Roel Lauwerier
Roel C.G.M. Lauwerier
Worked as a senior archaeozoologist and programme manager at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE, part of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.
Address: Smallepad 5
3811 MG Amersfoort
The Netherlands
P.O. Box 1600
3800 BP Amersfoort
The Netherlands
Worked as a senior archaeozoologist and programme manager at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE, part of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.
Address: Smallepad 5
3811 MG Amersfoort
The Netherlands
P.O. Box 1600
3800 BP Amersfoort
The Netherlands
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Papers by Roel Lauwerier
and without butchering marks, found among other refuse and as separate burials, inside and outside settlements. The subject of this paper is whether horsemeat was eaten by the various population groups (military, native, villa, inside and outside the Roman empire) and what the reason was for this custom or avoidance,
Faunal remains from the following settlements were included in the study: native farmsteads in Ewijk and Heteren, the villa in Druten, civilian settlements in Nijmegen, military forts (castella) in Nijmegen and Meinerswijk and a camp village, belonging to such a fort, in Kesteren, the mid-Roman legionary camp (castra) and the camp valige surrounding it (canabae legionis) in Nijmegen. In addition an investigation was made of animal bones found in the Gallo-Roman tempels at Elst and a fourth-century cemetery in Nijmegen.
and without butchering marks, found among other refuse and as separate burials, inside and outside settlements. The subject of this paper is whether horsemeat was eaten by the various population groups (military, native, villa, inside and outside the Roman empire) and what the reason was for this custom or avoidance,
Faunal remains from the following settlements were included in the study: native farmsteads in Ewijk and Heteren, the villa in Druten, civilian settlements in Nijmegen, military forts (castella) in Nijmegen and Meinerswijk and a camp village, belonging to such a fort, in Kesteren, the mid-Roman legionary camp (castra) and the camp valige surrounding it (canabae legionis) in Nijmegen. In addition an investigation was made of animal bones found in the Gallo-Roman tempels at Elst and a fourth-century cemetery in Nijmegen.
erfgoed van de niet onder de wet vallende vormen van sluipende
degradatie, zoals verdroging, hellingerosie, normaal agrarisch
gebruik en verspoeling. De vraag is op welke schaal deze erosieve
processen voorkomen, welke uitwerking ze hebben op het archeologisch erfgoed en wat het effect is van beheermaatregelen. Het laatste hier gepresenteerde onderzoek betreft de maatregel van overheden om ingrepen in de bodem tot een bepaald oppervlak, te kunnen vrijwaren van archeologisch onderzoek. De Groot, Koekelkoren, Lobbes en Smit laten zien hoe deze maatregel wordt toegepast en ze proberen de vraag te beantwoorden wat het effect van deze maatregel is voor het erfgoed.
- 2017b: R.C.G.M. Lauwerier, M.C. Eerden, B.J. Groenewoudt, M.A. Lascaris, E. Rensink, B.I. Smit, B.P. Speleers & J. van Doesburg (eds.) 2017: Knowledge for informed choices. Tools for more effective and efficient selection of valuable archaeology in the Netherlands, Amersfoort (Nederlandse Archeologische Rapporten 55).
The report presents the results of the 2012 excavation campaign and the following research. The very meticulous way of excavating combined with the work of several specialist has given information not only about the villa, the graveyard and the burial ritual itself, but also about the formation processes. All kinds of methods are used, for instance CT-scanning to understand the production of beads, Rontgen spectrometry to study the pigments in Roman plaster and Merovingian beads, and Raman-spectroscopy and DNA research to try to determine the origin of ivory; physical anthropological research, and study of DNA and strontium isotopes gave information about relationship and provenance of the buried people; careful study of two horse skeletons made clear that these were ritually killed by a fatal stab in the heart; et cetera.
The research was carried out by the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE) in cooperation with experts of the municipality of Maastricht, the University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, University of Leiden, and other institutes.
- 2014f: R.C.G.M. Lauwerier & J.W. de Kort (eds.): Merovingers in een villa 2. Romeinse villa en Merovingisch grafveld Borgharen-Pasestraat. Onderzoek 2012. Amersfoort (Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 222).
Keinsmerbrug was a temporarily occupied settlement, used within the timespan of 2580-2450 cal BC (special activity site). The main period of use - probably consisting of several episodes of short-term use - occurred from spring to autumn. At the site people from different households or groups gathered for special reasons like feasting, besides the hunting of fowl, fishing and/or herding cattle. Mainly one type of food was cooked: a starch-rich porridge of emmer grain, or ache and water mixed with some fat from either mammals or fish. An astonishing aspect is the huge quantity of ducks (mallard, teal/garganey and wigeon) that were caught. Estimates range from 5000 to 10,000.
- 2012f: B.I. Smit, O. Brinkkemper, J.P. Kleijne, R.C.G.M. Lauwerier & E.M. Theunissen (eds), A Kaleidoscope of Gathering at Keinsmerbrug (the Netherlands). Late Neolithic Behavioural Variability in a Dynamic Landscape, Amersfoort (Nederlandse Archeologische Rapporten 43).
this volume the new results and interpretations are presented. The analyses show that Keinsmerbrug was a temporarily occupied settlement, used occasionally or perhaps even only
seasonally within the time span of 2580-2450 cal BC. The main period of use – probably consisting of several episodes of short-term use – occurred from spring to autumn. The site
of Keinsmerbrug is interpreted as a non-residential settlement: a gathering settlement in the broadest sense of the word, for the gathering of people and resources (special activity site).
This scientific report is intended for archaeologists, as well as for other professionals and amateur enthusiasts involved in archaeology.
The Cultural Heritage Agency provides knowledge and advice to give the future a past.
- 2012d: D.C.M. Raemaekers, E. Esser, R.C.G.M. Lauwerier & J.T. Zeiler (eds), A bouquet of archaeozoological studies. Essays in honour of Wietske Prummel, Groningen: Barkhuis & University of Groningen Library (Groningen Archaeological Studies 21).
- 2012a: R.C.G.M. Lauwerier & O. Brinkkemper: Archeobotanie en archeozoölogie in Malta-onderzoek, Amersfoort (Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 205).
- 2012a: R.C.G.M. Lauwerier & O. Brinkkemper: Archeobotanie en archeozoölogie in Malta-onderzoek, Amersfoort (Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 205).
- 2011f: R.C.G.M. Lauwerier, T. de Groot, B.J.H. van Os & L. Theunissen (eds.) Vragen over Malta. Onderzoek naar de effectiviteit van de onderzoeksketen, sluipende degradatie en effecten van vrijstellingen, Amersfoort (Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 196).
The report presents the results of the 2008 and 2009 excavation campaigns and the following research.
The very meticulous way of excavating combined with the work of several specialist has given information not only about the villa, the graveyard and the burial ritual itself, but also about the formation processes. All kinds of methods are used, for instance Rontgen spectrometry to study the pigments in Roman plaster and Merovingian beads, physical anthropological research and study of DNA gave information about relationship of the buried people; study of (C14-dated) intrusive anaimals was very informative about formation processes.
The research was carried out by the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE) in cooperation with experts of the municipality of Maastricht, the University of Amsterdam, University of Leiden, and other institutes.
- 2009a: M. de Boer, E. van As, H.J.P.M. van den Besselaar, E. Beukers, O. Brinkkemper, P.W.F. Brinkman, A. Haytsma, M.C. Kosian, R.C.G.M. Lauwerier, M.W. Schnitker, H.J.T. Weerts (eds.): Erfgoedbalans 2009. Archeologie, monumenten en cultuurlandschap in Nederland. Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed.
- 2006i: P.A.M. Zoetbrood, C.A.M. van Rooijen, R.C.G.M. Lauwerier, G. van Haaff & E. van As: Uit balans. Wordingsgeschiedenis en analyse van het bestand van wettelijk beschermde archeologische monumenten, Amersfoort
A set of six horizontally perforated bone cylinders is described and discussed. The objects come from Oppidum Batavorum, the capital of the civitas Batavorum (now the town of Nijmegen, the Netherlands), where they were found in a cellar filled with rubble and many fragments of amphorae. They probably ended up in the cellar when the site was levelled after a fire during the uprising of AD 69/70. The bone cylinders are the remains of a hinge that was at least 20 cm long. The type of material used and the hinge’s fairly complex design will have been chosen for their aesthetic effect rather than functional reasons. This feat of craftsmanship will have formed part of a small chest or cabinet, enabling its lid or door to be opened and closed.
- 2013a: R.C.G.M. Lauwerier: Food as gravegifts, in: D.C. Steures, The Late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen. Stray finds and excavations 1947-1983. Amersfoort (Nederlandse Oudheden 17), 255-265.
Keinsmerbrug: a kaleidoscope of gathering
The analysis of the Keinsmerbrug site, excavated in 1986, was the first step in our research as part of the Odyssey project entitled ‘Unlocking Noord-Holland’s Late Neolithic Treasure Chest: Single Grave Culture behavioural variability in a tidal environment’. The unpublished data available suggested Keinsmerbrug was a small site lacking clear structures. The limited scale of the excavation (area approx. 300 m2, excavated in a single campaign) made this site the obvious choice as a test case for the approach to be adopted in the Single Grave Culture project. A group of specialists worked together to unlock and integrate cultural/ecological information and research data. The project team consists of 16 people tackling different subjects and working in various institutional settings (commercial agencies, universities and the Cultural Heritage Agency). The good preservation of the archaeological remains at Keinsmerbrug allowed us to gain an insight into the exploitation of animal and plant resources there. Based on the archaeozoological evidence it is clear that subsistence was based on a combination of cattle breeding, fishing and fowling. Besides cattle, some sheep or goats and young pigs were consumed. The few wild mammals present like wolf, polecat and marten were probably hunted for their furs. Fish from both saline and brackish waters was an important part of the diet. Flatfish – particularly flounder – and sturgeon were caught. By far the most astonishing aspect is the huge quantity of bird bones discovered. Different kinds of birds, especially ducks (mallard, teal/garganey and wigeon), were caught in huge numbers. Estimates of the total number of birds caught range from 5000 to 10,000. Naked barley and emmer wheat were brought to the site as cleaned or semi-cleaned grains. Besides cereals, seeds of various orache species were gathered for food. It is remarkable that no other wild plant foods such as crab apple, berries, hazelnuts and acorns were consumed. Evidence for the gathering of roots and tubers for food is also lacking. Chemical evidence has shown that grain was cooked in liquid and that starch-rich foods were mixed with a small amount of animal fat or fish oil. Meat and fish were probably prepared for consumption using fire (open or otherwise), in the form of smoking, grilling or preparation in ashpits. Similar cooking strategies and drying on racks were used to conserve the large number of ducks and fish which must have been prepared for storage and transport to other settlements. Although the number of finds is not very high the study of the material culture revealed some important results. One intriguing aspect of the ceramics is their variation. Although the ceramics are low in number the variation in thickness, tempering and decoration is high. It is likely that this variation is caused by differences in the origins of the vessels or the origins or preferences of the individual potters. People from different local SGC traditions probably visited this specific location at different times, Summary 5 — each bringing their own vessels which they used for the preparation of one specific type of food. The absence of imported material suggests that the flint, hard stone and amber were probably collected in nearby areas, at the coastal beach barrier or on the glacial till deposits at Wieringen. The flint was carried to the site in small nodules and the knapping process was performed at the site to obtain the tools needed. During the excavation of the site in 1986 no patterns or configurations were observed in the stake- and postholes. Using a set of fresh eyes and applying currently available spatial analysis programmes to a multitude of datasets, five structures or dwellings have been identified. The spatial analysis of all the data shows the presence of at least seven identifiable activity areas. Three of the five structures have been identified as dwellings (house plans) based on their more or less regular outline. The dwellings are all two-aisled, similar to known dwellings at other Neolithic settlements. The structures are likely to have been relatively light constructions. The presence of burnt reed fragments in the cultural layer could be indicative of the deliberate burning of reed shoots when the settlement was revisited, to create an open surface. The analyses have shown that Keinsmerbrug was a temporarily occupied settlement, used occasionally or perhaps even only seasonally within the time span of 2580-2450 cal BC. The limited range of other activities combined with the characteristics of the material culture (low numbers of flints and ceramics, variation in the tempering of the ceramics, small range of different flint and stone tools) is indicative of such short-term use. The main period of use – probably consisting of several episodes of short-term use – occurred from spring to autumn. In conclusion, the site at Keinsmerbrug has been interpreted as a non-residential settlement: a gathering settlement in the broadest sense of the word, for the gathering of people and resources (special activity site). It seems that mainly one type of food was cooked in the vessels at Keinsmerbrug: a starch-rich porridge of emmer grain, orache and water mixed with some fat from either animals or fish. Keinsmerbrug was a settlement where people from different households or groups gathered for special reasons like feasting, besides the hunting of fowl, fishing and/or herding of cattle. These people gathered on occasion to hunt huge numbers of ducks and fish and simultaneously used this period to share information and eat specific foods. During their stay dwellings, pits/unlined wells and specific activity areas structured the settlement area. Since this was a non-residential settlement, the question of where the contemporaneous seasonal and residential settlements might be naturally arises. Future analysis of the sites at Mienakker and Zeewijk might show that these locations are the counterparts of the settlement at Keinsmerbrug.
was carried out by several research institutes
and commercial companies in order to study
and publish three settlement sites of the Single
Grave Culture located in the Western Netherlands.
These sites were excavated more than
twenty years ago, but unfortunately the results
were only scarcely published, and mostly in
Dutch. This research project provided an excellent
opportunity to unlock the high quality
archaeological information. The presence of
organic remains and numerous artefacts in
cultural layers and the thorough excavation of
these layers have produced a wealth of data
regarding Late Neolithic behavioural variability
in a dynamic wetland landscape. In this
article, a summary of the results of this project
will be presented.
- 2006k: P.A.M. Zoetbrood, C.A.M. van Rooijen, R.C.G.M. Lauwerier: Kwantitatieve analyse van de wettelijk beschermde monumenten, in: P.A.M. Zoetbrood, C.A.M. van Rooijen, R.C.G.M. Lauwerier, G. van Haaff & E. van As: Uit balans. Wordingsgeschiedenis en analyse van het bestand van wettelijk beschermde archeologische monumenten, Amersfoort, 69-108.
- 2006j: P.A.M. Zoetbrood, C.A.M. van Rooijen, R.C.G.M. Lauwerier: Kwantitattieve analyse van de gewaardeerde archeologische complexen, in: P.A.M. Zoetbrood, C.A.M. van Rooijen, R.C.G.M. Lauwerier, G. van Haaff & E. van As: Uit balans. Wordingsgeschiedenis en analyse van het bestand van wettelijk beschermde archeologische monumenten, Amersfoort, 27-67.
- 2006a: C. Cavallo, K. Esser, R. Lauwerier, W. Prummel, L. Smits & J. Zeiler: Archeozoölogie en fysische antropologie (versie 1.0), Nationale Onderzoeksagenda Archeologie. Amersfoort, Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek.