern regime of translation and the institution of literature alongside a dramatization of anthropological difference in Liu Cixin's acclaimed science fiction trilogy, Remembrance of Earth's Past (also known as The Three Body Problem). These are concerns that are, I would argue, not only historically central to twentieth-century Chinese literature, but also place twentieth-century Chinese literature squarely at the crux of some of the most fundamental questions about aesthetic modernity. These questions revolve around the way in which the type or the figure plays a crucial role in the construction of the nation-state. As quintessentially modern social institutions, both the regime of translation and the institution of literature converge around aesthetic ideology, in which the figure and the type play a paramount role. This is not just any figure, but rather the figure of the human, configured through the logical economy of genus, species, and individual. As a kind of abstraction that is intimately woven into the fabric of everyday life (or what Marx calls a "real abstraction"), this "logical economy" is most evident in that experience of identity peculiar to modernity: being an individual who belongs to a national community within that community's membership in a larger, single species among other species. Together, these two institutions form an inherently comparative biopolitical infrastructure that I call the apparatus of area and anthropological difference.

In order to accept this Student Recruiter agreement with the College of Mental Health Counselling, you must believe in and agree with the value of learning about counselling through the online course described at www.ctihalifax.com, and you must act in good faith accepting that the College will remunerate you as per the terms of this agreement in #5 below. Because a Student Recruiter must communicate the following, therefore completing the below steps is considered a Skill Test in order to qualify. When the College receives full tuition from your first referral, you will be considered a Student Recruiter.

This article gives a broad characterization of China’s political economy, as well as specific aspects of its socio-economic instabilities. With a focus on China’s export-oriented industry sectors, concepts from comparative and international political economy are applied to show how the Chinese economy can be understood as a variegated form of state- permeated capitalism that at the same time is deeply integrated into world economic processes. The article goes on to portray the socio-eco- nomic dynamics, as well as the instabilities of China’s new capitalism, that are at the root of the state leadership’s attempts to turn away from a one-sided model of export and investment-driven growth. Thereby, a number of obstacles are revealed for the “rebalancing” of the economy: a continued dependence on exports, a lack of domestic consumer de- mand which impedes a significant “social” upgrading, the ongoing low- wage model for which there is no end in sight, the limits of the state’s steering capacity and the weaknesses of its fragmented, competition- driven structure.

The novel coronavirus — which, after originating in China, has gone on to wreak havoc around the planet partly because of Beijing’s failure to promptly share all the information it had about the initial outbreak — is changing the way the world looks at China.

Beijing has been accused of shirking its obligations to the World Health Organization. It hasn’t helped its case lately by pushing internationally what Chinese patriots have applauded online as “wolf warrior diplomacy” : a campaign of strident propaganda, trying to shift the blame and threatening to restrict exports of critical medical supplies.

The debate that has been unleashed over the effectiveness and truthfulness of China’s local, regional and national response to the virus has been an eye opener for many

Considering the African presence in China from an ethnographic and cultural studies perspective, this book offers a new way to theorise contemporary and future forms of transnational mobilities while expanding our understandings around the transformations happening in both China and Africa. The book develops an original argument and new theoretical insights about the significance of the African presence in Guangzhou, and presents an invaluable case study for understanding particular modes of transnational mobility. More broadly, it challenges forms of (re)presenting and producing knowledge about subjects on the move; and it transforms existing theorisations and critical understandings of mobility and its shaping power. Through an ethnographic approach, the volume brings us closer to a number of practices, features and objects that, while characterising the lives of Africans in Guangzhou, are also evidence of the interplay between individual aspirations, and the structural constraints embedded in contemporary regimes of transnational mobility. Raising critical questions about ways of (un)belonging in the precarious settings of neoliberal modernity and the future of African mobilities, this book will be of interest to scholars of transnational, African and Chinese Studies.

Large-scale use and acceptance of homeopathy in Cuba, Latin America, and India raises questions about the relevance of campaigns mounted against homeopathy in the United Kingdom, Australia, and other nations of the developed world, especially as the developing economies of Asia and Latin America are set to outstrip those of the developed world.

FOR LIJIANG OLD TOWN 丽江古城, 1 June 2016 was not a happy day. More than 800 hostels, guesthouses, and shops refused to open their doors. They had made a collective decision to protest against the local government’s insistence that they collect an eighty-yuan ‘conservation fee’ 维护费 from foreign and domestic tourists. The shop owners, mainly migrants from other parts of China, complained that the seemingly arbitrary nature of the request was hurting business. The three-day protest resulted in a dramatic decrease in tourist numbers —transforming this popular vacation spot into a ghost town.Places like Lijiang easily become stereotyped ‘theme parks’ in which local communities play a marginal role, entangled in the battle between local bureaucracies and business. It is in this struggle that old towns lose the very core of their cultural value.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo examinar a produção historiográfica portuguesa sobre Macau em particular e a China em geral, no período coincidente com a derradeira década da monarquia, os anos da Primeira República e a maior parte da existência do Estado Novo (sem esquecer a ditadura militar que o antecedeu). Como limite final, aproximado, escolheu-se o ano de 1960, correspondente, como é sabido, às comemorações com que o regime da época assinalou o quinto centenário da morte do infante D. Henrique ─ cujas repercussões na área de conhecimento estudada foram conspícuas ─, pouco anterior ao início das guerras coloniais, que não deixaram de condicionar significativamente os estudos históricos ultramarinos. As divisões cronológicas correspondentes aos diversos períodos da evolução da vida política nacional poderiam, porventura, determinar a estrutura de uma síntese sobre a temática alvo da minha atenção. De facto, não seria necessário demasiado engenho para detetar e assinalar correspondências entre as ideias preponderantes em cada um dos regimes aludidos e o pensamento expresso em certos livros e artigos que foram dedicados ao passado da presença portuguesa na Ásia. Todavia, a esta constatação sobrepõe-se, quando examinada com 2 relativo pormenor a produção historiográfica em causa, a conclusão de que os traços de continuidade acabam por ser mais determinantes das suas características fundamentais do que os indícios de evolução. A verdade é que, independentemente do regime dominante em cada contexto, tendeu a prevalecer um certo consenso nos meios intelectuais que se debruçaram sobre o passado colonial português acerca da necessidade de sublinhar o carácter glorioso e civilizador da expansão e dos contactos realizados nos séculos precedentes. Tratava-se, aliás, afinal, de uma manifestação particular de uma tendência mais generalizada na sociedade portuguesa, mesmo entre as forças oposicionistas a cada situação política, ao menos aquelas que tiveram possibilidade de se pronunciar historiograficamente. Acima dos particularismos económicos e políticos, afirmava-se o interesse comum de manter as colónias e reforçar a presença dos portugueses dentro das suas fronteiras ultramarinas. De acordo com esta perspetiva, competia aos historiadores a elaboração de um discurso empenhado em legitimar o prosseguimento da política colonial. Monárquicos, republicanos e salazaristas partilharam, no essencial, a perspetiva colonialista cujos reflexos óbvios se encontram abundantemente documentados nas obras de cunho historiográfico. 1 1 Não teve consequências significativas o esboço de oposição ao colonialismo português de que encontramos indícios 3 Sem ter procedido a uma análise minuciosa que permitiria extrair conclusões mais rigorosas e seguras, parece evidente que, na historiografia portuguesa contemporânea, o estudo da ação ultramarina tendeu a revestir-se de um carácter mais consensual, nas suas conclusões relevantes, do que a pesquisa relativa à evolução verificada no retângulo europeu. É certo que, mercê da grande proporção que a historiografia colonial representa no conjunto das obras consagradas ao conhecimento do passado dos portugueses, poderão sobressair as divergências de pormenor na determinação, por exemplo, dos factos relacionados com os descobrimentos. Aliás, num domínio que, como este, foi privilegiado nos esforços da erudição nacional, não poderiam deixar de avultar particularmente as divergências no tocante a eventos em relação aos quais as crónicas e documentos da época se revelam, com muita frequência, durante a Primeira República, designadamente em certos meios ligados ao movimento operário. Esta resistência interna aos interesses coloniais foi estudada por José Castro e José Luís Garcia, "A Batalha e a questão colonial", in Ler História. Revista Quadrimestral, dirigida por Miriam Halpern Pereira, N.º 27-28, 1995, Lisboa, Fim de Século, pp.125-146. Só muito mais tarde, num contexto mundial que conhecera profundos desenvolvimentos, a oposição política portuguesa ligada à tradição liberal e republicana, carecida de apoios internacionais, seria levada a aceitar amplamente as teses independentistas. 4 contraditórios. Todavia, cumpre reafirmá-lo, mais digna de destaque é a propensão generalizada para proceder à glorificação, por vezes mitificadora, da ação colonizadora e missionária portuguesa e para enfatizar a heroicidade, o saber e a abnegação dos pioneiros desse processo. À continuidade e permanência de interesses partilhados por amplos setores da sociedade portuguesa em relação às colónias juntou-se o carácter limitado das transformações ocorridas na historiografia portuguesa durante todo este período. É certo que, já antes de 1960, podemos encontrar as primeiras manifestações de uma renovação das perspetivas de investigação que beneficiaram com as aquisições científicas que se foram verificando nos principais centros de que irradiaram as inovações. Bastará lembrar os nomes de um Jaime Cortesão, de um Luís de Albuquerque ou de um Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, autores de obras de mérito geralmente reconhecido. O certo, porém, é que, se a sua repercussão foi (e permanece), indiscutível, em termos estatísticos o que avulta amplamente são os trabalhos produzidos de acordo com perspetivas antiquadas, quando não arcaicas, que evidenciam um escasso conhecimento das novas formas de conceber e redigir a história. Tal é a tendência preponderante das obras dadas à estampa no período considerado. Assim se compreende, por exemplo, a larga percentagem dos títulos de índole biográfica concebidos com o objetivo de exaltar determinadas figuras de santos 5 e sábios, mas principalmente de heróis, apresentados às novas gerações como exemplos a seguir. Por outro lado, verifica-se ser grande a proporção dos estudos relativos a episódios e temas cujo contributo para a compreensão das características essenciais da colonização portuguesa é bastante diminuto. Retórica excessivamente generalizadora e abuso de minuciosidade erudita foram, com demasiada frequência, os dois polos em que se fixou a escrita da história no período considerado. Iremos encontrar tais características nas obras sobre Macau e a China produzidas em Portugal nas seis primeiras décadas do século XX, como as poderíamos detetar, seguramente, se nos debruçássemos sobre os estudos consagrados a outras regiões. Mais do que insistir nas (em muitos casos óbvias) limitações dessa produção historiográfica interessará, contudo, pôr em evidência as suas temáticas e as ideias expendidas por cada um dos autores.

Sánchez, S (2020). Soft Power Chino y Diplomacia Pública: Un análisis de comunicación política hacia América del Sur. En: Caldevilla, D. (Edit). Unidos por la Comunicación: Libro de Actas del Congreso Internacional Latina de Comunicación Social 2020. Madrid: Editorial Historia de los Sistemas Informativos.
https://congresolatina.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/LIBRO-DE-ACTAS-CON-COMITE.pdf
ISBN: 978-84-09-25842-0

"The increasing sensibility regarding intangible cultural heritage provides momentum to better define a legal framework for the protection of these peculiar immaterial goods. This article questions whether the current intellectual property rights (IPRs) regime represents an adequate model of protection vis-à-vis intangible cultural heritage. A plethora of caveats must be taken into consideration, starting with the desirability of the commodification of intangible cultural heritage, i.e. its exploitation and commercialization through the IPRs regime, but also including the outlining of the legal instruments needed for guaranteeing adequate advantages for the countries and communities representing the sources of origin of the intangible goods. 
After framing the crucial issues detected in literature regarding intangible cultural heritage, the article investigates the ways in which the actual IPRs regime grants protection to intangible goods. Our evaluation supports the idea that, without a many-faceted remodeling, current intellectual property laws represent an unsatisfactory mechanism for protecting intangible cultural heritage. This inadequacy is rooted in the inefficacy of IPRs under the patent and copyright regimes in ensuring the protection of cultural heritage, while also falling short of fostering an appropriate comprehensive social policy."

The solar photovoltaics (PV) industry would not exist without government policies. Governments around the world have implemented  policies to support consumption  of solar energy and production of solar PV products. These policies have  varied  across countries  and  across time, thus contributing  to
regulatory uncertainty. This  article addresses two related questions. First, how does regulatory  uncertainty  in the solar PV industry shape  firms’ market and non-market strategies? Second, how might firms’ responses to this public-policy environment affect technolog- ical development and the locus of manufacturing? Government policies on solar PV, and firms’ strategies to over-come regulatory uncertainty, may have unintended consequences. Firms’ decisions on location and
technology development  may result in loss of employment  and national competitiveness for developed countries; and firms’ market strategies may increase regulatory uncertainty if they do
not involve non-market stakeholders. (Keywords: Government  and Business, Energy Policy, Public Policy, Green Manufacturing, Regulation, Corporate Strategy)

In Building Globalization, Xuefei Ren proposes a very original and inspiring approach to the urban fabric at work in China: she explores the way urbanization and globalization closely intertwine in the cities of Beijing and Shanghai through the lens of architectural design. However this book is not about architecture per se, but rather an in-depth analysis of networks and actors involved in architectural production, and a reflection on the social, cultural, institutional and economic implications of the recent transformations of the urban space. The author, by mobilizing a large array of theoretical notions developed by S. Sassen, P. J. Taylor, D. McNeill, and mixing methods such as network analysis but also ethnographic observations, truly manages to go beyond the usual findings of global city literature. Thanks to a very narrow focus on iconic architecture, she finely analyzes the shifts in power relations and the rise of new players, allowed by globalization and the opening of Chinese economy.

E-books, print on demand, online sales sites, the boom in mobile phones… new technologies are profoundly transforming the way texts circulate. Developing countries, however, which face serious limitations in infrastructure, have a considerable challenge ahead of them.

What new actors are emerging in the countries of the South, outside of the powerful platforms already existing in the US, Europe and Japan? Is it conceivable that there may be an autonomous evolution of digital publications in developing countries, entirely independent of the richest nations? What support policies could be implemented to promote the growth of this new industry and accompany traditional actors in the process of adapting to the changes involved?

The digital experiences undertaken in the South suggest that new technologies represent a great opportunity for developing countries – particularly in terms of diffusion –, but on the condition that local entrepreneurs seek out original models adapted to the concrete needs of their communities.

From a close analysis of the idea of baptism in Pauline literature, one can identify the following conclusions: Paul nowhere identifies baptism in water as a work of merit that cannot save. Paul abundantly describes burial in water as best fulfilling his own description of baptism in Romans 6:4 and in Colossians 2:12. Paul describes baptism as a personal death of the one who is baptized, being "crucified with Him." This is similar to Peter's description of baptism as salvific and simultaneously, a pledge or promise to give up sin in ! Peter 3:21, as if it's a contract or agreement in which one agrees to give up sin while God in Christ forgives our past sins that He bore in his body on the cross in I Peter 2:24. Paul describes baptism as being buried and rising and being made alive with Christ. Hence, one is forgiven of past sins, circumcised not made with hands, include both male and female, performed by divine arrangement, and the Spirit is given as a gift, at that moment. Baptism is a personal conscious choice by the one baptized to enter a relationship with or being united with Christ. One is baptized into Christ and his death and in that moment one is forgiven, receives the Spirit as a gift, and is raised with Christ and made alive. So Paul who champions grace, nowhere describes baptism in water as a good work to be eschewed, relegated to a work of personal human merit. Let each party bring forth its prooftexts, and we shall conclude that there is no systematic or consistent theology in the Bible. Some think the Mashiach was to be a political or military leader but how does this view fit with the gentle, humble Yeshua who dies and is made aiive? Is there consistency in sacred scripture?

The financial industry has witnessed the so-called “fintech revolution” in recent years. Due to the emergence of information technologies such as cloud computing, big data, blockchain and artificial intelligence, the landscape of the traditional financial industry has been largely transformed. The interplay between finance and technology has resulted in various new forms of financial services and products, like online P2P lending, digital-based banking, insurtech, bitcoin as well as the burgeoning mobile payment sector. Alipay, the mobile payment service arm of the Ant Financial Services Group (hereafter referred to as Ant Financial), is a perfect example to illustrate the ongoing fintech revolution and how it is disrupting the conventional retail banking model and payment industry. This article aims to introduce and analyse the world’s largest mobile payment system as well as some of the regulatory challenges it poses. It attempts to offer some guidance for legal practitioners in banking and finance, in particular, the multi-billion dollar fintech sector.

Key points:
- Backed by the e-commerce giant Alibaba, Alipay has become the world’s largest mobile payment system. Together with Wechat Pay, they dominate China’s $5.7trn mobile payment sector. Alipay has a presence in over 70 countries including the UK, US, Japan, South Korea and Australia.
- Due to the popularisation of mobile payment facilities, many Chinese cities have become a cashless (and cardless) society, as 40% of Chinese people carry almost no cash when going out.
- Alipay relies on the Quick Response code (or QR code) technology, in contrast to the Near Field Communication (NFC) adopted by competitors like Apple Pay.
- Mobile payments and fintech have provoked debate as to legal and regulatory issues such as the regulatory approval regime, data protection, fund security and fintech financing. Most recently, China has set up a unified clearing house for all mobile payment service providers to strengthen the industry supervision.

The reign of Qin Shi Huang [259-210 BCE] is one of the most discussed in all of Chinese history.  Tales of this emperor’s brutal first unification of China have been referenced by every major historian in Chinese history.  Over time, appraisals of Qin Shi Huang became a way that Chinese intellectuals could discuss contemporary politics under the ever present eye of the censor.  However, the Cultural Revolution of Mao Zedong [1893-1976 CE] sent that lively historiography into an unprecedented ideological frenzy.  Every major figure, event, and system of the Qin era was politicized and analogized to their contemporaneous counterparts.  Above all, the central analogy of Mao Zedong to Qin Shi Huang necessitated an unyielding defense of the Qin.  The way the ideological historians of this period dealt with this long-passed era sheds dramatic light on the elite politics, the fractional infighting and the debates of the People’s Republic of China in 1973.  Moreover, it also reflects the timeless and powerful relationship between China and its history.

Ever since the Russian armed forces intervened in Georgia in 2008, there has been increasing questions on whether or not the Russian bear has awoken. These questions remain largely unanswered, since analysts are still influenced by twenty years of academic consensus over the wisdom that Russia was done for on the geopolitical scene. Similarly, studies on the behavior of China at the international level still lack proper understanding of what China is doing exactly, as professed by most of the analytical accounts trying to come to grasp with Chinese foreign policies and geostrategy.

the tenets and probable development of Chinese security strategy and military strategy, and of the military organizations and operational concepts supporting such development over the next 20 years. The report shall also address United States-China engagement and cooperation on security matters during the period covered by the report, including through United States-China military-to-military contacts, and the United States strategy for such engagement and cooperation in the future." (This page left intentionally blank)

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) also recognized as One Belt and One Road (OBOR) is currently renowned external policy initiative of China for regional connectivity. It is a massive infrastructure and transportation project. The study attempts to understand this initiative in broader perspective in terms of big changes at regional and global level. This paper argues that BRI is not just a project of building roads and bridges, but it will simultaneously heighten strategic and economic capability of China. Furthermore, it argues that, China’s quest to enhance regional connectivity will be purely based on economic activities. In the meantime, Beijing will use its fiscal leverage to influence the policies of aligned countries to line up with its interests. This paper addresses three main questions: What is the significance of BRI with emphasis on its main objectives? How does this initiative help advance China’s interests? What are the expected challenges to BRI?

Throughout the past three decades of fast growth, China has undergone tremendous structural changes in its economy. There has been significant and continuing industrialization, urbanization and integration into the world economy. The financial system has also undergone major changes, with the People's Bank of China (PBOC) ending its monopoly of the banking sector and being recast as the nation's central bank in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The purpose of this paper is to examine in some detail China's changing financial system so as to assess whether it can catch up with, or even drive economic growth.

(CRIES), a non-partisan think tank and network. He has authored several books both in Spanish and English, edited more than 30 collective volumes both in English and Spanish, and published more than 200 academic articles in Spanish, English, French, German and Russian. Established in 2010, the Center for Latin American and Latino Studies (CLALS) is a campuswide initiative advancing and disseminating state-of-the-art research. The Center's faculty affiliates and partners are at the forefront of efforts to understand economic development, democratic governance, cultural diversity and change, peace and diplomacy, health, education and environmental well-being. CLALS generates high-quality, timely analysis on these and other issues in partnership with researchers and practitioners from AU and beyond. This paper is produced by CLALS as part of a project supported by the Institute for War and Peace Reporting and the U.S. Department of State to analyze China's efforts to shape perceptions of its role in Latin America and the Caribbean. The project is led by CLALS Director Eric Hershberg. For more information, please visit the project page on our website.

Hallyu, or the Korean Wave, has become a global cultural phenomenon. Its growing popularity around the world is indicative of the rise in Asian cultural power. Before entering the markets beyond East Asia, South Korean popular culture was first transmitted in China in the 1990s. Korean popular music, or K-pop, has been a key genre in Hallyu. By employing archival research and case studies, and unveiling rarely considered materials and practices, this dissertation analyzes the constant transmission of K-pop in China in the past two decades, contemporary K-pop fan practices in China, and Chinese K-pop idols’ multiple identity presentations to answer the research question—why is K-pop popular in China. I propose a periodization of K-pop in China based on the different media environment in China after K-pop’s initial entrance into the Chinese market in 1996. Thus, I looked at K-pop in China in the analog media period (1996-2004), the pre-mobile internet period (2005-2011), and the mobile internet period (2012-present). The dissertation first examines the history of K-pop in China. Secondly, the current study uses the Chinese fandom of the male idol group GOT7 as a case study to examine contemporary Chinese K-pop fan practices from the perspectives of fan consumption and fan production. Along with the categorizations of fan consumption and fan production, I postulate that fan labor has become an indispensable part in the operation of the K-pop industry, transforming it into an alternative creative industry. Lastly, I examine the multiple identity presentations of Chinese K-pop idols by looking at the case of GOT7’s Hong Kong-born Chinese member Jackson as well as the political and fandom controversies engendered by such presentations. The dissertation potentially sheds new light on Hallyu studies, Korean studies, and the studies of transnational cultural flows. It also brings new insight to fandom studies and cultural industry studies. It is my hope that the exploration of Chinese K-pop idols will also foster a rethinking of Chua Beng Huat’s (2001, 2012) Pop Culture China in cultural studies, and spark new discussions in celebrity studies.

A sequel to the groundbreaking volume Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions, the present volume examines in depth interactions between Western racial constructions of East Asians and local constructions of race and their outcomes in modern times. Focusing on China, Japan and the two Koreas, it also analyzes the close ties between race, racism and nationalism, as well as the links race has had with gender and lineage in the region. Written by some of the field's leading authorities, this insightful and engaging 23-chapter volume offers a sweeping overview and analysis of racial constructions and racism in modern and contemporary East Asia that is unsurpassed in previous scholarship.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations and Tables
Conventions
Preface

1. Introduction: The Synthesis of Foreign and Indigenous Constructions of Race in Modern East Asia and Its Actual Operation, Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel
I. Antecedents: A Detailed Examination of Early Western Racial Constructions of East Asians
II. Interactions: The Fusion of European and Asian Constructions of Race
III. Nationalism: Interactions between Race and Ethnic Nationalism in East Asia
IV. Gender and Lineage: The Impact of Domestic and Foreign Racial Constructions

PART I: ANTECEDENTS
2. East Asians in the Linnaean Taxonomy: Sources and Implications of a Racial Image, Rotem Kowner and Christina Skott
The Linnaean Revolution and View of Humankind
Sources of Linnaeus’ Racial Perspective on East Asians
The Essence of Asia: Swedish Views of China
Swedish Reports and Linnaeus’ Revision of His Human Taxonomy
Linnaeus’ Legacy and the Unfolding Racial View of East Asians
3. Constructing Racial Theories on East Asians as a Transnational “Western” Enterprise, 1750-1850, Walter Demel
The Founding Fathers of Racial Theories: Linnaeus, Buffon, Kant and Camper
The Second Generation: Multiple Directions
4. The ‘Races’ of East Asia in Nineteenth-Century European Encyclopaedias, Georg Lehner
Classifying the Peoples of Asia
The Encyclopedias' Main Sources for Remarks on the “Races” of East Asia
Chinese, Japanese and Koreans: Descriptions of East Asian peoples
Stereotypes of East Asians in General Knowledge
Visual Representations of Race in Works of General Knowledge
Concluding Remarks
5. The Racial Image of the Japanese in the Western Press Published in Japan, 1861-1881, Olavi K. Fält
Background
The Oldest People on Earth
The Shining Japanese Race
Weak and Inferior Race
Praising the Endeavors of a Poor Race
Conclusion

PART II: INTERACTIONS
6. The Propagation of Racial Thought in Nineteenth-Century China, Daniel Barth
The Background: Imperial China and the “Other”
Stage I (1846-1851): Marques and Wei Yuan
Stage II (1851-1855): Hobson and Muirhead
Stage III (1855-1872): The Self-Strengthening Movement
Stage IV (1872-1892): John Fryer and the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine
Conclusion: Chinese Intellectuals, Social Darwinism and Race
7. Learning from the South: Japan's Racial Construction of Southern Chinese, 1895-1941, Huei-Ying Kuo
The South Seas as Japan’s Backyard, 1895-1914
Japan's Expansion into the Southern Chinese Networks, 1914-1928
Chinese Anti-Japanese Nationalism and Japanese Discourses on South Seas Chinese, 1928-1936
Southern Chinese as Non-Han Races, 1936-1941
Conclusions
8. “The Great Question of the World Today”: Britain, the Dominions, East Asian Immigration and the Threat of Race War, 1905-11, Antony Best
Immigration and “the Awakening of Asia”
The Prophets of Race War
Critics of White Solidarity
Finessing the Racial Divide
Conclusions
9. “Uplifting the Weak and Degenerated Races of East Asia”: American and Indigenous Views of Sport and Body in Early Twentieth-Century East Asia, Stefan Hübner
Sportive Citizenship Training in the Philippines
Chinese Cooperation and Acceptance of American-Style Modernization
Japanese Resistance and its Defeat by American Style Modernization
Conclusion
10. Racism under Negotiation: The Japanese Race in the Nazi-German Perspective, Gerhard Krebs
Early Nazi Views on the Japanese Racial Position
Becoming More Aryan
The Problem with the Japanese in the Nazi Worldview
Continuing Mutual Mistrust
The End
11. Discourses of Race and Racism in Modern Korea, 1890s-1945 , Vladimir Tikhonov
Race and Its Uncertainties
The Emergence of Race Theories in Modern Korea: One of the Logics of the “Civilized World”
“Race” and “Ethnic Nation” in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945
Conclusion: Race as a Path to Modernist Self-assertion?
12. The United States Arrives: Racialization and Racism in Post-1945 South Korea, Nadia Y. Kim
Contextual Background: America Marches In and Mass Mediates
The American Military, Whiteness, and Imperialist Racial Formation
American Mass Media, White Heroes, and Counter-Hegemony
Blackness and Imperialist Racial Formation
Racism and Invisibility in Korean “America”
Concluding Remarks
13. A Post-Communist Coexistence in Northeast Asia? Mutual Racial Attitudes among Russians and Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, David Lewis
Discrimination against Siberian Peoples as an Outcome of Racial Prejudice
The Origin and Legacy of Russian Attitudes to Asians
Racial Attitudes among Indigenous Siberian Peoples
The Communist Model of Racial Modus Vivendi
The Impact of Prolonged Racism on Indigenous Siberian Peoples
Marriage as an Anti-Racist Means in a Multi-Racial Society

PART III: NATIONALISM
14. Nationalism and Internationalism: Sino-American Racial Perceptions of the Korean War, Lü Xun
Descendants of the Mongolian Hordes: American Perceptions of the Chinese
The Ambitious Wolf: Chinese Perceptions of Americans
The Mirrored Self: A Nation-State in the Making
15. Gangtai Patriotic Songs and Racialized Chinese Nationalism, Yinghong Cheng
Gangtai Patriotic Songs: A “Colored” Political Genre of Pop Music
A Tacit Collaboration between the Party-State and Capitalist Cultural Producers in Hong Kong and Taiwan
The Interaction between Gangtai Patriotic Songs and Chinese Popular Nationalism
Analyses
Concluding Remarks
16. Japanese as Both a “Race” and a “Non-Race”: The Politics of Jinshu and Minzoku and the Depoliticization of Japaneseness, Yuko Kawai
The Historical Trajectories of Jinshu and Minzoku
Being a “Race” and a “Non-Race” in Present-day Japan: An Empirical Study
Conclusions and Implications
17. Ethnic Nationalism in Postwar Japan: Nihonjinron and Its Racial Facets, Rotem Kowner and Harumi Befu
Premises of Nihonjinron
Nihonjinron as a Manifestation of Japanese Nationalism
Nihonjinron and Its Concern with Origin, Blood and Racial Hierarchy
The Impact of Race-Related Tenets on Everyday Life
Functions of Ethnic Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
Concluding Remarks
18. Ethnic Nationalism and Internationalism in the North Korean Worldview, Tatiana Gabroussenko
The Soviet Discourse of the Outside World: Conditional Internationalism
The North Korean Worldview in the “Soviet Era”: Echoing the Soviet Paradigm
Mono-Ethnicity as a Special Korean Virtue: The Evolution of the North Korean World Vision under the Influence of Juche
North Korean Propaganda about Foreigners from Inclusive and Alienating Perspectives
Conclusion

PART IV: GENDER AND LINEAGE
19. In the Name of the Master: Race, Nationalism and Masculinity in Chinese Martial Arts Cinema, Kai-man Chang
From Anti-imperialist Nationalism to Cultural Nationalism
Masculinities That Matter
Conclusion
20. Sexualized Racism, Gender and Nationalism: The Case of Japan’s Sexual Enslavement of Korean “Comfort Women”, Bang-soon Yoon
Korean “Comfort Women”: Drawn in as Substitutes
The Nature of Victimization
Colonial Policies and the Mobilization of Korean Women
Treatment of Korean “Comfort Women”
Lives under Sexual Slavery
Nationalism, Gender and Sexual Violence
Conclusion
21. “The Guilt Feeling That You Exist”: War, Racism and Indisch-Japanese Identity Formation, Aya Ezawa
Power, Discourse, and “Mixed Blood”
The Indisch and the Dutch East Indies
The Indisch Community under Japanese Occupation
Indisch-Japanese Relationships
Indisch-Japanese Descendants
Conclusion
22. ‘The “Amerasian” Knot: Transpacific Crossings of “GI Babies” from Korea to the United States, W. Taejin Hwang
“An Act of Both Humanity and Patriotism”: The Amerasian Immigration Act of 1982
“Confucius’ Outcasts”: The Korean Amerasian “Plight”
Inter-country Adoption of Korean “GI Babies”
Living as a “Mixed-Blood Child” (Honhyeola) in Cold War Korea
“Half-American Also is American”: Towards Migration
Conclusion and Postscript

PART V: CONCLUSIONS
23. The Essence and Mechanisms of Race and Racism in Modern East Asia, Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel
The East Asian Contribution to the Study of Race and Racism
East Asia’s Role within the Rise of Racial Theory and the Resulting Hybridity
Sources and Manifestations of Racism
The Close Links between Racism and Nationalism
The Role of Gender and Lineage in Constructions of Race and Racism
East Asia and the Future of Race and Racism
Contributors
Bibliography
Index

This chapter interrogates how activist social media communication in authoritarian contexts is shaped through the mutual articulation of social media user practices, business models, and technological architectures, as well as through the controlling efforts of states. It specifically focuses on social media protest activity and contention in China, Tunisia, and Iran, authoritarian states which have made a large effort to control online activity. The analysis shows that instead of blocking or repressing social media activism, authoritarian states rather shape online contention. Online censorship and offline repression push users to adapt their communication by creatively misspelling words, using synonyms, symbolic language and parody, and through self-censorship. Simultaneously by using commercial platforms activists effectively lose control over their data, and over the spaces through which they communicate. This is particularly problematic in authoritarian settings, in which activist communication depends on specific technological arrangements and on the ability to keep sensitive data out of the hands of the authorities. Finally, while activist social media communication is shaped by Internet censorship and encapsulated by commercial social platforms, activists are constantly exploring new ways to evade censorship, but also to regain control over their collective data. They do so through technical means, especially filtering circumvention tools, but also by posting and translating information across different social media services, and by setting up their own platforms to curate their data.

The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific: Conflict and Cooperation in the Asian Century, 3rd Edition
©2017 Routledge: London & New York. 341pp. + x. Link: https://www.routledge.com/The-New-Global-Politics-of-the-Asia-Pacific-Conflict-and-Cooperation-in/Connors-Davison-Dosch/p/book/9781138647022

Now in its new and fully updated third edition, The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific continues to provide a compelling analysis of a region undergoing dramatic changes. Based on new research and offering fresh interpretation, this edition evaluates the prospects for continuing US dominance in the ‘Asian Century’. Whilst presenting evidence for a multifaceted ‘Beijing Strategy’, which aims to counter the US by building an alternative regional order, it also explains Japan’s definitive departure from its limited military role. Key content includes:
- Intra-regional conflicts in the South China Sea and the Korean peninsula,
- The different responses within the Asia Pacific to globalisation and western ideas of democracy and political economy,
- The underappreciated success of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in building a regional identity
- The European Union’s soft power in the region.
A highly topical account, which offers an overview of the main actors, institutions and contemporary issues in the Asia Pacific, the book will be essential reading for students of Asian Studies, International Politics, and anyone interested in the region.

Michael K. Connors teaches at the University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus and is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University. He is the co-editor of Thai Politics in Translation: Monarchy, Democracy, Constitution (forthcoming).
Remy Davison holds the Jean Monnet Chair in Politics and Economics at Monash University. He is the author of The Political Economy of Single Market Europe (2011).
Jörn Dosch is Professor of International Politics and Development Cooperation at the University of Rostock, Germany, and Adjunct Professor at Monash University Malaysia. His recent publications include Malaysia Post-Mahathir: A Decade of Change (2015).

The United States pursuing the realist prescription during the cold war helped maintain the balance of power and thus 'peace' among the competing great powers. In the post-cold war era it divorced some of realist assumptions-most importantly the prudential consideration-and pursued hegemonic policies which not only alienated its allies but also created apprehensions among other great powers about US ambitious grand designs. By pursuing such policies it has challenged not only the legitimacy of certain institutions established since Second World War (like United Nations), but also the institutions being established since Treaty of Westphalia (like state sovereignty). The study postulates that struggle for power and great power politics that had gone to the back-benches for some time during 1990s is very much alive and back in the post 9/11 era generally, and in the past decade specifically, establishing the prominence of enduring legacy of Realism.

RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical and contemporary issues. The authors’ views are their own and do not represent the official position of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced with prior permission from RSIS and due recognition to the author(s) and RSIS. Please email to Mr Yang Razali Kassim, Editor RSIS Commentary at RSISPublications@ntu.edu.sg.

This article focuses on low carbon economy and sustainable development of China. For the past 30 years, rapid economic development has heavily altered the society and environment in this country. Renewable energy contributes to promote three pillars (economy, ecology and society) of national sustainable development model. China is one of the top energy consumption countries in the world; thereby it has been highly committed to increase the use of renewable energy for the purpose of saving ecology along with supporting on sustainable development of the nation. That is the reason from the government level it has been continuously exploring energy from hydropower, wind, solar, etc. It has been promoting low carbon economy applying through various ways such as: law of renewable energy, top 1000 enterprises energy conservation action program, Golden sun and ICARE.

This publication is the fruit of a one-of-a-kind conference, which took place in Palermo, Italy, in 2012. The conference brought together veteran diplomats from Albania, China, Italy, Poland, Romania, and the United Kingdom, and paired them face-to-face with historians from around the world. For several days, participants engaged in what is known as “critical oral history.”

Methodologically, critical oral history allows for substantive dialogue between foreign policy practitioners and scholars. It allows participants to go beyond and challenge individual recollections and to fill in the blank spots in the historical record. The dialogue that took place between former officials and the scholars in Palermo was unique, making this a milestone event in the discipline.

What is perhaps most interesting about this volume is that the wealth of information and perspectives contained herewith have not been publically accessible before. This arises from the volume’s unique composition. It combines translations of formerly secret documents from ten different countries, with the rich oral history testimonies of ambassadors and diplomats from nearly as many nations. History could hardly be more international than how it is presented here.

The new data collected here is all the more valuable because the subject matter, Sino-European relations during the Cold War, is so fascinating, so timely, and so relevant. The “socialization” between China and the West in 1960s and 1970s, examined exhaustively in this volume, still weighs heavily on the international system today. Why? If the bipolar system of the 1960s and 1970s was marked by superpower détente, the parallel tentative emergence of a new order—an increasingly multipolar world—was grounded in the dialogue between middle powers: China and Europe.

As this volume demonstrates, Sino-European interaction and the resulting transformation of the Cold War order were the outcomes of Europe’s forward thinking diplomacy and Beijing’s genuine desire for independence on the international stage. De Gaulle’s vision of French grandeur inaugurated Europe’s overture to Beijing in 1960s. Later, the universalist impulses of and the emphasis on inclusiveness in Italian foreign policy found fertile ground in the ashes of the Cultural revolution. These and other shifts in the European political landscape added a normative horizon to Europe’s diplomatic contacts with Beijing and opened the door to Beijing’s return to the broader family of nations, thanks to its participation to the United Nations since the 1970s.

Presenting profound insights into the diplomatic paths that determined these historical transformations, this volume is not just useful for seasoned academics. It is also highly instructive for the new generation of diplomats. It is this generation which must appreciate how the different political cultures of Europe and China affect relations today, but it also this generation that ought to understand the shared history between Europe and China and its role in shaping the challenging times we live in.