癸

Translingual

Han character

癸 (Kangxi radical 105, 癶+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓人一大 (NOMK), four-corner 1243₀, composition ⿱癶天)

Derived characters

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 783, character 32
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22660
Dae Jaweon: page 1193, character 9
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2760, character 4
Unihan data for U+7678

Chinese

trad.		癸
simp. ^#		癸
alternative forms		𫻮

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 癸
Shang		Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Shizhoupian script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (癸) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
睽	*kʰʷiːl
湀	kʰʷiːl, kʷilʔ, ɡʷilʔ, kʰʷiːd
聧	*kʰʷiː
藈	*kʰʷiːl
癸	*kʷilʔ
葵	*ɡʷil
鄈	*ɡʷil
楑	ɡʷil, ɡʷilʔ
戣	*ɡʷril
鍨	*ɡʷril
騤	ɡʷril, kʷiːd
揆	*ɡʷilʔ
猤	*ɡʷils
闋	*kʰʷiːd

Pictogram (象形) - Multiple uncertain interpretations.

Possibly, this was a pictograph of a four handled plow, meant to be operated by 4 people at a time. This character shows how essential and commonplace collective farming was roughly 3000 years ago. Otherwise, it is composed of two halberds (戣 kuí).

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Glyph origin from Chinese Wiktionary”)

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): guǐ (gui³)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄟˇ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gui⁴
Cantonese (Jyutping): gwai³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kui
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kúi

(Teochew, Peng'im): gui³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gue

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: guǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄟˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: guěi
  - Wade–Giles: kuei³
  - Yale: gwěi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goei
  - Palladius: гуй (guj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: gui⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gui
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuei²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gwai³
  - Yale: gwai
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gwai³
  - Guangdong Romanization: guei³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɐi̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kui
  - Hakka Romanization System: gui
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gui⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ku̯i⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kúi
  - Tâi-lô: kuí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kuie
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kui⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kui⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kui⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kui⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kui⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gui³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kùi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kui²¹³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gue
  - MiniDict: gue^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³gue
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɡue²³/

Middle Chinese: kjwijX

Rime
Character	癸
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	脂 (16)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居誄切
Baxter	kjwijX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kiuɪ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kjuɪ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwi^X/
Li Rong	/kui^X/
Wang Li	/kwi^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kwi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwai²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷijʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʷilʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	癸
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ kjwij^X ›
Old Chinese	/*kʷijʔ/
English	10th heavenly stem
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	癸
Reading #	1/1
No.	4644
Phonetic component	癸
Rime group	脂
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	癸
Old Chinese	/*kʷilʔ/
Notes	戴侗雲戣初文；甲文象二工（金文或變二木）相交以度圜，本規初文

Definitions

癸

the tenth of the ten heavenly stems
a surname

Coordinate terms

(Chinese heavenly stems) 天干 (tiāngān); 甲 (jiǎ), 乙 (yǐ), 丙 (bǐng), 丁 (dīng), 戊 (wù), 己 (jǐ), 庚 (gēng), 辛 (xīn), 壬 (rén), 癸 (guǐ) ^{(Category: zh:Chinese heavenly stems)}

Compounds

Descendants

→ Zhuang: gveiq

References

(Min Nan) “Entry #5236”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

Japanese

Kanji

癸

(Hyōgai kanji)

something J
1. tenth of the ten heavenly stems
2. tenth rank

Readings

Go-on: き (ki)
Kan-on: き (ki)
Kun: みずのと (mizunoto, 癸)^{←みづのと (midunoto, 癸, historical)}

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
癸
き Hyōgai
on'yomi

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

癸

Wikipedia ^ja

From Middle Chinese 癸 (kjwij^X).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) き [kíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [kʲi]

Homophones: 木, 樹, 生, 杵, 柝, 黄, 己, 危, 忌, 奇, 季, 紀, 鬼, 基, 揆, 期, 簋

Proper noun

癸(き) • (Ki)

the tenth of the ten heavenly stems;
Hypernyms: 天干 (tenkan), 十干 (jikkan)

Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸
the tenth rank; something J

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
癸
みずのと Hyōgai
kun'yomi

水 (Mizu, “Water”, one of the Five Elements) +‎ の (no, attributive marker) +‎ 弟 (oto, “younger brother”)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) みずのと [mìzúnóꜜtò] (Nakadaka – [3])
IPA^(key): [mʲizɨno̞to̞]

Proper noun

癸(みずのと) • (Mizunoto) ^{←みづのと (Midunoto)^?}

the tenth of the ten heavenly stems
Hypernyms: 天干 (tenkan), 十干 (jikkan)

Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Korean

Hanja

癸 (eumhun 천간 계 (cheon'gan gye))

hanja form^? of 계 (“tenth heavenly stem”)

Vietnamese

Han character

癸: Hán Nôm readings: quý, quấy, quậy

chữ Hán form of Quý (“tenth of the ten heavenly stems”).
Hypernyms: 天干, 十干

Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Compounds