Marta Diaz-Guardamino
I am Associate Professor in Archaeology and the Digital Visualization Lab Manager. Before joining Durham in 2018, I was Lecturer in Archaeology at Cardiff University, where I convened and taught modules on the European and British Neolithic, archaeological theory and Geographical Information Systems. Here at Durham, I teach mainly on British, Iberian, European and World prehistory (Neolithic to Bronze Age), and digital visualization techniques.
My research specialism focuses on late prehistoric connectivity, social relations, monuments and art in Atlantic Europe (5th-1st millennia BC). I am interested in the application of new (and not so new) theoretical approaches, digital visualization techniques and spatial methods to the study of these themes. Field archaeology is one of my passions, and I have experience in leading international multidisciplinary research teams.
Some of my current research is centred on long distance interactions between Iberia and the Atlantic North during the Late Bronze Age, with a focus on the circulation of metals and the mining communities involved in that exchange (Maritime Encounters Project). Related to this is the new comparative analysis and interpretation of Bronze Age rock art traditions from Scandinavia and Iberia, which we are conducting through new high-resolution 3D and 2.5D digital and analogue documentation (RAW Project). Added to exploring the connections of Iberian communities with the Atlantic North through the flows of metals, people and ideas, we are conducting fieldwork at a major Bronze Age funerary complex situated in an important mining area in southern Spain, to get a better understanding of the people and the communities involved in those long-distance interactions (fieldwork at Cañaveral de León, Huelva). A constant theme in my research are standing stones and sculptures, which were used to commemorate the ancestors in prehistoric societies. I have conducted fieldwork at several findspots where we could shed new light on the complex lives of these monuments and the communities attached to them (in Cañaveral de León, Huelva, Mirasiviene in Seville or Almargen in Malaga province).
I completed my PhD on Iberian prehistoric sculpture and its European context at the University Complutense of Madrid in 2010, and received the Extraordinary Doctoral Award 2009/2010 of the Faculty of Humanities of that university. During my PhD I spent a year at the Anthropology Department of the University of California, Berkeley (USA) with an Education Abroad Program (EAP) scholarship. I also secured a DAAD scholarship to conduct research for some months at the Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University and the Roman-Germanic Commission (RGK) in Frankfurt-am-Main (Germany). In 2011 I joined the Archaeological Computing Research Group at the University of Southampton as a postdoctoral researcher funded by the Spanish Government to conduct a two-year individual research project. After a year teaching as a lecturer in that department, I joined as a Research Associate the ‘Making a Mark: Imagery and process in the British and Irish Neolithic’ project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust (2014-16).
My research specialism focuses on late prehistoric connectivity, social relations, monuments and art in Atlantic Europe (5th-1st millennia BC). I am interested in the application of new (and not so new) theoretical approaches, digital visualization techniques and spatial methods to the study of these themes. Field archaeology is one of my passions, and I have experience in leading international multidisciplinary research teams.
Some of my current research is centred on long distance interactions between Iberia and the Atlantic North during the Late Bronze Age, with a focus on the circulation of metals and the mining communities involved in that exchange (Maritime Encounters Project). Related to this is the new comparative analysis and interpretation of Bronze Age rock art traditions from Scandinavia and Iberia, which we are conducting through new high-resolution 3D and 2.5D digital and analogue documentation (RAW Project). Added to exploring the connections of Iberian communities with the Atlantic North through the flows of metals, people and ideas, we are conducting fieldwork at a major Bronze Age funerary complex situated in an important mining area in southern Spain, to get a better understanding of the people and the communities involved in those long-distance interactions (fieldwork at Cañaveral de León, Huelva). A constant theme in my research are standing stones and sculptures, which were used to commemorate the ancestors in prehistoric societies. I have conducted fieldwork at several findspots where we could shed new light on the complex lives of these monuments and the communities attached to them (in Cañaveral de León, Huelva, Mirasiviene in Seville or Almargen in Malaga province).
I completed my PhD on Iberian prehistoric sculpture and its European context at the University Complutense of Madrid in 2010, and received the Extraordinary Doctoral Award 2009/2010 of the Faculty of Humanities of that university. During my PhD I spent a year at the Anthropology Department of the University of California, Berkeley (USA) with an Education Abroad Program (EAP) scholarship. I also secured a DAAD scholarship to conduct research for some months at the Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University and the Roman-Germanic Commission (RGK) in Frankfurt-am-Main (Germany). In 2011 I joined the Archaeological Computing Research Group at the University of Southampton as a postdoctoral researcher funded by the Spanish Government to conduct a two-year individual research project. After a year teaching as a lecturer in that department, I joined as a Research Associate the ‘Making a Mark: Imagery and process in the British and Irish Neolithic’ project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust (2014-16).
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Books by Marta Diaz-Guardamino
The chapters included in the first part deal with themes in world archaeology that have little or no focus on gender, such as the Third Science Revolution (e.g. ancient DNA, stable isotopes analyses, big data), posthumanism (e.g. new materialism, symmetrical archaeology and the ontological turn) and digital archaeology and heritage. The second part focuses on themes in which gender archaeology has made serious advances (intersectionality, social inequality, violence, mobility). The third part deals with themes crucial for contemporary archaeology and society, namely, gender education, gender representation in museum exhibitions and the future of gender archaeology. The volume concludes with a coda chapter that critically assesses the preceding contributions and the volume as a whole. The book offers a gender-balanced and inclusive authorship consisting of both well-established and early career researchers closely connected to the EAA, whose professionally, culturally and geographically diverse backgrounds and experiences enrich the viewpoints discussed in the chapters. The targeted audience is archaeologists from all theoretical and scientific backgrounds at all stages of their career.
Contents
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.
The Lives of Prehistoric Monuments in Europe: An Introduction
Marta Díaz-Guardamino, Leonardo García Sanjuán and David Wheatley
2.
Before the Standing Stones: From Land Forms to Religious Attitudes and Monumentality
Joyce E. Salisbury
PART II: CASE STUDIES
3.
Kings’ Jelling: Monuments with Outstanding Biographies in the Heart of Denmark
Steen Hvass
4.
Icons of Antiquity: Remaking Megalithic Monuments in Ireland
Gabriel Cooney
5.
Beowulf and Archaeology: Megaliths Imagined and Encountered in Early Medieval Europe
Howard Williams
6.
Myth, Memento and Memory: Avebury (Wiltshire, England)
David Wheatley
7.
Les Pierres de Memoire. The Life History of two Statue-Menhirs from Guernsey, Channel Islands
Heather Sebire
8.
Back and Forward: Neolithic Standing Stones and Iron Age Stelae in French Brittany
Luc Laporte, Marie-Yvane Daire, Gwenolé Kerdivel and Elías López-Romero
9.
Enduring Past: Megalithic Tombs of Brittany and the Roman Occupation in Western France
Mara Vejby
10.
The Outstanding Biographies of Prehistoric Monuments in Iron Age, Roman and Medieval Spain
Leonardo García Sanjuán and Marta Díaz-Guardamino
11.
Megaliths and Holy Places in the Genesis of the Kingdom of Asturias (North of Spain, 718-910 AD)
Miguel Ángel de Blas Cortina
12.
Life and Death of Copper Age Monoliths at Ossimo Anvòia (Val Camonica, Italian Central Alps), 3000 BC–AD 1950
Francesco Fedele
13.
Biography of a Hill – Novi Pazar in South Western Serbia
Staša Babić
14.
What Happens When Tombs Die? The Historical Appropriation of the Cretan Bronze Age Cemeteries
Borja Legarra Herrero
15.
Roman Dolmens? The Megalithic Necropolises of Eastern Maghreb Revisited
Joan Sanmartí, Nabil Kallala, Rafel Jornet, M. Carme Belarte, Joan Canela, Sarhane Chérif, Jordi Campillo, David Montanero, Xavier Bermúdez, Thaïs Fadrique, Víctor Revilla, Joan Ramon and Moncef Ben Moussa
PART III: RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSIONS
16.
The Plot against the Past: Reuse and Modification of Ancient Mortuary Monuments as Persuasive Efforts of Appropriation
Estella Weiss-Krejci
17.
Piercing together a Past
Richard Bradley
RESUMEN: Esta tesis ofrece una visión general de las estelas decoradas en la Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica. Parte de mediados del VI Milenio AC y llega hasta los ss. VIII-VII AC. Se plantean tres objetivos principales: 1. Revisar y sistematizar el conocimiento actual sobre el tema, 2. Valorar hipótesis e interpretaciones previas que tratan las estelas y estatuas-menhir como parte de un fenómeno unitario y 3. Profundizar en su interpretación social. Para ello se analiza la documentación disponible desde una perspectiva contextual y a diferentes escalas, haciendo especial hincapié en las relaciones fomales y contextuales que sugieren o incorporan las estelas, tanto a nivel macro, como meso y micro. Este trabajo ofrece una interpretación para el conjunto de las estelas como 'ancestros'. Esta interpretación se basa en aspectos compartidos que son recurrentemente connotados a través de las estelas y estatuas-menhir, como la importancia del Pasado, los vínculos sociales y su relación con el paisaje. A nivel ideológico se considera que las estelas son un mecanismo de reproducción social, ya que a través de ellas se materializan valores compartidos que, a través de este medio, son proyectados en el tiempo y en el espacio. También se consideran los diversos factores que han podido jugar un papel en el recurso a estelas en determinadas zonas en épocas concretas y se plantea una hipótesis de trabajo que incide en factores socioeconómicos y coyunturales. Para valorar las estelas de la Península Ibérica y las hipótesis de trabajo existentes en un contexto más amplio, se hace un breve análisis sobre el conocimiento actual de fenómenos comparables en otras zonas de Europa, donde algunas regiones ofrecen problemáticas similares a las de la Península Ibérica. Los datos sugieren que las diferentes agrupaciones de estelas y estatuas-menhir documentadas en diversas regiones de Europa pueden ser consideradas como fenómenos análogos que emergieron y se desarrollaron de forma independiente, aunque en algunos casos existen relaciones entre algunas tradiciones regionales que se gestaron, probablemente, durante períodos de intensa interacción social de larga distancia."""
"
Papers by Marta Diaz-Guardamino
many standing stones were first erected, subsequently collapsed, and then re-erected during the following three millennia. The excavation of the site of an apparently in situ statue-menhir at Cruz de Cepos in NE Portugal provided the rare opportunity in Iberian prehistory to apply radiocarbon and luminescence techniques to establish the date of construction. On the basis of the iconography, the standing stone was assigned to a sculptural tradition of north-western and western Iberia, loosely dated to the Early/Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000/1900–1250 BCE). The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and dosimetry characteristics of quartz extracted from sediment samples taken from locations associated with the socket pit and surrounding backfilling deposits were examined, producing OSL single grain ages at eight locations. Comparison of the OSL and calibrated radiocarbon ages shows very good agreement, with the mid-3rd millennium BCE dates confirming original erection during the Copper Age and not a much later transformation of the monument. These encouraging results indicate that OSL has the potential to provide reliable dating of depositional processes related to the construction process and is suitable for wider application to megalithic monuments of this type.
The concept of petrification is defined in this volume by Hueglin as ‘a process of consolidation and structuring — in nature or culture, in space or time, in matter or mind — which leads to something more permanent, trans-generational or even eternal.’ Gramsch (this volume) suggests that the petrification of architecture could be ‘a deliberately fostered process’ aimed at creating permanence and resilience of a community. Could prehistoric sculptures be part of processes of petrification taking place in late prehistoric Iberia?
Certainly, these worked stones share some common traits that could be linked to processes of consolidation, such as boundary formation or the crafting of collective identities. They were landscape monuments associated with memory and commemoration (Bronze Age cases include depictions of people with attributes; a few with contextual information are clearly linked to ritual practices), and their findspots are generally found close to transition points in the landscape and valued resources, frequently as part of the fabric of ‘persistent’ places. But when we attend to the materiality and temporality of these stones, a more complex picture emerges.
This paper considers petrification from the point of view of matter and temporality, two issues that seem central to the notion introduced by the editors (Gramsch, this volume). It argues that petrification processes are not only related to materials and their properties (i.e. durability of stone) but also, and mainly, to the relationships in which materials become entangled. It is argued that material properties are emergent rather than inherent and that they come into being through the engagement of matter with other entities (e.g. adobe buildings can endure through maintenance, limestone exteriors of buildings can decay relatively rapidly if affected by ‘stone disease’). From this it follows that stone can be vibrant and fluid and not necessarily stable, and that it is the resilience of its relationships (rather than matter) which could forge processes akin to the concept of petrification. That is, stone may not petrify, and even when it does it needs persistent work to maintain it that way. Therefore, it is here proposed that the examination of processes of petrification needs to pay attention to materials, their relationships, and histories.
The paper starts by questioning the idea of stone as stable matter and proposes that stone can be a vibrant and dynamic material; this is discussed in connection to recent research on Late Bronze Age stelae. It is suggested that by focusing on individual boulders/slabs and examining them as on-going processes, with particular attention to those intersections by which large stone monuments came into being and were transformed, we can reveal relational properties and connected histories that would otherwise be concealed by current categorizations, such as ‘granite’, ‘slate’, ‘stela’ or ‘statue’.
The paper then adopts a broader perspective to discuss relations and underscore the fluidity and complexity of Iberian prehistoric sculptures. These became entangled in countless relations with different temporalities through multiple engagements. Some relations (e.g. similarity; association with a place) endured or were reproduced, having an effect in the crafting of sculptural traditions or types (i.e. categories) as we know them today — some of these enduring relations could be considered within the concept of petrification as consolidation (e.g. standardization; persistent places). But even enduring relations have complex historicities (Fowler, 2013). A series of case studies are discussed to exemplify how these stones are composed of a variety of overlapping relations, which emphasise their instability and change through time.
The chapters included in the first part deal with themes in world archaeology that have little or no focus on gender, such as the Third Science Revolution (e.g. ancient DNA, stable isotopes analyses, big data), posthumanism (e.g. new materialism, symmetrical archaeology and the ontological turn) and digital archaeology and heritage. The second part focuses on themes in which gender archaeology has made serious advances (intersectionality, social inequality, violence, mobility). The third part deals with themes crucial for contemporary archaeology and society, namely, gender education, gender representation in museum exhibitions and the future of gender archaeology. The volume concludes with a coda chapter that critically assesses the preceding contributions and the volume as a whole. The book offers a gender-balanced and inclusive authorship consisting of both well-established and early career researchers closely connected to the EAA, whose professionally, culturally and geographically diverse backgrounds and experiences enrich the viewpoints discussed in the chapters. The targeted audience is archaeologists from all theoretical and scientific backgrounds at all stages of their career.
Contents
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.
The Lives of Prehistoric Monuments in Europe: An Introduction
Marta Díaz-Guardamino, Leonardo García Sanjuán and David Wheatley
2.
Before the Standing Stones: From Land Forms to Religious Attitudes and Monumentality
Joyce E. Salisbury
PART II: CASE STUDIES
3.
Kings’ Jelling: Monuments with Outstanding Biographies in the Heart of Denmark
Steen Hvass
4.
Icons of Antiquity: Remaking Megalithic Monuments in Ireland
Gabriel Cooney
5.
Beowulf and Archaeology: Megaliths Imagined and Encountered in Early Medieval Europe
Howard Williams
6.
Myth, Memento and Memory: Avebury (Wiltshire, England)
David Wheatley
7.
Les Pierres de Memoire. The Life History of two Statue-Menhirs from Guernsey, Channel Islands
Heather Sebire
8.
Back and Forward: Neolithic Standing Stones and Iron Age Stelae in French Brittany
Luc Laporte, Marie-Yvane Daire, Gwenolé Kerdivel and Elías López-Romero
9.
Enduring Past: Megalithic Tombs of Brittany and the Roman Occupation in Western France
Mara Vejby
10.
The Outstanding Biographies of Prehistoric Monuments in Iron Age, Roman and Medieval Spain
Leonardo García Sanjuán and Marta Díaz-Guardamino
11.
Megaliths and Holy Places in the Genesis of the Kingdom of Asturias (North of Spain, 718-910 AD)
Miguel Ángel de Blas Cortina
12.
Life and Death of Copper Age Monoliths at Ossimo Anvòia (Val Camonica, Italian Central Alps), 3000 BC–AD 1950
Francesco Fedele
13.
Biography of a Hill – Novi Pazar in South Western Serbia
Staša Babić
14.
What Happens When Tombs Die? The Historical Appropriation of the Cretan Bronze Age Cemeteries
Borja Legarra Herrero
15.
Roman Dolmens? The Megalithic Necropolises of Eastern Maghreb Revisited
Joan Sanmartí, Nabil Kallala, Rafel Jornet, M. Carme Belarte, Joan Canela, Sarhane Chérif, Jordi Campillo, David Montanero, Xavier Bermúdez, Thaïs Fadrique, Víctor Revilla, Joan Ramon and Moncef Ben Moussa
PART III: RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSIONS
16.
The Plot against the Past: Reuse and Modification of Ancient Mortuary Monuments as Persuasive Efforts of Appropriation
Estella Weiss-Krejci
17.
Piercing together a Past
Richard Bradley
RESUMEN: Esta tesis ofrece una visión general de las estelas decoradas en la Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica. Parte de mediados del VI Milenio AC y llega hasta los ss. VIII-VII AC. Se plantean tres objetivos principales: 1. Revisar y sistematizar el conocimiento actual sobre el tema, 2. Valorar hipótesis e interpretaciones previas que tratan las estelas y estatuas-menhir como parte de un fenómeno unitario y 3. Profundizar en su interpretación social. Para ello se analiza la documentación disponible desde una perspectiva contextual y a diferentes escalas, haciendo especial hincapié en las relaciones fomales y contextuales que sugieren o incorporan las estelas, tanto a nivel macro, como meso y micro. Este trabajo ofrece una interpretación para el conjunto de las estelas como 'ancestros'. Esta interpretación se basa en aspectos compartidos que son recurrentemente connotados a través de las estelas y estatuas-menhir, como la importancia del Pasado, los vínculos sociales y su relación con el paisaje. A nivel ideológico se considera que las estelas son un mecanismo de reproducción social, ya que a través de ellas se materializan valores compartidos que, a través de este medio, son proyectados en el tiempo y en el espacio. También se consideran los diversos factores que han podido jugar un papel en el recurso a estelas en determinadas zonas en épocas concretas y se plantea una hipótesis de trabajo que incide en factores socioeconómicos y coyunturales. Para valorar las estelas de la Península Ibérica y las hipótesis de trabajo existentes en un contexto más amplio, se hace un breve análisis sobre el conocimiento actual de fenómenos comparables en otras zonas de Europa, donde algunas regiones ofrecen problemáticas similares a las de la Península Ibérica. Los datos sugieren que las diferentes agrupaciones de estelas y estatuas-menhir documentadas en diversas regiones de Europa pueden ser consideradas como fenómenos análogos que emergieron y se desarrollaron de forma independiente, aunque en algunos casos existen relaciones entre algunas tradiciones regionales que se gestaron, probablemente, durante períodos de intensa interacción social de larga distancia."""
"
many standing stones were first erected, subsequently collapsed, and then re-erected during the following three millennia. The excavation of the site of an apparently in situ statue-menhir at Cruz de Cepos in NE Portugal provided the rare opportunity in Iberian prehistory to apply radiocarbon and luminescence techniques to establish the date of construction. On the basis of the iconography, the standing stone was assigned to a sculptural tradition of north-western and western Iberia, loosely dated to the Early/Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000/1900–1250 BCE). The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and dosimetry characteristics of quartz extracted from sediment samples taken from locations associated with the socket pit and surrounding backfilling deposits were examined, producing OSL single grain ages at eight locations. Comparison of the OSL and calibrated radiocarbon ages shows very good agreement, with the mid-3rd millennium BCE dates confirming original erection during the Copper Age and not a much later transformation of the monument. These encouraging results indicate that OSL has the potential to provide reliable dating of depositional processes related to the construction process and is suitable for wider application to megalithic monuments of this type.
The concept of petrification is defined in this volume by Hueglin as ‘a process of consolidation and structuring — in nature or culture, in space or time, in matter or mind — which leads to something more permanent, trans-generational or even eternal.’ Gramsch (this volume) suggests that the petrification of architecture could be ‘a deliberately fostered process’ aimed at creating permanence and resilience of a community. Could prehistoric sculptures be part of processes of petrification taking place in late prehistoric Iberia?
Certainly, these worked stones share some common traits that could be linked to processes of consolidation, such as boundary formation or the crafting of collective identities. They were landscape monuments associated with memory and commemoration (Bronze Age cases include depictions of people with attributes; a few with contextual information are clearly linked to ritual practices), and their findspots are generally found close to transition points in the landscape and valued resources, frequently as part of the fabric of ‘persistent’ places. But when we attend to the materiality and temporality of these stones, a more complex picture emerges.
This paper considers petrification from the point of view of matter and temporality, two issues that seem central to the notion introduced by the editors (Gramsch, this volume). It argues that petrification processes are not only related to materials and their properties (i.e. durability of stone) but also, and mainly, to the relationships in which materials become entangled. It is argued that material properties are emergent rather than inherent and that they come into being through the engagement of matter with other entities (e.g. adobe buildings can endure through maintenance, limestone exteriors of buildings can decay relatively rapidly if affected by ‘stone disease’). From this it follows that stone can be vibrant and fluid and not necessarily stable, and that it is the resilience of its relationships (rather than matter) which could forge processes akin to the concept of petrification. That is, stone may not petrify, and even when it does it needs persistent work to maintain it that way. Therefore, it is here proposed that the examination of processes of petrification needs to pay attention to materials, their relationships, and histories.
The paper starts by questioning the idea of stone as stable matter and proposes that stone can be a vibrant and dynamic material; this is discussed in connection to recent research on Late Bronze Age stelae. It is suggested that by focusing on individual boulders/slabs and examining them as on-going processes, with particular attention to those intersections by which large stone monuments came into being and were transformed, we can reveal relational properties and connected histories that would otherwise be concealed by current categorizations, such as ‘granite’, ‘slate’, ‘stela’ or ‘statue’.
The paper then adopts a broader perspective to discuss relations and underscore the fluidity and complexity of Iberian prehistoric sculptures. These became entangled in countless relations with different temporalities through multiple engagements. Some relations (e.g. similarity; association with a place) endured or were reproduced, having an effect in the crafting of sculptural traditions or types (i.e. categories) as we know them today — some of these enduring relations could be considered within the concept of petrification as consolidation (e.g. standardization; persistent places). But even enduring relations have complex historicities (Fowler, 2013). A series of case studies are discussed to exemplify how these stones are composed of a variety of overlapping relations, which emphasise their instability and change through time.
Session title:
Outstanding Biographies: The Life of Prehistoric Monuments in Iron Age, Roman and Medieval Europe"
In this paper I draw upon Peircean semeiotics to explore the ways in which Iberian Bronze Age decorated stelae, which lie between what is conventionally known as ‘rock art’ and ‘sculpture’, were actively involved in the constitution of past social life. By focusing on their iconic and indexical properties, I examine particular events related to the procurement, manufacture and placing of these signs of stone, events that involved the re-production of meaningful relationships between people, places and things with different temporalities and spatialities. I resort to varied case studies that illustrate very neatly how the production and setting of decorated stelae draw upon existing knowledge and traditions binding people, places and things, and how, through the unfolding of these processes, decorated stelae became active participants in the re-production of these meaningful relationships.
A pesar de contar con una larga trayectoria, la investigación dedicada a las estelas decoradas del Bronce Final en la Península Ibérica ha estado seriamente limitada por un aspecto fundamental: la inexactitud de los métodos y técnicas que se han empleado para el registro, examen y reproducción de sus soportes y grabados. Este artículo describe la reciente aplicación de dos técnicas innovadoras (Reflectance Transformation Imaging y escaneado láser 3D) para el registro de varias estelas decoradas del Bronce Final documentadas en el sur de la Península Ibérica. Se ofrecen algunos resultados preliminares y reflexiones en torno a sus implicaciones para la investigación actual dedicada a las estelas del Bronce Final. Para acabar, el artículo valorará el potencial y limitaciones de estas técnicas para el registro e interpretación de las estelas del Bronce Final en particular y del Arte Rupestre prehistórico en general.