Papers by Leslie Anne L . Liwanag
Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2024
This study analyzed ChatGPT's translation capabilities in Filipino and English. The original text... more This study analyzed ChatGPT's translation capabilities in Filipino and English. The original text was the Spanish poem 'Filipinas' by Jose Palma, which is the source language for the Philippine National Anthem and was translated by ChatGPT into Filipino and English. The translations generated by ChatGPT were then compared to the existing translations of the anthem, such as 1) 'Land of the Morning' by Osias and Lane in English and 2) 'Lupang Hinirang' by de Leon in Filipino. Translations generated by ChatGPT were evaluated using a Likert Scale to determine their proximity to or divergence from the identified existing translations. The analysis revealed that ChatGPT AI tool has the ability to construct its own linguistic structures and convey complex ideas to aid in a better understanding of the text. However, human discernment is still significant to guarantee translations align with the intended meaning, culture and context.
Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 2024
The Bodo Movement, initiated in 1919, sought greater autonomy, statehood, and tribal rights, mark... more The Bodo Movement, initiated in 1919, sought greater autonomy, statehood, and tribal rights, marked by nonviolent protests and violent uprisings led by the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (hereafter NDFB) and the All Bodo Students Union (hereafter ABSU). This study employed semi-structured interviews to explore the lived experiences of participants in the Bodo tribal identity movement in Assam, India. Five interviewees were selected based on their involvement in both peaceful and violent protests against the state and central governments aimed at securing greater autonomy for the Bodo tribe in Assam. These interviews are significant in uncovering the historical and social dimensions of the movement. It provides insights into the practical challenges faced by the community in its development efforts and evaluates the prospects for achieving lasting peace in the region.
Social Sciences and Development Review, 2024
X (formerly Twitter) is among the top five most utilized social media services in the Philippines... more X (formerly Twitter) is among the top five most utilized social media services in the Philippines. It serves as one of the most prolific virtual communities for the LGBTQIA+ community (Statista, 2022). Unknown to many, the Alterverse community in X was created because of the need for many gay males to freely express themselves on a particular platform. Using content analysis with the intention of studying specific groups, such as the Alters of X as social media users, this paper probes the current state of the Alter world after COVID-19. It was discovered in the study that the alter world is not exclusive to gays because of the varied presence of heterosexual content creators, resulting in the design of alter accounts exhibiting a different feature. The study shows that self- expression is the primary reason homosexual content creators establish alter accounts, whereas providing service using oneself in exchange for financial gains is the primary aim of heterosexual alter content creators. From this paper, it is evident that there is a presence of both homosexual and heterosexual content creators in the world of Alterverse in X. However, while both display similar actions, they differ in their goals. This result may be used in a deeper study on the lives of Alters.
EDCOM II: Year 2 Report, 2024
This policy research is premised on the following: • The Philippines does not have functional res... more This policy research is premised on the following: • The Philippines does not have functional research universities, nor does it have a central plan on how to transition which of its selected higher educational institutions (HEIs) into such research universities. • The Scopus data will show that the country’s annual research production is much lower than the average ASEAN curve. • The country only has a handful of comprehensive, research-intensive higher educational institutions (HEIs). • If we visualize research culture and research productivity as things that are directly shaped by human resources and research infrastructure, which in turn are shaped by research leadership and management, in the absence of functional research universities, having a critical mass of research capable human resources is the most difficult element to replicate in the less research-intensive higher educational institutions (HEIs). Hence, this policy research argues for a centrally planned and supported targeted human resource development partnership program (THRDPP) among the Philippines’ first-tier comprehensive research-intensive HEIs and its second-tier research-intensive state universities and colleges (SUCs).
Mabini Review Journal, 2024
This phenomenological study delves into the intertwined concepts of “ubos biyaya” and “petsa de p... more This phenomenological study delves into the intertwined concepts of “ubos biyaya” and “petsa de peligro” in the socio- economic landscape of the Filipino society. Ubos-Biyaya, a Filipino term, encompasses the state of having depleted both tangible and intangible resources. Petsa de Peligro, translating to “day of danger,” signifies the period before payday when financial constraints intensify. This paper explores the correlation of ubos- biyaya and capitalism, which leads to the feeling and experience of petsa de peligro, elucidating how the latter emerges as a consequence of the former. It connects ubos-biyaya to planned obsolescence and the cathedrals of consumption, revealing how these systemic paradigms contribute to resource depletion and economic constraints. Furthermore, this scrutinizes the nexus between ubos-biyaya and the critique of capitalism, emphasizing the economic exclusion it engenders.It contemplates an alternative perspective, advocating for an economy of inclusion. This paper is divided into the following substantive parts: 1) defining ubos- biyaya and petsa de peligro; 2) petsa de peligro as an upshot of ubos-biyaya; 3) ubos-biyaya: a preconditioned outcome of planned obsolescence and the cathedrals of consumption; 4) the church on capitalism and the economy of exclusion; and 5) the church’s position towards an economy of inclusion. This exploration hopes to illuminate the cyclical nature of ubos-biyaya and petsa de peligro within the broader context of Filipino economic systems and social structures. It posits a critical evaluation of prevailing paradigms, urging a transition towards inclusive economic frameworks that prioritize sustainability, equitable resource allocation, and social cohesion.
National Research Council of Philippines Journal, 2024
For more than fifty years, Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP) [Filipino Psychology] has been a thriving i... more For more than fifty years, Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP) [Filipino Psychology] has been a thriving intellectual movement that has given rise to diverse interdisciplinary research conducted by experts and scholars in the Philippines. The University of the Philippines (UP) is currently considered the primary center of SP, the academic institution that molded its foremost advocates, notably led by Virgilio Enriquez (1942-1994) upon his return to the Philippines from studying in America. To address how De La Salle University-Manila (DLSU) can be considered a secondary center of SP, researchers interviewed renowned students and scholars of SP guided by oral history. This paper is divided into the following subsections: 1) the history and context of Psychology in the Philippines; 2) the various Western traditions of Psychology in Philippine universities; 3) U.P. as the initial center of SP; 4) the development of SP in DLSU and DLSU as the secondary center of SP; and 5) the synthesis and conclusion.
Daluyan: Journal ng Wikang Filipino, 2022
About thirty-three years ago, Peter Newmark (1916-2011) articulated his translation theory result... more About thirty-three years ago, Peter Newmark (1916-2011) articulated his translation theory resulting in various studies by scholars and experts in Translation Studies. This paper attempts an in-depth discussion of the functional theory of language of Newmark, by applying the process of translating "Poor Man's Love." For this project to be beneficial to Filipino scholars and students of Philippine Studies, it shares some lessons and insights from the experience of translating the said short story. The researchers personally requested permission to translate the short story from the writer through electronic correspondence.
Social Sciences and Development Review, 2021
Visayas State University (VSU) is a leading agricultural state university in Eastern Visayas regi... more Visayas State University (VSU) is a leading agricultural state university in Eastern Visayas region of the Philippines. It is a multi-ethnic and multicultural institution where most of its student population belongs to two major ethnolinguistic groups, namely the Cebuano and Waray. This paper is a comparative study of the perception of these two ethnolinguistic groups about Filipino stereotypes using the modified Katz and Braly (1933) trait checklist. With the purpose of providing baseline data for ethnolinguistic stereotypes of a melting-pot institution in this specific region in the Philippines, the researchers hope that this study will eventually help build a more united population of VSU, citizens of the City of Baybay, and those living in the Province of Leyte (Toring et al., 2019). The ultimate aim of this paper is to preliminarily present some dimensions of ethnolinguistic stereotypes of Cebuano and Waray Leyteños, not in a sense of exposing the respondents or the University to social discrimination, but to suggest some aspects which can help cultural studies scholars and local studies centers in discerning the dynamics among the said ethnolinguistic groups. This paper is also significant in giving a benchmark paper that can be useful to other multicultural institutions and locations in the Philippines. This research sheds light on how students in the peripheral region of the archipelago participate in the crafting of the "Filipino" identity.
Journal of Philippine Local History & Heritage of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, 2023
Tanyag si Henry Otley Beyer (1883-1966) bilang isa sa mga nangunang Amerikanong antropolohista na... more Tanyag si Henry Otley Beyer (1883-1966) bilang isa sa mga nangunang Amerikanong antropolohista na nag-ukol ng panahon sa pananaliksik at pagtuturo ng kulturang katutubo sa Pilipinas. Hindi lingid sa kaalaman ng mga iskolar ng antropolohiya at etnograpiya ang kanyang nakahiligang pangongolekta ng mga arkeolohikal at etnograpikong espesimen at materyal na nagbunga upang magkaroon siya ng bulto ng mga personal na koleksyon. Ang kasalukuyang proyekto o pag-aaral ay isa sa mga serye ng pagtatangkang maunawaan kung paano ipinapahayag ang kabuoang imahen ng lalawigan ng Samar mula sa mga piling artikulo ng Otley Beyer Collection na matatagpuan sa National Library of the Philippines. Para matamo ang layunin, may mga pangunahing tema at diskurso tungkol sa lalawigan: 1) ang pangkalahatang profiling ng Samar tulad ng agrikultural na kondisyon, mga panlipunang kondisyon, at kalagayan ng iba’t ibang industriya; 2) aspektong pangkabuhayan; 3) aspektong paniniwala; 4) aspektong pampanitikan; 5) aspektong lingguwistika; at 6) mga pangunahing nagbigay kontribusyon at ilang nabanggit na personalidad. Mahalaga ang papel sa paraang maaaring makapag-ambag ito tungo sa malawakang pag-unawa kung paano hiniraya ang Samar kaugnay ng sinaunang pamumuhay ng lalawigan noong ikadalawampung siglo.
Social Science Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Society and Change, 2022
Isabelo “Don Belong” de los Reyes (1864-1938) is an advocate of the first labor union and the fou... more Isabelo “Don Belong” de los Reyes (1864-1938) is an advocate of the first labor union and the founder of Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) in the Philippines. While his fellow ilustrados were in Europe, de los Reyes struggled as a pro-Filipino journalist and statesman in the Philippines under the oppressive Spanish and American regimes. In previously published articles on de los Reyes by the primary author of this paper, one can observe his significant contributions in each period of his life: his Formation Period (1864-1889) (Liwanag 2019), where the Ilocano polymath philosophizes in the fields of history, folklore, language, politics, and religion; his Propaganda Period (1889–1895) (Liwanag and Chua 2019), where he fervently pursues his socio-political contributions in the newspaper La Solidaridad; and his Transition Period (1897-1912) (Liwanag and Chua 2022), where he becomes a more radical writer caused by his confinement in Spain. Using historiographic theory, or the theoretical approach for studying history, in analyzing de los Reyes’s Political Period and Retirement (1912-1938), one can understand the “last maiden” from his literary piece The Ring of the Marble Maiden and investigate the following distinct themes and political discourse: (1) the soul identity and aspirations of the Filipino people, (2) the image of the Filipina maiden and the inevitable fate of the Philippines, (3) de losReyes’s criticism of Spanish colonialism and the Catholic Church, and (4) de los Reyes’s criticism of the American imperialists. This project provides a clearer picture of some of de los Reyes’s significant contributions to Philippine political philosophy and contemporary Philippine Studies.
Social Ethics Society Journal of Applied Philosophy , 2023
Divorce is the process that legally ends the marriage between husband and wife. The Philippines a... more Divorce is the process that legally ends the marriage between husband and wife. The Philippines and Vatican City are the two remaining states in the world where absolute divorce remains essentially impossible. While the Philippines recognizes legal separation as termed under its Family Code, it has not sanctioned absolute divorce. During the pre-colonial period, divorce was already practiced in some ancestral tribes in the Philippines and is already part of Filipino customary laws. Hence, divorce is not something new to Filipinos. While others see legal divorce as inevitable given the continuing trend of increasing public support for the issue, many still vehemently oppose it. The progressive lawmakers had consistently filed and re-filed related measures for years and failed. In contrast, some lawmakers continuously oppose proposals for legalizing divorce due to its impact on religious beliefs. This descriptive-correlational research tackles the area of social psychology that unveils the differences in the attitudes of Filipinos towards divorce and proposed divorce law in the Philippines, considering their variations based on religion, religiosity, educational attainment, and age cohort.
Southeast Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts (SEAMEO SPAFA), 2023
In the Roman Catholic Diocese of Maasin, on the island of Leyte, Philippines, there remain today ... more In the Roman Catholic Diocese of Maasin, on the island of Leyte, Philippines, there remain today seven Filipino-Spanish churches. The oldest among these structures was built in the first half of the 17th century, while the newest was built at the closing of the 19th century. As the island of Leyte is proximate to the island of Mindanao, the early Leyteños had been living under the threat of the slave raids from the South that waxed and waned under the colonial Spanish rule. This paper examined how the façade designs of these seven Filipino-Spanish churches interacted with the changing frequencies and intensities of these slave raids. This paper was able to identify two types of façades from waxing slave raids period and another two types of façades from the waning slave raids period. The findings of this paper will contribute to the sparse literature on Philippine ecclesiastical architecture as well as to the Philippine architecture during the Spanish colonial period. Specifically, this will contribute to the deeper understanding on the interaction between the slave raids from the South and Philippine ecclesiastical architecture during the Spanish colonial period.
Humanities Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Humanities, 2022
The project aims to read and analyze the works written by Isabelo de los Reyes during the transit... more The project aims to read and analyze the works written by Isabelo de los Reyes during the transition period from the Spanish to the American colonial era (1897–1912). It also retraces the period’s socio-historical contexts and events to understand de los Reyes’s imagination of the country and the Filipino community. This project highlights the unchartered chapters of the Ilocano polymath’s life during the American era in the Philippines. There are four sections in this paper: 1) the West’s notion of “nation” and the national culture of “bayan” in de los Reyes’s land of birth, 2) some works of de los Reyes during the transition period, 3) prevalent themes and discourses from de los Reyes’s works, and 4) conclusion. More than any other time, de los Reyes wrote during this period to forge insights that made his mark in history. In spite of the socio-political challenges he faced, the Ilocano polymath created opportunities to make possible what he dreamed for the Philippines.
Mabini Review Journal, 2019
This paper is founded on the assumption that Philippine Studies has five different discouses: 1) ... more This paper is founded on the assumption that Philippine Studies has five different discouses: 1) Philippine studies as a neutral discourse; 2) colonial Philippine studies as a discourse that is based on western power and reinforces such power; 3) generic postcolonial Philippine studies as a discourse that critiques western hegemony; 4) Pilipinolohiya as a specific postcolonial discourse that was inaugurated by Prospero Covar; and 5) pantayong pananaw as another specific postcolonial discourse that was inaugurated by Zeus Salazar. Malay Journal, on the other hand, is a scholarly periodical intended for researchers in the field of Philippine studies who use the Filipino language. Currently, it is the most respected journal that is exclusively published in Filipino language, based on the fact that it is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education and listed in a number of international abstracting and indexing organizations. This paper intends to establish which among these five discourses of Philippine studies is the most dominant in as far as the articles of the said journal are concerned. In order to attain such goal, this paper analyzed 50% random sample of the articles that were published from 2011, when the journal had completed its shift towards Philippine studies, up to 2015, the present complete year of publication for the said journal.
UST Hasaan Journal, 2020
Mula sa nakaraang pag-aaral nina Toring et al, natukoy na maituturing na multi-etniko at multikul... more Mula sa nakaraang pag-aaral nina Toring et al, natukoy na maituturing na multi-etniko at multikultural na institusyon ang Visayas State University sa Lungsod ng Baybay sa Leyte. Karamihang binubuo ng mga etnolingguwistikong grupong Waray at Cebuano ang populasyon ng institusyon. Ang saliksik na ito ay isang komparatibong pag-aaral sa mga etnikong estereotipo at pansariling estereotipo ng dalawang etnolingguwistikong grupo (pp.1). Sa pamamagitan ng minodipikang Katz at Braly na listahan ng mga katangian, nagawa ng papel na (1) magbahagi ng profile ng mga etnikong estereotipo at pansariling estereotipo ng dalawang etnolingguwistikong grupo, (2) matukoy ang uniformity indices, (3) matukoy ang pagkapositibo/ pagkanegatibo ng indices, (4) maihambing at mapag-iba ang kani-kanilang profile ng mga etnikong estereotipo at pansariling estereotipo, (5) maihambing at mapag-iba ang uniformity indices ng kanilang etnikong estereotipo at pansariling estereotipo, at (6) maihambing at mapag-iba ang pagkapositibo/pagkanegatibo ng indices ng kanilang etnikong estereotipo at pansariling estereotipo. Makabuluhan ang pagaaral hindi lámang para mabatid ang pagkakaiba kung paano binuo ng dalawang etnolingguwistikong grupo ang kani-kanilang estereotipo at kani-kanilang pansariling estereotipo, ngunit para mailatag ang mga preliminaryong impormasyon na maaaring magdulot ng pagbatid ng mga puwersa sa mga natukoy na etnolingguwistikong grupo, at kalaunan, makabuo ng mas nagkakaunawaang komunidad sa VSU, ng mga mamamayan sa Lungsod ng Baybay, at ng mga naninirahan sa Probinsiya ng Leyte. Mahalaga ang pananaliksik upang makapag-ambag sa hanay ng mga modelong pagaaral na maaaring pagbatayan ng iba pang multikultural na institusyon at lokasyon sa bansa.
SPAFA Journal: Journal of the SEAMEO Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts, 2021
In the Roman Catholic Diocese of Maasin, on the island of Leyte, Philippines, there remain today ... more In the Roman Catholic Diocese of Maasin, on the island of Leyte, Philippines, there remain today seven Filipino-Spanish churches that are made of stone, mortar and wood, ranging from almost four centuries to more than a century old. The Island of Leyte, as home to 22 active and dormant volcanoes, as exposed to the atmospheric disturbances from the Pacific Ocean, and as bisected by the Philippine Fault Line, is more at risk to extreme natural hazards than an average Philippine island. By looking at the interplay between the resistance/vulnerability of these churches on one hand, and the natural hazards threatening these churches on the other hand, this paper proffers mitigating recommendations to the primary stakeholders with the purview of increasing the resilience of these same churches. The data on the resistance/vulnerability of the said churches were gathered through rapid survey, while the data on natural hazards were gathered through existing hazard maps and web applications. The methodology laid out by this paper can be a useful initial step for the conservation of heritage structures in developing societies.
Malay Research Journal, 2020
Sr. Mananzan is known as one of the leading Filipino philosophers. With the demise of Emerita Qui... more Sr. Mananzan is known as one of the leading Filipino philosophers. With the demise of Emerita Quito last 2017, it became certain that Mananzan is now the most important living Filipina philosopher. A number of interviews with Mananzan had already been published. However, these interviews focused only either on her being a feminist and/or her being an activist nun. There is no published interview yet on her being a Filipina philosopher. To fill this gap, the primary author of this paper returned to her own writings and publications on Mananzan in order to be able to design this interview that focuses on the philosophy and praxis of the said thinker. In collaboration with the second author of this paper, who is currently teaching in the institution where Mananzan still works, they were able to craft the structure of this project and conduct a personal interview with Sr. Mananzan on 12 October and 22 November 2017.
Social Ethics Society Journal of Applied Philosophy, 2021
May ilan nang pilosopong Pilipino at guro ng pilosopiya ang pumuna sa kawalan ng puwang ng piloso... more May ilan nang pilosopong Pilipino at guro ng pilosopiya ang pumuna sa kawalan ng puwang ng pilosopiyang Pilipino sa karaniwang kurikulum ng batsilyer sa pilosopiya, maging sa masterado at doktorado sa pilosopiya, dito sa Pilipinas. Ngunit para sa ilang progresibo at makabayang institusyon kung saan itinuturo na ang kursong pilosopiyang Pilipino, isa namang malaking suliranin ang bumabagabag sa kanila o sa sinomang gurong naatasan o maaatasang humawak ng nasabing kurso: sino-sinong mga pilosopong Pilipino ang nararapat na isama sa silabus? Habang pinagdedebatihan pa ng mga pantas sa pilosopiyang Pilipino ang kasagutan para sa malaking suliranin, nilayon ng papel na maglahad ng pansamantalang kasagutan at alternatibong paraan para tugunan ang nasabing katanungan. Sa pamamagitan ng isang survey, tinanong ng mga mananaliksik ang ilang piling eksperto sa pilosopiyang Pilipino kung sino - sino para sa kanila ang sampung pinakamahalagang pilosopong Pilipino. Pinatibay ang kanilang kasagutan gamit ang Google Scholar na may taglay na datos kung ilan ang bilang ng mga obra ng bawat pilosopong Pilipino, at kung ilan ang mga citation ng mga obrang ito. Lumabas sa pananaliksik na ang sampung pinakamahalagang pilosopong Pilipino ay ang mga sumusunod: Leonardo Mercado, Renato Constantino, Jose Rizal, Emerita Quito, Cesar Adib-Majul, Florentino Hornedo, Romualdo Abulad, Reynaldo Ileto, Zeus Salazar, at Apolinario Mabini. Nagtapos ang pananaliksik sa pagbibigay ng maikling pagpapakikilala ng bawat isa sa sampung pilosopong Pilipinong ito at pagmumungkahi ng tig-iisang kanonikal na tekstong maaaring bumuo ng kalipunan ng panimulang babasahin sa kursong pilosopiyang Pilipino.
Social Science Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Society and Change, 2019
Maituturing na multietniko at multikultural na institusyon ang Visayas State University (VSU) sa ... more Maituturing na multietniko at multikultural na institusyon ang Visayas State University (VSU) sa Lungsod ng Baybay sa Leyte. Karamihang binubuo ng mga etnolingguwistikong grupong Waray at Cebuano ang populasyon ng institusyon. Sa pamamagitan ng metodolohiyang ginamit nina Mendoza, Deleña, at Demeterio (forthcoming), na modipikasyon ng tala ng mga katangiang mula sa pag-aaral nina Katz at Braly (1933), layunin ng pag-aaral na: (1) itala ang mga estereotipo ng mga etnolingguwistikong grupo, (2) tukuyin ang uniformity indices, (3) alamin ang pagkapositibo at pagkanegatibo ng indices, (4) paghambingin ang mga naitalang estereotipo, (5) paghambingin ang uniformity indices, at (6) paghambingin ang pagkapositibo at pagkanegatibo ng indices. Sa proseso ng pag-unawa ng mga puwersa ng mga etnolingguwistikong grupo, umaasa ang mga mananaliksik na kalaunang makatulong ito sa pagbuo ng mas nagkakaisang populasyon ng VSU, ng mga mamamayan ng Lungsod ng Baybay, at ng mga nakatira sa Probinsiya ng Leyte. Bilang sangay ng pag-aaral nina Mendoza, Deleña, at Demetrio (forthcoming), ang papel na ito ay may potensiyal upang maging pundasyon ng pag-aaral sa iba pang multikultural na institusyon at lokasyon sa bansa.
Social Science Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Society and Change, 2019
In 1983, the National Historical Institute of the Republic of the Philippines placed a historical... more In 1983, the National Historical Institute of the Republic of the Philippines placed a historical marker on the front left side of the Our Lady of the Assumption Cathedral, a two-hundred-year-old structure located in Maasin City, Southern Leyte, Philippines. This Cathedral is the seat of the now half-acentury-old Diocese of Maasin. While pursuing a larger research project, entitled "Cataloguing and baselining the seven Filipino-Spanish churches of the Diocese of Maasin, " which was funded by the National Commission on Culture and the Arts of the Republic of the Philippines, the research team was able to uncover glaring errors in such a historical marker. This paper addresses these errors, explains their possible causes/sources, and proposes a more historically accurate text that can be used to revise this important historical marker.
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Papers by Leslie Anne L . Liwanag