Wikipedia

Demographics of Vatican City

The demographics of Vatican City had an estimated resident population of 764 in 2023, including non-citizens. Additionally, 372 Vatican citizens live abroad, primarily diplomats of the Holy See and cardinals in Rome.[1] Vatican City remains the world’s smallest country in both land area and population size.[3]

Demographics of Vatican City
PopulationDecrease 764[1] (234th)
 • Year2023
Density4,021/mi2 (1,559/km2) (2nd)
Growth rateDecrease -1.87% (2023)
Birth rateIncrease 36.29 births/1,000 population (2024)
Death rateNeutral decrease 18.15 deaths/1,000 population (2024)
Life expectancyIncrease 84.16 years (2023)[2]
Net migration rate1,000 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024)
Nationality
NationalityVatican
Major ethnic
Language
OfficialItalian, Latin
SpokenItalian, English[citation needed]

The population of Vatican City includes clergy, religious members, lay employees of the state (like the Swiss Guard), and their families.[4] In 2013, 13 families of Holy See employees lived in Vatican City,[5] and by 2019, 20 children of Swiss Guards resided there.[6] All citizens, residents, and places of worship are Catholic. The city also hosts thousands of tourists and daily workers.

Population

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Population tables

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Vatican City population on 26 June 2023[1]
Sex all
Citizenship Vatican other
Residency other Vatican City
Pope 1
Cardinals 55 9
Diplomats 317
Swiss Guard 104
Others 132 518
Total 618 518
372 246
764
1,136
Vatican City population on 1 March 2011[4]
Sex all male female
Citizenship Vatican other Vatican other Vatican other
Residency other Vatican City other Vatican City other Vatican City
Pope 1 1
Cardinals 43 30 43 30
Diplomats 306 306
Swiss Guard 86 86
Other religious 50 197 49 102 1 95
Other lay 56 24 25 3 31 21
Total 572 221 540 105 32 116
349 223 349 191 32
444 296 148
793 645 148

Demographic statistics

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Demographic statistics of Vatican City
Year[7] Total population Male Female People (±) Density per km2 Growth rate
1950 880 428 452 6 2000.0   0.682%
1951 886 430 456 6 2013.6364   0.677%
1952 892 434 458 6 2027.2727   0.673%
1953 898 436 462 6 2040.9091   0.668%
1954 904 440 464 7 2055.6818   0.774%
1955 911 444 467 6 2070.4545   0.659%
1956 916 447 469 4 2081.8182   0.437%
1957 918 448 470 1 2087.5   0.109%
1958 919 448 471 1 2089.7727   0.109%
1959 920 449 471 0 2090.9091   0.0%
1960 918 448 470 -4 2086.3636   -0.436%
1961 916 448 469 1 2082.9545   0.109%
1962 917 448 469 0 2084.0909   0.0%
1963 918 448 470 2 2086.3636   0.218%
1964 921 450 472 5 2094.3182   0.543%
1965 887 431 456 -74 2015.9091   -8.348%
1966 841 408 432 -19 1910.2273   -2.261%
1967 805 394 412 -51 1830.6818   -6.334%
1968 769 376 394 -22 1747.7273   -2.861%
1969 753 364 388 -10 1711.3636   -1.328%
1970 745 358 386 -7 1692.0455   -0.94%
1971 739 356 384 -4 1679.5455   -0.541%
1972 737 354 382 -1 1673.8636   -0.136%
1973 735 353 382 -3 1669.3182   -0.408%
1974 733 354 378 0 1665.9091   0.0%
1975 733 356 376 0 1665.9091   0.0%
1976 735 358 376 3 1669.3182   0.408%
1977 738 360 378 3 1676.1364   0.407%
1978 740 362 378 1 1680.6818   0.135%
1979 742 362 380 3 1685.2273   0.405%
1980 743 362 380 0 1688.6364   0.0%
1981 742 362 380 -2 1686.3636   -0.27%
1982 740 361 379 -2 1681.8182   -0.27%
1983 737 358 378 -4 1675.0   -0.543%
1984 735 356 378 -1 1669.3182   -0.136%
1985 732 353 378 -5 1662.5   -0.684%
1986 730 352 378 2 1659.0909   0.274%
1987 730 352 378 -2 1659.0909   -0.274%
1988 728 352 376 -2 1654.5455   -0.275%
1989 727 352 374 -1 1651.1364   -0.138%
1990 726 352 374 -1 1648.8636   -0.138%
1991 725 352 373 0 1647.7273   0.0%
1992 724 352 372 -2 1645.4545   -0.276%
1993 719 350 368 -9 1632.9545   -1.253%
1994 711 347 364 -7 1614.7727   -0.985%
1995 705 344 361 -5 1601.1364   -0.71%
1996 701 340 360 -3 1592.0455   -0.428%
1997 698 338 360 -2 1586.3636   -0.287%
1998 697 336 360 0 1584.0909   0.0%
1999 696 336 360 -2 1581.8182   -0.287%
2000 691 333 358 -8 1570.4545   -1.158%
2001 681 327 354 -11 1548.8636   -1.614%
2002 671 322 350 -9 1526.1364   -1.34%
2003 664 318 346 -6 1509.0909   -0.904%
2004 660 316 344 -1 1501.1364   -0.151%
2005 659 315 344 -2 1497.7273   -0.303%
2006 655 312 344 -5 1489.7727   -0.763%
2007 647 308 340 -11 1471.5909   -1.699%
2008 637 304 334 -9 1448.8636   -1.412%
2009 628 302 327 -9 1428.4091   -1.432%
2010 621 298 323 -7 1410.2273   -1.128%
2011 614 294 320 -6 1395.4545   -0.977%
2012 602 288 314 -19 1367.0455   -3.159%
2013 590 280 309 -5 1339.7727   -0.848%
2014 582 276 306 -10 1322.7273   -1.718%
2015 572 274 298 -10 1300.0   -1.748%
2016 563 270 292 -8 1279.5455   -1.421%
2017 555 266 289 -8 1261.3636   -1.441%
2018 545 260 286 -12 1238.6364   -2.202%
2019 535 256 280 -7 1217.0455   -1.307%
2020 528 252 276 -8 1200.0   -1.515%
2021 518 247 272 -11 1178.4091   -2.122%
2022 506 242 265 -13 1151.1364   -2.567%
2023 496 237 258 -9 1126.1364   -1.816%
2024 496 236 259 9 1126.1364   1.816%

Female population

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Women make up a small fraction of Vatican City's citizenship, constituting roughly 5.5% of its population. As of a 2011 report by the Herald Sun, there were just 32 female Vatican passport holders out of 572 citizens, with one being a nun.[8] By 2013, Worldcrunch reported about 30 women citizens, a group that included two South American women, two Polish nationals, and three from Switzerland, though the majority of Vatican women at the time were from Italy.[9]

Women citizens

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Among the few women residing in Vatican City, one notable example was the daughter of an electrician employed by the Vatican; she eventually "lost her right to live" in the city upon getting married. Another resident, Magdalena Wolińska-Riedi, is a Polish translator and the wife of a member of the Swiss Guard.[9]

Among the women with Vatican City citizenship, one serves as an officer in the Vatican's military, while two work as teacher, one at the high school level and the other in kindergarten, and another holds a role as an academic. Vatican City citizenship for women is often granted through marriage to a Vatican citizen, provided they are baptized Catholics. However, this citizenship is typically temporary, remaining valid only for the duration of their residence within the city-state.[9]

Value of women

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Historically, women in Vatican City faced significant restrictions, including the inability to open a bank account. However, during the tenures of Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, there was a notable shift towards recognizing the value of women within the Vatican. Pope Benedict XVI appointed Ingrid Stampa, a woman, as one of his assistant editors and confidential advisers.[9]

On April 21, 2013, The Telegraph reported that Pope Francis planned to appoint more women to key positions within the Vatican. In May 2019, he made a significant move by appointing three women as consultors to the General Secretariat for the Synod of Bishops on Young People, Faith, and Vocational Discernment, marking a historic first for the Catholic Church.[10] Additionally, the Vatican’s daily newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, began publishing supplementary pages focused on women's issues.[11]

Despite these advancements, women are still not permitted to be ordained as priests or bishops. However, a commission is currently examining the possibility of allowing women to serve as unordained deacons.

Voting rights
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The Pope, as the head of state of Vatican City, is elected by the College of Cardinals, which consists of senior church officials appointed by the Pope. This body operates as part of the Holy See, a sovereign entity distinct from Vatican City itself. The cardinalate, while a prestigious office, is a privilege granted by the Pope and does not constitute a separate degree of Holy Orders; rather, it is conferred upon bishops and other church leaders.

Currently, only men can be Cardinals and eligible for the papacy, as Catholic Church tradition dictates. However, there is a possibility for change in this area. Since the cardinalate is not a divinely instituted office, the Pope has the authority to amend the laws governing the cardinalate. This means that, theoretically, women could be granted the title of Cardinal, although no such decision has been made to date. Discussions about the role of women in the Church continue, particularly under recent papacies, which have highlighted the importance of women’s contributions to the Church.[citation needed]

Divorce
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Vatican City is one of two sovereign states that do not allow divorce, the other being the Philippines.

Abortion
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The legal framework in Vatican City is primarily rooted in canon law, the body of laws governing the Catholic Church, and uses it as the principal source for legal interpretation. To support its governance, Vatican City has also adopted several Italian laws for practical implementation, such as the Italian penal code from 1929, though it incorporates certain modifications.[12]

Both canon law, specifically Canon 1397 §2, and articles 381 to 385 of the Vatican’s adapted penal code, categorically prohibit abortion without citing exceptions. However, article 49 of the penal code outlines the "principle of necessity" to save one’s life, a provision that, according to the Italian penal code’s original drafters, could technically allow abortion when necessary to save a woman’s life.[13][14][15][16] However, the Church’s interpretation of canon law remains far stricter. The Church only condones an "indirect" abortion in cases where the procedure aims solely to save the woman’s life, and where the fetus’s death is an unintended, albeit anticipated, outcome.

This interpretation is grounded in the principle of double effect, which permits procedures such as the removal of a cancerous uterus or treatment for an ectopic pregnancy if the primary intent is to protect the woman’s health, with the death of the fetus seen as an undesired consequence, rather than the aim of the procedure.[17][18]

Languages

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Main article: Languages of Vatican City

Vatican City primarily uses Italian in official documents and daily operations, due to its central role in Vatican life and Italian-based tourism. Despite this, many other languages are used within Vatican City due to the diverse origins of its residents and its various institutions, such as the Holy See and the Swiss Guard.

Historically, Latin was the spoken language of the region during the Roman Empire and served as the official language of the Papal States for centuries. When the area became part of Italy in 1870, Italian became its official language. After Vatican City's establishment in 1929 through the Lateran Treaty, the state did not designate an official language, although its laws are published in Italian in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. Latin remains the official language of the Holy See, while Italian is the primary working language in Vatican City's administration and diplomacy, with occasional use of French for diplomatic purposes.[19][better source needed]

The Swiss Guard uses Swiss German for commands, while guards take their loyalty oath in their respective native languages: German, French, Italian, or Romansh. The language diversity extends into the Church's media presence; for instance, the Holy See's newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, is published in multiple languages including Italian, English, French, German, and Spanish.[20] Similarly, the Vatican News website provides content in a wide range of languages.[21]

Citizenship

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Unlike most countries, where citizenship is based on jus sanguinis, citizenship through descent, or jus soli, citizenship by birth within the territory, Vatican City grants citizenship based on jus officii, meaning citizenship is given due to an individual's appointment to a specific role in service to the Holy See. Citizenship typically ends when the person's role ceases, though it is extended to spouses and children of citizens, provided they live together within Vatican City. Some individuals may also reside in Vatican City without opting for citizenship.[3]

In cases where a person loses Vatican citizenship and does not hold another nationality, they automatically acquire Italian citizenship under the terms of the Lateran Treaty. The Holy See, distinct from Vatican City as an entity, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City issues ordinary passports for its citizens.[22]

Statistical oddities

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Vatican City frequently stands out in per capita and per area statistical comparisons, primarily due to its tiny size and unique ecclesiastical function.[23] For instance, because most citizenship-granting positions are held by men, Vatican City’s gender ratio skews significantly male, with several men per woman among citizens.[9] Additionally, the high number of petty crimes against tourists creates an inflated per-capita crime rate,[24] and the state also leads in per-capita wine consumption, largely because of sacramental wine usage in religious ceremonies.[23]

These unusual metrics often make Vatican City an interesting outlier in global data comparisons. A humorous example of this is the hypothetical "Popes per km2" statistic, which surpasses two popes per square kilometer due to the city-state's area being less than half a square kilometer.[25]

 
360-degree view from the dome of St. Peter's Basilica, looking over the Vatican's Saint Peter's Square (centre) and out into Rome, showing Vatican City in all directions

Culture

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Cultural heritage

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See also: Architecture of Vatican City and Vatican Museums
 
St. Peter's Basilica is one of the most renowned works of Renaissance architecture.[26]

Vatican City is home to notable works of art and architecture. St. Peter's Basilica, a prominent example of Renaissance architecture, was designed by several architects, including Bramante, Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta, Maderno, and Bernini. The Sistine Chapel is widely recognized for its frescoes, featuring works by artists such as Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio, and Botticelli, along with Michelangelo's ceiling and Last Judgment. The interiors of Vatican buildings also include contributions from artists like Raphael and Fra Angelico.

The Vatican Apostolic Library and the Vatican Museums' collections are valued for their historical, scientific, and cultural significance.[27] Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984, Vatican City is the only state entirely listed as such. It is also the sole UNESCO site recorded in the "International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection" in accordance with the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.[28]

Science

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In 1936, Pope Pius XI established the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, building on the foundation of the Pontifical Academy of New Lincei, founded by Pope Pius IX in 1847. Located in the Casina Pio IV, the Academy promotes academic freedom and encourages research in mathematics, physical sciences (including astronomy, Earth sciences, physics, and chemistry), and natural sciences (including medicine, neuroscience, biology, genetics, and biochemistry), while also engaging with epistemological and historical aspects of science. Its members have included notable scientists such as astrophysicist Martin John Rees, mathematician Cédric Villani, theoretical physicist Edward Witten, Nobel laureates in Chemistry Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, as well as geneticists Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Francis Collins, the head transplant pioneer Robert J. White, and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Alexander Fleming.[29][30]

Another Vatican-based institution, the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, addresses a wide range of fields, including anthropology, communication studies, information sciences, cybernetics, economics, education, geography, history, law, linguistics, political science, psychology, behavioral sciences, sociology and demography.[31] The Pontifical Academy for Life, located at the San Callisto complex, focuses on bioethics and ethics related to technology.[32][33]

The Vatican Observatory, which traces its origins to the 16th century, initially operated telescopes in Vatican City and at the Palace of Castel Gandolfo. However, light pollution has limited these facilities' effectiveness for research, leading to a partnership with the University of Arizona and the establishment of the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope in Arizona. The Observatory remains active in astronomical research, contributing to areas such as cosmological models, stellar classification, binary stars, and nebulae. Additionally, it participates in philosophical interdisciplinary studies at the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences in Berkeley, California and research on the history of astronomy thanks to its extensive library, which also includes a meteorite collection.[34]

Sport

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Main article: Sport in Vatican City
 
Albert II, Prince of Monaco greeting the men's football team in June 2013

Vatican City is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and does not participate in the Olympic Games. However, it has taken part in other international sporting events, such as the World Cycling Championships,[35] the Championships of the Small States of Europe, and the Mediterranean Games.[36] The nation has its own athletics association, Vatican Athletics.[37]

Football in Vatican City is overseen by the Vatican Amateur Sports Association, which organizes the national championship, known as the Vatican City Championship. This league includes eight teams, such as FC Guardia, representing the Swiss Guard, along with teams from the police and museum guard.[38] The association also manages the Coppa Sergio Valci and the Vatican Supercoppa. Additionally, it oversees the Vatican City national football team, which is not affiliated with either UEFA or FIFA.

Economics

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Main article: Economy of Vatican City

The economy of Vatican City is primarily funded through the sale of stamps, coins, medals, and tourist souvenirs, alongside museum admission fees and publication sales. In 2016, Vatican City employed a total of 4,822 people.[39]

Vatican City receives subsidies from the Italian state, including a free water supply, tax exemptions, and other forms of dedicated public funding.

Vatican City issues its own coins and stamps and has used the euro as its currency since January 1, 1999, through the Council Decision 1999/98 with the European Union. While euro banknotes are not issued by the Vatican, it began issuing euro coins on January 1, 2002. The issuance of these coins is tightly limited by treaty, with slightly higher allowances in years of a papal change.[40] Due to their limited availability, Vatican euro coins are popular among collectors.[41]

As of 2021, Vatican City reported budgeted revenue of €770 million, expenditures of €803 million, and a resulting deficit of €33 million.[42] Vatican City’s industries include printing, the production of a limited amount of mosaics, and the manufacture of staff uniforms, along with global banking and financial operations.[39]

Electricity is partially generated by solar panels, which produce up to 442 MWh, with the remainder supplied by Italy.[citation needed]

Law

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Vatican City law comprises various forms, with the canon law of the Catholic Church being the most significant.[43] The state's governing bodies operate under the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, while the Code of Penal Procedure regulates its tribunals, and the Lateran Treaty outlines its relationship with Italy.

Canonical laws

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Canon law

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Main article: Canon law of the Catholic Church

Canon law holds the highest authority within the civil legal system of Vatican City. The Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, a dicastery of the Roman Curia and the top canonical tribunal, also serves as the final court of cassation in Vatican City’s civil legal system. Its responsibilities include handling appeals related to legal procedure and judicial competence. Under a 2008 law issued by Pope Benedict XVI, the civil legal system of Vatican City recognizes canon law as its first source of norms and first principle of interpretation. within the Vatican's civil legal system. Pope Francis has affirmed that principles of canon law are essential for interpreting and applying the laws of Vatican City.[43]

Fundamental law

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Main article: Fundamental Law of Vatican City State
See also: Pastor Bonus

The civil government of Vatican City is governed by the Fundamental Law, which serves as its constitutional framework. Promulgated by Pope John Paul II on November 26, 2000, the Fundamental Law consists of 20 articles[44] and took effect on February 22, 2001, the Feast of the Chair of St. Peter. This law replaced the previous Fundamental Law of Vatican City established by Pope Pius XI on June 7, 1929. All existing norms in Vatican City that conflicted with the new law were abrogated, and the original document, bearing the Seal of Vatican City State, was archived in the Archive of the Laws of Vatican City State, with the corresponding text published in the Supplement to the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. In April 2023, Pope Francis introduced a new Fundamental Law, which came into effect the same year.[45]

Curia law

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The apostolic constitution Praedicate evangelium regulates the Roman Curia, which provides assistance to the pope in governing the Catholic Church.[46][47]

Police forces

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Main article: Crime in Vatican City § Police forces

The Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano is the gendarmerie, and functions as the police and security force for Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of the Holy See.[48] This corps is responsible for various duties, including maintaining security, ensuring public order, conducting border and traffic control, performing criminal investigations, and providing general police services within Vatican City, including protecting the pope outside its borders. Comprising 130 personnel, it operates under the Security and Civil Defence Services Department, which also encompasses the Vatican Fire Brigade, an organ of the Governorate of Vatican City.[49][50] The Pontifical Swiss Guards are specifically tasked with the protection of the pope and the Apostolic Palace.[51][52]

According to Article 3 of the 1929 Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, St. Peter's Square, while part of Vatican City State, is primarily patrolled by the Italian police up to the steps leading to the basilica. Article 22 of the Lateran Treaty stipulates that the Italian government will seek the prosecution and detention of criminal suspects at the request of the Holy See, with the expenses incurred covered by Vatican City. Vatican City does not have its own prison system, apart from a few cells designated for pre-trial detention. Individuals sentenced to imprisonment by Vatican authorities serve their sentences in Italian prisons, with the costs borne by Vatican City.[22][53][54]

The Vatican Gendarmerie maintains a limited number of prison cells. Under the provisions of the Lateran Treaty, individuals convicted of crimes are incarcerated in Italian prisons.[55]

Crime

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Main article: Crime in Vatican City

Crime in Vatican City primarily involves purse snatching, pickpocketing, and shoplifting, typically committed by tourists targeting other tourists.[56] St. Peter's Square, with its high tourist traffic, is a common area for such incidents.[57]

Vatican City's small size leads to some statistical anomalies. With 18 million visitors each year,[58] petty theft is the most frequent crime, often involving tourists as both perpetrators and victims. In 1992, based on a population of 455, there were 397 civil offenses, equating to a crime rate of 0.87 offenses per person, and 608 penal offenses, or 1.33 per capita.[56]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Population" (in Italian). Vatican City State. 16 March 2024. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  2. ^ Zaheer, Aima (8 January 2024). "30 Places Where People Live The Longest in The World". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Law on citizenship, residence and access" (PDF) (in Italian). Vatican City State. 22 February 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Population" (in Italian). Vatican City State. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019.
  5. ^ MrowiÅ„ska, Alina (26 February 2013). "Behind The Walls: What It's Like To Live Inside The Vatican, For A Woman". NET TV – Catholic TV from the Diocese of Brooklyn. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  6. ^ "Raising Children Within the Vatican: Life of a Swiss Guard Family". Pew Research Center. 5 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  7. ^ "🇻🇦 Population of Holy See". database.earth. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  8. ^ Only 32 women in Vatican City, Herald Sun, March 02, 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d e Mrowińska, Alina. "Behind The Walls: What It's Like To Live Inside The Vatican, For A Woman" Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Gazeta Wyborcza/Worldcrunch, 26 February 2013.
  10. ^ White, Christopher (October 30, 2019). "Pope Francis using synods to 'build consensus' in Church, participant says". cruxnow.com. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  11. ^ Pope Francis 'to appoint more women to key Vatican posts', The Telegraph, April 21, 2013
  12. ^ Law on the sources of law, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Supplement for the laws and provisions of Vatican City State, 1 October 2008 (in Italian).
  13. ^ Report to His Majesty the King from the Minister Keeper of the Seals (Zanardelli) at the hearing of 30 June 1889 for the approval of the final text of the penal code, pp. 145–146. "On the agreed proposal of the parliamentary commissions, the provision that was read in the bill, according to which it was declared 'not punishable the doctor or surgeon, when he justifies having acted in order to save the woman's life, endangered by the pregnancy or by childbirth', was deleted"; "The vote expressed in agreement in parliament led me to the aforesaid deletion, not to exclude the application of the concept that was expressed there, but because it was superfluous and inappropriate to declare it, providing if needed article 49 number 3, the application of which would be only, and without reason, restricted." (in Italian)
  14. ^ Criminal abortion in the Italian penal code, Pasquale Tuozzi, Filippo Serafini Legal Archive, 1902, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 29. "However, if you want to search for a provision in our code that covers the surgeon, in addition to article 45, in which the aforesaid reason is rooted, there is also number 3 of article 49, where it is declared the nonresponsibility of one who acts compelled by the need to save himself or others from a serious and imminent danger to the person, to which he did not voluntarily give cause, and which he could not otherwise avoid. Well, these extremes of the state of necessity all apply in the case of the surgeon, who, put in the harsh condition, not created by him, extinguishes an imperfect and perhaps uncertain existence, to save a certain and real existence, which is that of the woman in childbirth." (in Italian)
  15. ^ Offences against human life, dignity and freedom, Code of Cannon Law, Holy See.
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  19. ^ Camposanto Teutonico
  20. ^ L'Osservatore Romano
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  39. ^ a b "Europe :: Holy See (Vatican City) — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
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  42. ^ "Vatican's 2022 "Mission Budget" shows deficit, but less than last year". international.la-croix.com. 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  43. ^ a b "Pope Francis reforms Vatican City courts with new law". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  44. ^ Law Library of Congress, "Guide to Law Online: Holy See", accessed Jan-2-2013
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  46. ^ "Pope Francis to restructure Roman Curia with major office for evangelization". Chicago Catholic. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  47. ^ San Martín, Inés (Apr 22, 2019). "New Vatican document to put evangelization ahead of doctrine". Crux. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  48. ^ Il personale del Corpo garantisce la sicurezza e l'ordine pubblico anche nelle zone extraterritoriali di proprietà della Santa Sede. (The Corps also guarantees the security and the public order within the extraterritorial properties of the Holy See). In: "Corpo della Gendarmeria" (in Italian). Stato della Città del Vaticano. Archived from the original on 2012-12-25. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  49. ^ "Gendarme Corps". Office of the President of Vatican City State. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
  50. ^ "Administrations and Central Offices". Office of the President of Vatican City State. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
  51. ^ "The Swiss Guard - Duties". www.vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2003-12-07.
  52. ^ "What does the Swiss Guard actually do?". 6 June 2007.
  53. ^ How Does Vatican City Deal With Criminals? Slate. 30 May 2012. Retrieved on 18 April 2013.
  54. ^ "Is the Vatican a Rogue State?" Spiegel Online. 19 January 2007. Retrieved on 25 August 2010.
  55. ^ Mena, Adelaide. "What are the Vatican's next steps in the child porn case?". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  56. ^ a b "Vatican crime rate 'soars'". BBC. January 8, 2003. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  57. ^ ""Vatican surpasses all nations... in pickpockets?", Rome Reports, 14 February, 2011". Archived from the original on 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
  58. ^ ""Unique Vatican court system tackles petty to serious crimes", Catholic News Service, May 30, 2012". Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
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