Wiktionary

na

See also: Appendix:Variations of "na"
Languages (109)
Translingual • English
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Page categories

Translingual

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Symbol

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na

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Nauruan.

English

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  This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /nɑː/
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɑː

Etymology 1

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From Middle English na, from Old English nā, from Old English ne (“not”) + ā (“ever”). More at no.

Adverb

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na (not comparable)

  1. (obsolete) Not.
  2. (obsolete) No.

Etymology 2

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Development of Etymology 1, above; compare nah.

Interjection

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na

  1. (Geordie, Scotland) No.
    Na, yor wrang.
    Na, ye cannet watch telly.
    “Divn’t yee like milk?” “Na.”

References

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Etymology 3

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Noun

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na

  1. (linguistics) Abbreviation of noun animate.

Etymology 4

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Borrowed from Tagalog na.

Adverb

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na (not comparable)

  1. (Philippines, slang) Now; already.
    You need to sleep na.
    I have to go na.

Etymology 5

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Borrowed from Hindi ना (nā).

Adverb

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na (not comparable)

  1. (North India, slang) Isn't it?
    It is far na?

See also

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Anagrams

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Acehnese

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Verb

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na

  1. to be (exist)

Derived terms

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Albanian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Indo-European *nō̆s (“we”).

Pronoun

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na

  1. (Gheg) we

Alternative forms

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'Are'are

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Article

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na

  1. the

References

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Asturian

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Etymology

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From a contraction of the preposition en (“in”) + feminine singular article la (“the”).

Contraction

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na f (masculine nel, neuter no, masculine plural nos, feminine plural nes)

  1. in the

Bambara

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Etymology 1

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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na

  1. stew

Etymology 2

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Particle

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na (tone nà)

  1. auxiliary marker for future tense
    sini, i bɛ na taa sugu jɔ
    You will go to the market tomorrow

References

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Bikol Central

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Pronunciation

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Adverb

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na (Basahan spelling ᜈ)

  1. already
    Naghali na po siya sa harong.
    S/he already left the house.
  2. yet (only in questions)
    Tapos ka na?
    Are you finished yet?
  3. anymore
    Dai na niya kayang tioson.
    S/he can't endure it anymore.

Particle

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na (Basahan spelling ᜈ)

  1. connects consonant ending noun or adjective to a noun or adjective that it modifies
    Synonym: -ng
    Bilog na bulan ― Whole month

Phrase

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na (Basahan spelling ᜈ)

  1. about to; bound to
    Madya na, mapuon na kita.
    Come on, we're about to start.

Blagar

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Etymology

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From Proto-Trans-New Guinea *na. Cognate to Zia na.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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na

  1. I

Noun

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na

  1. thing

References

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Cameroon Pidgin

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Pronunciation

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Predicative

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na

  1. copula for nouns and adjectives
    • 2019 November 19, Kimzy K-Buoy (lyrics and music), “Flex”‎[1], 0:57–0:59:
      MUSIC NA THE KEY SO I NODI PLAY
      Music is the key so I am not engaging in play.
  2. a topic marker introducing a clause to lay focus on a subject
    • 2019 November 19, Kimzy K-Buoy (lyrics and music), “Flex”‎[2], 1:39–1:42:
      I go make you number one for ma list because
      Na you be the hardest
      I will make you the number one of my list by reason that, behold, you are the hardest.

Catalan

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Etymology

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From the final syllable of Latin domina (“Lady”).

Pronunciation

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Article

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na f sg (elided n', masculine en)

  1. (Eastern) personal article used before feminine given names instead of the definite article la
    En Pau i na Maria arribaran demà.
    Pau and Maria will be arriving tomorrow.

Usage notes

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  • While this article (and its masculine counterpart en) is standard in Balearic Catalan, in other Eastern Catalan dialects its use is waning, and the elided of the definite article, l', is used before names beginning with vowels. There is no plural personal article, so the plural definite article les is used in all dialects.
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Cavineña

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Noun

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na

  1. root of ena

References

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  • Antoine Guillaume, A Grammar of Cavineña (2008, →ISBN

Cebuano

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Pronunciation

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Adverb

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na (Badlit spelling ᜈ)

  1. (after an adjective) marks that something is already the case when it wasn't so before; is now
    Antonym: pa
    puti na ang balay
    the house is now colored white
    lahi na ang panahon karon
    things are now different these days
  2. (after verb in the inchoative[1] aspect) marks verb as completed; have, already (perfect aspect)
    niadto na siya ― he has gone out already
    1. (+ negator "wala") indicates that an ongoing action has stopped or no longer happening; not anymore
      wala na siya nikaon ― he did not eat anymore
  3. (after verb in the prospective aspect) marks something that will happen very soon; about to
    moadto na siya ― he is about to go out
    1. (+ negator "dili") indicates that an anticipated or habitual action is discontinued; will not ... anymore
      dili na siya moinom ― he does not drink (alcohol) anymore

Adjective

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na (Badlit spelling ᜈ)

  1. (after pronouns or names) indicates a shift in the performance of a task to the person as mentioned
    Antonym: pa
    ikaw na ― it's your turn
    si Tonyo na ― it's Tonyo's turn

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ encompasses the complete and progressive aspects: the mi-, nag-, gi- form


Central Huasteca Nahuatl

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Pronoun

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na

  1. I

Chavacano

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Portuguese na, contraction of em a.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na

  1. indirect object marker: to
    Ya dale yo todos na mi amigo. ― I gave everything to my friend.
  2. used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; on; at
    Na Ciudad de Zamboanga ele nacido. ― He/she was born in Zamboanga City.
  3. used to refer toward a location of something or some action: to; toward
  4. used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)
  5. used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of

Czech

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Etymology

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Inherited from Old Czech na, from Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na

  1. on, onto (direction, + accusative case)
    Dej skleničku na stůl. ― Put the glass on the table.
  2. on (location, + locative case)
    Sklenička je na stole. ― The glass is on the table.
  3. to (direction, + accusative case, used only with certain places (do + genitive is more common))
    Jdeme na poštu. ― We're going to the post office.
  4. at, in (location, + locative case, used only with certain places (v is more common))
    Jsme na poště. ― We're at the post office.
  5. for (purpose, + accusative case)
    Ty nůžky nejsou na hraní. ― The scissors are not for playing with.
  6. at (in the direction of, + accusative case)
    Nekřič na mě! ― Don't yell at me!

Further reading

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  • “na”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
  • “na”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Dalmatian

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Etymology

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From Latin nōn.

Adverb

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na

  1. no
  2. not
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Domari

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Etymology

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From Sanskrit नव (nava).

Numeral

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na

  1. (Aleppo, cardinal number) nine

References

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  • Bruno Herin (2012) “The Domari Language of Aleppo (Syria)”, in Linguistic Discovery‎[3], volume 10, number 2, →DOI

Drung

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Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ.

Pronoun

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na

  1. you (sg.)

References

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  • Ross Perlin (2019) A Grammar of Trung‎[4], Santa Barbara: University of California

Dutch

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Dutch na, from Old Dutch *nāh, *nā, from Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.

Preposition

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na

  1. after
    Antonym: voor
  2. (op ... na, with a cardinal number) bar, except Used to form ordinal numbers in relation to a superlative quality. The number that is used is 1 lower than in the English translation.
    Brazilië is met zijn 8,5 miljoen vierkante kilometer het grootste land van Zuid-Amerika en het op vier na grootste ter wereld.
    With its 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth largest in the world.
    Naast dat de toonladder een kenmerkend gegeven is, zijn er ook bepaalde tonen, die een speciale rol hebben, zoals de vadi en de samvadi, respectievelijk: de belangrijkste en de op een na belangrijkste toon.
    Next to [the fact] that the musical scale is a characteristic datum, there are also certain tones that have a special role, such as the vadi and the samvadi: respectively the most important and second most important tones.
Declension
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Pronominal adverbs of na
preposition na
postpositional adv. na
+ het (it) erna
+ dit (this) hierna
+ dat (that) daarna
+ wat (what) waarna
+ iets (something) ergens na
+ niets (nothing) nergens na
+ alles (everything) overal na
Derived terms
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verbs
Descendants
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  • Afrikaans: na
  • Negerhollands: na, a
    • → Virgin Islands Creole: na

Etymology 2

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From Old Dutch *nāh, *nā, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwaz.

Adjective

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na (comparative nader, superlative naast)

  1. close
Declension
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The forms of the positive are obsolescent, particularly the inflected one. The comparative and superlative forms are functioning as independent adjectives to an increasing extent.

Declension of na
uninflected na
inflected naë
comparative nader
positive comparative superlative
predicative/adverbial nader het naast
het naaste
indefinite m./f. sing. naë nadere naaste
n. sing. na nader naaste
plural naë nadere naaste
definite naë nadere naaste
partitive na's naders —
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Preposition

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na

  1. (dialectal) Archaic form of naar.

Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl

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Pronoun

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na

  1. first person; I

See also

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Esperanto

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Esperanto Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia eo

Etymology

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Presumably from Russian на (na) and Polish na; alternatively, from the accusative suffix -n (possibly a blend with the article la or with the suffix -a).

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na

  1. (neologism, rare, nonstandard, proscribed) Preposition introducing an accusative phrase.
    Mi legis na Gerda Malaperis.
    I read Gerda Disappeared.

Usage notes

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Unofficial; it is recognized by some Esperantists on the Internet, but disapproved of by most high-level speakers. Proponents recommended using it only where the accusative suffix isn't possible: with numerals (unu (“one”)), particles (iom (“some”), kies (“whose”)), letters (J), titles of books, and quotations, etc. More standard options are to use the general preposition je, to omit the accusative ending, or to rephrase the sentence to avoid the issue.

Galician

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Etymology 1

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From contraction of preposition en (“in”) + feminine article a (“the”).

Pronunciation

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Contraction

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na f (masculine no, masculine plural nos, feminine plural nas)

  1. in the

Etymology 2

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From a mutation of a.

Pronoun

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na f (accusative)

  1. Alternative form of a (“her”)
Usage notes
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The n- forms of accusative third-person pronouns are used when the preceding word ends in -u or a diphthong, and are suffixed to the preceding word.

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Further reading

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German

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Perhaps from an unstressed form of nu.

Interjection

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na

  1. well!, so!; used to introduce a statement
    Na, dann fangen wir mal an!
    So, let’s get started!
    Ich bin ein Narr? Na, du auch!
    I am a clown? Well, so are you!
  2. oh, hm, huh, och, nu; expressing a (usually mild) degree of surprise, doubt, or frustration
    Na, das ist ja nett, dass ihr vorbeikommt!
    Oh, that’s nice of you to come by!
    Na? Ob das so stimmt...
    Huh? Not sure if that’s correct...
    Na! Warum will das denn jetzt wieder nicht?
    Och! Why does this thing not work yet again?
    Na toll! Kein Empfang.
    Oh great! No signal.
  3. (regional, chiefly northern and central Germany) huh?; used as a question marker, often implying that the speaker knows the answer
    Was ist zwei plus drei? Na?
    What’s two plus three? Huh?
  4. (regional, chiefly northern and central Germany) hey!, hi!; used as a greeting, but with an interrogative intonation, as if saying “So? You see me there?”, or “So? How is everything?”
    Na! Lang nicht gesehen!
    Hey! Long time no see!
    Na! Wie geht’s?
    Hi! How are you?
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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A variant of nein.

Interjection

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na

  1. (regional, chiefly southern Germany and Austria) Alternative form of nein (“no”)
    Na. Das geht net.
    No. That doesn’t work.

Anagrams

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Guinea-Bissau Creole

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Etymology

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From Portuguese na. Cognate with Kabuverdianu na.

Preposition

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na

  1. at
  2. in
  3. on

Hamap

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Pronoun

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na

  1. I (first-person singular pronoun)

References

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Hawaiian

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na

  1. for, belonging to, by

Usage notes

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  • Used for acquired possessions, while no is used for possessions that are inherited, out of personal control, and for things that can be got into (houses, clothes, cars).

Hungarian

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Pronunciation

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Interjection

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na

  1. well, so, hey
    Na, nem baj. ― Well, no problem.
    Itt van Péter. – Na és? ― “Peter is here.” “So what?”
    Na, gyerünk! ― Alright, let's go!
    Na, ne mondj ilyet! ― Hey, don't say that!
    Na, ez fáj! ― Hey, that hurts!

Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • na in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Ingrian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Russian на (na).

Pronunciation

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Interjection

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na

  1. here! there you go! (said when handing something over)

References

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  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 331

Irish

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Pronunciation

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Article

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na (definite article)

  1. genitive singular feminine of an (triggers h-prothesis)
    na háite ― of the place
  2. nominative/dative plural of an (triggers h-prothesis)
    na héin ― the birds
    ó na cailíní ― from the girls
  3. genitive plural of an (triggers eclipsis)
    na bpáistí ― of the children

Contraction

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na

  1. Nonstandard form of ina

Mutation

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Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
na not applicable not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Descendants

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  • → Yola: na

Further reading

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Japanese

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Romanization

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na

  1. The hiragana syllable な (na) or the katakana syllable ナ (na) in Hepburn romanization.

Kabuverdianu

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Etymology

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From Portuguese na.

Preposition

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na

  1. at
  2. in
  3. on

Kapampangan

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /nə/ [nə]
  • Hyphenation: na

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.

Pronoun

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na

  1. 3rd person singular possessive/ergative pronoun: he; his; she; her; it; its
    Bayu ya ing bale na.
    Her/his house is new.
    Nanu ing seli na?
    What did s/he buy?

Etymology 2

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Possibly a contraction of nanu (“what”). Compare Tagalog 'no, Japanese な (na), ね (ne).

Interjection

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na

  1. (masculine, informal, mild emphatic) used to get someone's attention, generally carries neutral or slightly positive connotations
    Na munta ka?
    Hey, are you going?
    Na dimdam me?
    Hey, did you hear?

Particle

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na

  1. (informal, mild emphatic) sentence-final particle indicating emotion or mild emphasis
    Makanini namu siguru na?
    Maybe it is what it is, isn't it?
    Nokarin nakaman munta na?
    Where are you going, huh?

Ligature

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na

  1. connects adjectives to nouns
    Malairo na banwa.
    the blue sky.
    kakatua na tau.
    A strange person.

Adverb

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na

  1. already; now (expresses the event when following a verb)
    Yari na.
    Finished already.
    Munta naka.
    Are you going now?.
  2. already; now (declares the event of action when following a verb in the past tense)
    Matudtud na.
    Slept already.
    Sinali na.
    Bought already.
  3. already; now (suggests immediate or quick action when following the infinitive form and future tense of the verb)
    Lungub nakata.
    Let's go in already.
    Pepasali nakung panulu.
    I'm having someone buy the medicine now.

See also

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Karaim

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Proto-Slavic *na.

Interjection

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na

  1. here you are! take it!

Kasem

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Noun

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na

  1. water

References

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Kashubian

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈna/
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Syllabification: na

Etymology 1

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Preposition

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na

  1. denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
    Synonym: nó
  2. denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]

Etymology 2

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Interjection

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na

  1. emphatic particle used with imperatives to speed up a performed action; c'mon, now

Further reading

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  • Stefan Ramułt (1893) “na”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 110
  • Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “na 1”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎[5], volume 2, page 2
  • Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “na 2”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎[6], volume 2, page 2
  • “na”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka, Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
  • “na!”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka, Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

Kikuyu

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Particle

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na

  1. (instrumental) with[1]
    Gũtema na kanua ti gũtema na rũhiũ.
    To cut with a mouth is not to cut with a knife.
  2. (comitative) and, with[1]
    Ikinya na thĩ itiaganaga.
    The foot and the earth cannot help meeting.
  3. (source) from[1]
    Synonym: kuuma
    Wega uumaga na mũciĩ.
    Goodness comes from home.
  4. but[1]
    Kanua njero, na mũciĩ ndũkomeka nĩ heho.
    The mouth is sweet, but the house is too cold to lie at.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 “na” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary, p. 277. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Kilivila

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Noun

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na

  1. (in compounds) woman

References

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  • Gunter Senft (1986), Kilivila: the Language of the Trobriand Islanders. Berlin • New York • Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 372, 591. →ISBN

Ladin

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Article

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na f

  1. an, a

Synonyms

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See also

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Ladino

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Greek να (na), from Ancient Greek ἤν (ḗn).

Interjection

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na (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling נה)

  1. here! behold! there!

Lakota

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Conjunction

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na

  1. and

Latin

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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nā

  1. imperative singular of nō, swim!

References

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Lingala

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Etymology

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Of native Bobangi origin (compare Swahili na), but its functional broadening to "in, at" may be under the influence of West African languages; compare Igbo na, Krio na.

Preposition

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na

  1. with, and
  2. in, at
  3. of (form of ya before personal pronouns)

Lower Sorbian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na

  1. (with locative) on, in
  2. (with accusative) on, onto

Further reading

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  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “na_2”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999) “na”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Luganda

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Conjunction

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na

  1. and (only used if the overall statement is grammatically negative)

See also

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References

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The Essentials of Luganda, J. D. Chesswas, 4th edition. Oxford University Press: Nairobi. 1967, p. 94.

Macanese

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Etymology 1

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From Portuguese na, itself from Old Galician-Portuguese na. Semantically, compare Chavacano na.

Preposition

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na

  1. in
    botâ na fólia ― to place in the newspaper
    Já levâ ung'a perada na cara qui ficó vangueado.
    The ball hit him so hard in the face that he fainted.
  2. at
    na casa ― at home
    na festa ― at the party
  3. on
    estendê na chám ― to stretch on the ground
Usage notes
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  • As grammatical gender is not differentiated in Macanese, na is invariable, and there is no alternative form *no.
  • Unlike the Chavacano term, the preposition does not bear the meaning of "to"; that function is fulfilled by pa.
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Possibly a reduced form of Portuguese ainda.

Alternative forms

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Adverb

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na

  1. still, yet
    Já cavâ fazê liçam di casa? Nunca nâ, faltâ três folia
    Have you finished your homework yet? Not yet, I still have three pages
    Ela tâ assí chistosa na? Certo, iou-sa Marichai dia-a-dia tâ más bunita
    She still looks so pretty, doesn't she? Of course, my Marichai gets prettier by the day

Etymology 3

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Borrowed from Cantonese 嗱 (naa4).

Alternative forms

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Interjection

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na

  1. here!, here you go, here you are (offering something to the listener)

Particle

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na

  1. emphatic particle
    Cudí ná! ― Help!
    Vai racolê nâ! ― Get lost!

References

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Mandarin

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Pronunciation

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Romanization

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na (na5／na0, Zhuyin ˙ㄋㄚ)

  1. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 吶／呐
  2. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 哪

na

  1. Nonstandard spelling of nā.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of ná.
  3. Nonstandard spelling of nǎ.
  4. Nonstandard spelling of nà.

Usage notes

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  • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Middle Dutch

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Old Dutch nāh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.

Preposition

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na

  1. towards
  2. behind
  3. after, following, later than
  4. in accordance with, based on

Adverb

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na

  1. afterwards, later
  2. close, near
Descendants
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  • Dutch: na
    • Afrikaans: na
  • Limburgish: nao

Etymology 2

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From Old Dutch *nāh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwaz.

Adjective

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nâ

  1. close
Inflection
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This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

Further reading

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Mpade

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Etymology

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From Proto-Central Chadic *nɨh.

Verb

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na

  1. to ripen

References

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Neapolitan

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Feminine form of nu, from Latin ūnus.

Alternative forms

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  • n' (before words starting with a vowel)

Etymology

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From Latin ūna.

Article

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na f sg

  1. a, an

Northern Kurdish

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Etymology

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From Proto-Iranian *ná, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ná, from Proto-Indo-European *ne. Related to ne.

Pronunciation

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Interjection

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na

  1. no

Northern Ndebele

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Etymology

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From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Verb

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-na

  1. to rain

Inflection

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This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Northern Sami

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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na

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Further reading

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  • Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎[7], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Northern Sotho

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Etymology

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From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Verb

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na

  1. to rain

Norwegian Nynorsk

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Etymology

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From Old Norse hana, the accusative form of hon (“she”). Compare with Swedish na. The correct term in Norwegian Bokmål would be henne, and either ho or henne in Norwegian Nynorsk.

Pronoun

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na

  1. (dialectal, colloquial) her; object form of ho

Usage notes

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  • It is almost without exceptions used as a clitic, and is always unstressed.

See also

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Ojibwe

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Particle

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na

  1. Question marker for yes/no questions. It is always placed after the first word in the sentence. If the first word ends in a vowel, use the particle na; if it ends in a consonant, use ina.

Synonyms

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Old Czech

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na

  1. on, onto (direction, + accusative case)
    I přivedli oslici a oslátko s ní, i položichu na ně rúcha svá. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  2. on (location, + locative case)
  3. for (purpose, + accusative case)
  4. at (in the direction of, + accusative case)

Descendants

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Further reading

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Old English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Proto-West Germanic *nai (“never”), equivalent to a contraction of ne (“not”) and ā (“ever”).

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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nā

  1. not
    Nis þæt nā rēad, ac is grēne.
    That's not red, it's green.
    • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 22:17
      Is hit ālīefed þæt man Cāsere gafol selle, þe nā?
      Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not?
    • c. 992, Ælfric, "The Fifth Sunday in Lent"
      Dryhten nis nā ōðrum mannum tō wiþmetenne.
      The Lord is not comparable to other people.
    • c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
      Nōn egō, sed tū: “Nā iċ, ac þū.” Nōn bōs est, sed equus: “Nis hit nā oxa, ac is hors.”
      Non ego, sed tu: “Not me, you.” Non bos est, sed equus: “It's not an ox, it's a horse.”
  2. no
    Þæt iċ cwæþ for þon āne þe iċ nā bet nysse.
    I only said that because I didn't know any better (literally "no better").
    • late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
      Þā ġecwæð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā muneca wunian...
      Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...
    • Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Version B, year 897
      Þȳ ilcan sumora forwearþ nā lǣs þonne twēntiġ sċipa be þǣm sūðriman.
      That same summer, no less than twenty ships perished on the south coast.
    • late 10th century, Ælfric, "Ash-Wednesday"
      Þā cwæð eall sēo meniu þe ðǣr mid stōd ofwundrod þæt sē cwellere ne sceolde swencan hī nā leng...
      Then said all the multitude who stood there astonished,that the executioner should vex her no longer,...
  1. (poetic) never

Conjunction

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nā

  1. not
    • c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent"
      Māre wundor is þæt God Ælmihtiġ ǣlce dæġe fētt ealne middanġeard þonne þæt wundor wǣre þæt hē þā ġefylde fīf þūsende manna mid fīf hlāfum—ac þæs wundrodon menn nā for þȳ þæt hit māre wundor wǣre, ac for þȳ þæt hit wæs unġewunelīċ.
      It's more of a miracle that God Almighty feeds the whole world every day than that he fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread—but that amazed people not because it was more miraculous, but because it was unusual.

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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See also

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Old Frisian

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-West Germanic *nai, equivalent to a blend of ne (“not”) +‎ ā (“ever”). Akin to Old English nā.

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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nā

  1. never
Descendants
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  • West Frisian: nea

Particle

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nā

  1. no
Descendants
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  • Saterland Frisian: noa

Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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nā (+ dative)

  1. Alternative form of nēi

References

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  • Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

Old Irish

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Etymology 1

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Pronunciation

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Article

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na (triggers /h/-prothesis in the feminine genitive singular, in the feminine and neuter nominative plural, and in the accusative plural; triggers eclipsis in the genitive plural)

  1. Aphetic form of inna (“the (various inflected forms)”)

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Determiner

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na (‘his’ and ‘its’ trigger lenition, ‘her’ triggers /h/-prothesis, ‘their’ triggers eclipsis)

  1. Aphetic form of inna (“in his/her/its/their”)

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Determiner

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na

  1. neuter nominative/accusative singular of nach (“any”)

Etymology 4

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Pronunciation

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Particle

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na (triggers /h/-prothesis)

  1. Alternative spelling of ná (“don’t”)

Etymology 5

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Pronunciation

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Conjunction

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na (triggers /h/-prothesis)

  1. (chiefly in the negative) Alternative spelling of ná (“or, nor”)

Old Polish

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na

  1. denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
  2. denotes movement towards some nouns; to, toward [with accusative]
  3. denotes the length of time for which an action will be done; for [with accusative]
  4. denotes a goal or purpose; for [with accusative]
  5. used in some temporal and physical measurements; by [with accusative or locative]
  6. denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
  7. denotes a period of time; during [with locc]
  8. denotes frequency; per [with case]
  9. denotes location with events; at [with locative]
  10. denotes manner [with accusative]

Descendants

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  • Polish: na
  • Silesian: na

References

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  • B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “na”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Old Tupi

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Alternative forms

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Particle

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na

  1. forms the negative of verbs and adjectives [with -i]
  2. forms the negative of nouns [with ruã]
  3. hopefully; if only [with ruã ymã]
  4. shall not stop [with -e'ymi]

References

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Pali

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Alternative forms

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Alternative scripts

Etymology 1

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Inherited from Sanskrit न (na).

Particle

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na

  1. no, not

Etymology 2

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

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na

  1. (demonstrative) that
Declension
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Declension table of "na" (masculine)
Case \ NumberSingularPlural
Accusative (second)naṃne
Dative (fourth)nassanesaṃ
Genitive (sixth)nassanesaṃ
Declension table of "nā" (feminine)
Case \ NumberSingular
Accusative (second)naṃ
Declension table of "na" (neuter)
Case \ NumberSingular
Accusative (second)naṃ
Dative (fourth)nassa
Genitive (sixth)nassa
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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  • ena (“this”)
  • nā (“her”)

Pronoun

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na m or n

  1. (demonstrative) that
  2. him, it
  3. (in the plural) them
    • 2006, The Fifth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Majjhimanikāya (II)‎[8], page 558:
      පුන ච පරං භන‍්තෙ, ඉමෙ ඉසිදත‍්තපුරාණා ථපතයො මමභත‍්තා
      මමයානා අහං නෙසං ජීවිතස‍්ස පදාතා යසස‍්ස ආහත‍්තා අථ ච පන
      නො තථා මයි නිපච‍්චාකාරං කරොන‍්ති යථා භගවති.
      Puna ca paraṃ bhante, ime isidattapurāṇā thapatayo mamabhattā
      mamayānā ahaṃ nesaṃ jīvitassa padātā yasassa āhattā atha ca pana
      no tathā mayi nipaccākāraṃ karonti yathā bhagavati.
      Furthermore, sir, these chamberlains Isidatta and Purāṇa share my meals and my carriages. I give them a livelihood and bring them renown. And yet they don’t show me the same level of devotion that they show to the Buddha.
Usage notes
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Note that this is not used to reference, explicitly or implicitly, a neuter noun in the plural.

Declension
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Declension table of "na" (masculine)
Case \ NumberSingularPlural
Accusative (second)naṃne
Dative (fourth)nassanesaṃ
Genitive (sixth)nassanesaṃ
Declension table of "na" (neuter)
Case \ NumberSingular
Accusative (second)naṃ
Dative (fourth)nassa
Genitive (sixth)nassa
Synonyms
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References

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Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “na”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead

Papiamentu

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Etymology 1

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From Portuguese na and Kabuverdianu na.

Preposition

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na

  1. at
  2. in
  3. inside
  4. on

Etymology 2

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From Dutch naar.

Preposition

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na

  1. to
  2. towards

Phalura

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Etymology 1

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From Sanskrit न (na, “not”).

Pronunciation

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Particle

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na (negating, Perso-Arabic spelling نہ)

  1. not
  2. don't

References

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  • Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “na”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎[9], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “na”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

Etymology 2

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Interjection

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na (Perso-Arabic spelling نہ)

  1. no!

References

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  • Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “na”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎[10], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Phuthi

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Etymology

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From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Verb

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-na

  1. to rain

Inflection

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This entry needs an inflection-table template.

Polish

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Etymology

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Inherited from Old Polish na.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na

  1. denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
    Siedzę na koniu. ― I'm on a horse.
  2. denotes location with events; at [with locative]
    Mieszkam na wsi. ― I live in the countryside.
  3. denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
    Uważaj, zaraz to na mnie spadnie! ― Watch out, it's going to fall on me!
  4. denotes the length of time for which an action will be done; for, by [with accusative]
    Sprawozdanie ma być gotowe na piątą. ― The report should be ready by five o'clock.
  5. denotes a goal or purpose; for, to deal with [with accusative]
    lek na grypę ― flu medication
    na zdrowie ― for [your] health; cheers; bless you.
  6. denotes frequency; per [with accusative]
    pięć metrów na sekundę ― five meters per second
  7. denotes manner [with accusative or adverb]
    pasażer na gapę ― stowaway
    deser na kwaśno ― sour dessert
  8. (mathematics) surjective usage; onto [with accusative]

Adjective

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na (not comparable, no derived adverb)

  1. (mathematics) onto; surjective

Interjection

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na

  1. (obsolete or dialectal, Far Masovian) take it! here!
    Coordinate term: (dialectal, plural) nata

Usage notes

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  • When used as an adjective, this word is indeclinable, postpositive (when used attributively), and usually placed inside quotation marks, e.g. funkcja „na”.

Trivia

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According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), na is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 1784 times in scientific texts, 1884 times in news, 1681 times in essays, 1932 times in fiction, and 1319 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 8600 times, making it the 5th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

References

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  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “na”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 261

Further reading

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  • na in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • na in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “na”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “na”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku
  • “NA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku, 29.01.2012
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “na”, in Słownik języka polskiego
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “na”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “na”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 1
  • Wojciech Grzegorzewicz (1894) “na”, in Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 5, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 115

Portuguese

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Pronunciation

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  • Hyphenation: na

Etymology 1

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From Old Galician-Portuguese na, clipping of ena, from en (“in”) + a (“the”).

Contraction

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na f sg

  2. Contraction of em a (“in the”): feminine singular of no
Quotations
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For quotations using this term, see Citations:no.

Preposition

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na

  1. at
  2. in

Etymology 2

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Pronoun

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na

  2. Alternative form of a (third-person feminine singular objective pronoun) used as an enclitic following a verb form ending in a nasal vowel or diphthong
Usage notes
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  • This form is not found in Brazilian speech.
Quotations
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For quotations using this term, see Citations:no.

Riantana

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Etymology

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From Proto-Trans-New Guinea *na. Cognate to Blagar na.

Pronoun

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na

  1. I

Romani

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Etymology

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From Sanskrit न (na, “no”).

Adverb

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na

  1. not

Interjection

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na

  1. right?; tag question

Particle

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na

  1. no

References

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  • Dieter W. Halwachs (2021 September 19 (last accessed)) “Morphology”, in Romani Projekt Graz‎[11], archived from the original on 13 April 2016
  • Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “na”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 152

Romanian

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Etymology

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Cognate to Bulgarian на (na), from Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

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Interjection

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na

  1. here you are! take it!

Further reading

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Samoan

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Pronoun

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na

  1. he / she

See also

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Samoan personal pronouns
singular dual plural
1st person aʻu, ʻou māʻua, mā (exclusive)
tāʻua, tā (inclusive) 		mātou (exclusive)
tātou (inclusive)
2nd person ʻoe, ʻe ʻoulua ʻoutou, tou
3rd person ia, na lāʻua lātou

Sango

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Conjunction

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na

  1. and

Scottish Gaelic

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): (etymologies 1-3) /na/, (etymologies 4-7) /nə/

Etymology 1

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Univerbation of an (“in”) +‎ a (“his/her”).

Preposition

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na (+ dative)

  1. (triggers lenition) in his; in its
  2. (triggers H-prothesis) in her; in its
Inflection
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Possessive declension of an
Singular Plural
First person namL narN
Second person nadL nurN
Third person m naL nanN, namN 1)
Third person f naH
L Triggers lenition; H Triggers H-prothesis; N Triggers eclipsis; 1) Used before b-, f-, m- or p-

Etymology 2

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From Old Irish indás (“than (it) is”).

Conjunction

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na

  1. than

Etymology 3

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From Old Irish ná.

Particle

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na

  1. don’t (particle used to introduce a negative imperative; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)
    Na bruidhinn!
    Do not speak!
  2. particle used to emphasise a negative reply to a question
    An do rinn iad e Disathairne? – Cha do rinn na!
    Did they do it on Saturday? – They certainly did not!

Etymology 4

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From Old Irish a (“that which”).

Pronoun

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na

  1. all that, that which, whatever, what

Etymology 5

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Article

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na (triggers H-prothesis)

  2. inflection of an (“the”):
    1. genitive singular feminine
    2. nominative or dative plural
Declension
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Variation of na (definite article)
Masculine Feminine Plural
nom. dat. gen. nom. dat. gen. nom. dat. gen.
+ f- am anL anL na na nam
+ m-, p- or b- am a'L a'L na na nam
+ c- or g- an a'L a'L na na nan
+ sV-, sl-, sn- or sr- an anT anT na na nan
+ other consonant an an an na na nan
+ vowel anT an an naH naH nan
L Triggers lenition; H Triggers H-prothesis; T Triggers T-prothesis

Etymology 6

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Univerbation of an (interrogative particle) +‎ do (past tense particle)

Particle

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na

  1. (chiefly Lewis, colloquial) marks an interrogative in the past tense
    Na rinn thu sin? ― Did you do that?

Etymology 7

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From Old Irish nó, nú.

Conjunction

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na

  1. Alternative form of no

Serbo-Croatian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na (Cyrillic spelling на)

  1. (+ locative case) on, at, in (with certain nouns, expressing location without a change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ; see usage notes below)
    knjiga je na stolu ― the book is on the table
    biti na koncertu ― to be at the concert
    biti na ulici ― to be in the street
    zv(ij)ezde na nebu ― stars in the sky
  2. (+ locative case) on (indicating medium)
    čuti nešto na radiju ― to hear something on the radio
  3. (+ accusative case) to, on, onto (with certain nouns, expressing the goal of motion, answering questions kùda (Bosnian, Serbian) or kȁmo (Croatian); see usage notes below)
    staviti knjigu na sto(l) ― to put a book on the table
    ići na koncert ― to go to a concert
  4. (+ accusative case) for (with verbs of motion and certain other verbs, to express something which will last for a limited period; after that a reverse action is implied)
    otići nekuda/nekamo na dva dana ― to go somewhere for two days
  5. (+ accusative case) in (used with seasons)
    na l(j)eto ― in summer, next summer, the following summer
  6. (+ accusative case) noun attribute for permanent properties, such as sources of power or energy, but not including purpose
    krevet na kat ― bunk bed (literally, “bed on story, level”)
    podmornica na atomski pogon ― nuclear-powered submarine (literally, “submarine (run) on the nuclear power”)
    jaje na oko ― sunny-side up egg (literally, “egg on the eye”)
    ljubav na daljinu ― long-distance relationship (literally, “love on distance”)
    r(ij)eči na a ― words ending in a (literally, “words on a”)
  7. (+ accusative case) by, on, through (adverbial phrase of manner)
    ući na prednja vrata ― to enter through the front door (literally, “to enter on the front door”)
    plaćena na sat ― paid by the hour (literally, “paid on an hour”)
    na brzinu ― hastily (literally, “on speed”)
    na vr(ij)eme ― on time
  8. (+ accusative case) indirect object of certain verbs
    vikati na ljude ― to yell at people
    pods(j)ećati na nekog ― to remind of someone
  9. (+ accusative case) a part of certain set expressions, which can be spelled also as one word in Croatian
    na sreću ― luckily
    na prim(j)er ― for example

Usage notes

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na is used to indicate the location (with locative) or the goal of motion (with accusative), with:

  • surfaces, either horizontal (table) or vertical (wall), including open spaces such as playgrounds, mountains, islands, most neighborhoods, pictures, the sky
  • activities, such as ručak lunch, odmor vacation, posao work, predavanje lecture, sastanak meeting
  • exposure to the sun, fresh air, wind, rain and snow (na suncu ― in the sun)
  • limits: rub, ivica edge, početak beginning, kraj end, vrh top, dno bottom
  • languages (na engleskom ― in English)
  • with more sea, to express at/to the seaside; with selo village, to express in/to the countryside
  • the noun fakultet

Interjection

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na! (Cyrillic spelling на!)

  1. Here you are! Take it!
  2. Help yourself!

Shona

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Shona cardinal numbers
 <  3 4 5  > 
    Cardinal : na
    Ordinal : china

Etymology

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From Proto-Bantu *-nàì.

Adjective

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-na

  1. four

Inflection

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Inflected forms of -na
plural only
Class 2 vana
Class 4 mina
Class 6 mana
Class 8 zvina
Class 10 ina
Class 13 tuna

Sicilian

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Article

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na f sg

  1. (indefinite) a, an

See also

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Sicilian articles
Masculine Feminine
indefinite singular un, nu na
definite singular lu, û la, â
definite plural li, î li, î

Silesian

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈna/
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Syllabification: na

Etymology 1

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Inherited from Old Polish na, from Proto-Slavic *na.

Preposition

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na

  1. denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
    Antonym: pod
  2. denotes inessive position of some countries and regions; in, [with locative]
    Synonym: w
    Antonym: poza
  3. denotes location with events; at [with locative]
  4. denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
    Synonyms: do, ku
  5. denotes time; for [with accusative]
  6. denotes measurement; by [with accusative]
  7. denotes aim of an action; for [with accusative]
  8. denotes color of painted object [with adverb]
  9. denotes manner [with adverb]

Etymology 2

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Interjection

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na

  1. used when giving someone something; here!
  2. filler word; well

Further reading

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  • na in dykcjonorz.eu
  • na in silling.org

Slovak

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Etymology

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From Proto-Slavic *na, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na

  1. (with locative) on (touching from above)
    Synonyms: navrchu, po
    • 1922, Terézia Vansová, Na Čertovici. In: Z našej dediny:
      Na koči sedel pán, cifrovaný, ako páni bývajú.
      A nobleman was sitting on the carriage in decorated clothes, as noblemen usually are.
  2. (with locative) by, with, using (indicates a means or an instrument)
    Synonym: o
  3. (with locative) at (indicates time)
    • 1873, Ján Kalinčiak, Láska a pomsta. Chapter 1:
      Bol večer na konci jara.
      It was an evening at the end of the spring.
  4. (with locative) at, because of (indicates reason)
    Synonyms: z, zo
  5. (with locative, in connection with byť) on, usually translated with a corresponsing verb (indicates state)
  6. (with accusative) on, to (indicates motion towards the upper surface of an object or contact with the object from any side)
    Synonyms: smerom na, smerom do, smerom k, o
    • 1846, Ján Kalinčiak, Milkov hrob. Chapter 10:
      Musel znovu vysadnúť na koňa a ísť za chlapom, ktorého poslal s ním kuchár.
      He had to mount the horse again and follow the man, whom the cook had sent with him.
  7. (with accusative) for, on, to (indicates purpose or goal)
    Synonyms: po, proti, pri
    • 1842, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Svadba kráľa veľkomoravského. Chapter 3:
      Takmer celý nasledujúci deň po príchode, určený na hry a rytierske preteky, strávil v rade.
      He spent almost the whole day after the arrival, which was dedicated to plays and tournaments, with the council.
  8. (with accusative) at, on (indicates time)
    Synonyms: cez, počas, v
    • 1910, Ľudmila Podjavorinská, Žena :
      Štefan Zaťko, otec piatich detí, cez Vianoce pochoval ženu a na Tri krále prišiel o ohlášky.
      Štefan Zaťko, a father or five children, buried his wife at Christmas and on Epiphany he came to arrange his banns.
  9. (with accusative) at, because of, of (indicates reason)
    Synonyms: s, so, z, zo
    • 1943, Dobroslav Chrobák, Drak sa vracia. Chapter 2:
      Nezomrel od staroby, ani na chorobu, ale po páde do jamy na hlinu.
      He did not die of old age, nor of a disease, but after he fell in a pit for dirt.

Further reading

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Slovene

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Etymology

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From Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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na

  1. (with locative) on (stationary)
  2. (with accusative) onto (motion towards)
  3. (with accusative) at, on (a moment in time)

Further reading

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  • “na”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
  • “na”, in Termania, Amebis
  • See also the general references

Slovincian

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈna/
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Syllabification: na

Etymology 1

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Preposition

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na

  1. denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
  2. denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
  3. denotes time for which consequences of something may occur; for [with accusative]
  4. denotes day on which something occurs; on
Derived terms
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prefixes

Etymology 2

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Interjection

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na

  1. well! now then!
  2. good job!

Further reading

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Somali

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Adverb

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na

  1. moreover

Southern Ndebele

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Etymology

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From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Verb

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-na

  1. to rain

Inflection

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This entry needs an inflection-table template.

Spanish

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈna/ [ˈna]
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Syllabification: na

Etymology 1

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Contraction of enna.

Contraction

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na

  1. (obsolete) Contraction of en la (“in the”).

Etymology 2

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Representing accents where intervocalic /d/ is lost after a stressed syllable.

Alternative forms

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Pronoun

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na

  1. Pronunciation spelling of nada.
Derived terms
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Further reading

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Sranan Tongo

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Alternative forms

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Article

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na

  1. the (definite singular article)
    Na liba e lon na a bigi se.
    The river flows to the ocean.

Etymology 2

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Particle

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na

  1. to be (copula)
    A man disi na wan bigidagu.
    This man is a big shot.
Usage notes
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Unlike for verbs, the aspect cannot be modified by particles such as ben, (d)e, sa and (g)o. If an aspect needs to be indicated, the verb de is used instead.

Etymology 3

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Perhaps borrowed from Dutch naar.

Alternative forms

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Preposition

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na

  1. at; to; on; according to
    A de na oso.
    He (or she) is at home.
    Na liba e lon na a bigi se.
    The river flows to the ocean.
Synonyms
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Sumerian

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Romanization

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na

  1. Romanization of 𒈾

Swahili

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Etymology

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Akin to Lingala na, Luganda na. From Proto-Bantu *nà.

Pronunciation

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Conjunction

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Other scripts
Ajami نَـ

na

  1. and

Usage notes

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Older or more conservative Swahili writings only use na to connect two nouns, never to connect two adjectives; the second adjective is changed into an abstract noun instead. However, in modern colloquial Swahili, this is not always the case.

Preposition

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Other scripts
Ajami نَـ

na

  1. with
    • 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎[14], stanza 9:
      كِطَّمْسِكِزَ گَوُجُهَّالِ ، نُرُ نَمِيَاغَ اِتَظَلَالِ
      Kiṭamsi-kiza cha-ujuhali, nuru na-mianga itaẓalali
      Brightness and lights will overcome the shadow and darkness of ignorance
  2. by

Usage notes

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na can be suffixed with special suffixes (for human pronominals) or any -o of reference (for other objects) to inflect it with an object (for example, nayo = "with it"):

Inflection

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Object-inflected forms of na
Singular Plural
1st person nami nasi
2nd person nawe nanyi
3rd person m-wa(I/II) naye nao
m-mi(III/IV) nao nayo
ji-ma(V/VI) nalo nayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) nacho navyo
n(IX/X) nayo nazo
u(XI) nao see n(X) or ma(VI)
ku(XV/XVII) nako
pa(XVI) napo
mu(XVIII) namo
For a full table, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Verb

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Other scripts
Ajami ـنَ

-na

  1. present stem of -wa na (“to have”)
    sinacho ― I do not have it

Swazi

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Particle

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nâ

  1. Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.

Swedish

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Etymology

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From Old Swedish hana, accusative form of hon. In most dialects, the corresponding dative form (henne, in Old Norse: hænni) has taken its place.[1] Compare Norwegian Nynorsk na.

Pronoun

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na

  1. (dialectal) her; accusative/dative of hon
    Synonym: henne
    – Har hon sett'na? – Jo, hon såg'na igår, och gav'na brevet. Jag var hem ti'na [till'na] igår och snacka [snackade] me'na [med'na] [clipping "till," "med," and "-de" from the past tense is common in general and not dialectal].
    – Has she seen her? – Yeah, she saw her yesterday, and gave her the letter. I went to her house ["was home to her" – standard] yesterday and talked to her.

Usage notes

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  • Common enough to be universally understood by native speakers.
  • Rarely in written form unless supposed to imitate (dialectal) speech. See also the usage notes for honom.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ han in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

Anagrams

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Tagalog

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Influenced by Baybayin character ᜈ (na).

Noun

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na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)

  1. the name of the Latin-script letter N/n, in the Abakada alphabet
    Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) en, (in the Abecedario) ene
See also
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Etymology 2

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From Proto-Philippine *na (“now; already”). Compare Bikol Central na, Cebuano na, Hiligaynon na, and Tausug na.

Adverb

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na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)

  1. already; now; anymore (expresses the event when following a verb)
    Tapos na.
    Finished already.
    Yari na tayo.
    We've now been made.
  2. already; now (declares the event of action when following a verb in the past tense)
    Natulog na.
    Slept already.
    Bumili na.
    Bought already.
  3. already; now (suggests immediate or quick action when following the infinitive form and future tense of the verb)
    Pumasok na tayo.
    Let's go in already.
    Ipinabibili ko na ang gamot.
    I'm having someone buy the medicine now.

Adjective

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na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)

  1. already; now (expresses the event when following a noun)
    Bagsak na.
    Failure already.
    Abogado na siya.
    He/She is now a lawyer.
  2. now; already (expresses a shift or change in the performance of a task when following a personal pronoun)
    Ako na.
    My turn.
    (literally, “Me now.”)
    Ikaw na.
    Your turn.
    (literally, “You now.”)
    Siya na.
    His/her turn.
    (literally, “Him/her now.”)
See also
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Etymology 3

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From Proto-Austronesian *na (“linker marking emphatic attribution”).

Ligature

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na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)

  1. Connects words, phrases, and sentences: which is; that is; who is
    1. Connects adjectives to nouns.
      May matinis na boses siya.
      He/she has a piercing voice.
      Mahilig ako sa mga matatangkad na lalaki
      I like tall boys.
    2. Connects adverbs to verbs.
      Siya ay mabilis na tumakbo.
      He/she ran fast.
      Malugod ka naming tinatanggap.
      We welcome you.
    3. Connects clauses: that; to
      Masaya ka lang na meron kang pera.
      You're only happy that you have money.
      Magandang ipanggawa ng saranggola.
      Good to use to make a kite.
    4. Connects quantifiers (mayroon and wala only uses -ng)
      Tanang Pilipino ― Every Filipino.
      Mayroon kang kanin sa pisngi mo
      You have rice on your cheeks.
      Apat na palo. ― Four sticks.
Usage notes
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  • na becomes the -ng suffix if the preceding word ends in a vowel.
    Magandang bulaklak
    Pretty flower
    Bigla siyang nagsalita.
    He/She suddenly spoke.
  • Words ending in -n will become -ng (-g)
    Dayuhang turista
    Foreign tourist
    Siya ay dahan-dahang pumunta doon.
    He/She carefully went there.
See also
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Further reading

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  • “na”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Anagrams

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Tày

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Etymology

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From Proto-Tai *ʰnaːᴬ (“thick”). Cognate with Lao ໜາ (nā), Lü ᦐᦱ (ṅaa), Shan ၼႃ (nǎa), Ahom 𑜃𑜡 (nā), Bouyei nal, Zhuang na, Thai หนา (nǎa).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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na (那,𪿣)

  1. thick
    phải na ― thick fabric
    律𪫆𥿯[]那
    Loảt mừa phải tắm na
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    禁那遮敏詩
    Gụm na già mắn thí
    With a thick [layer of] protection, it will be firmly covered.
  2. bold, brave
    nả na ― shameless, bold

Derived terms

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References

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  • Hoàng Văn Ma, Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Chí (2006) Từ điển Tày-Nùng-Việt (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Từ điển Bách khoa Hà Nội
  • Lương Bèn (2011) Từ điển Tày-Việt‎[15][16] (in Vietnamese), Thái Nguyên: Nhà Xuất bản Đại học Thái Nguyên
  • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày‎[17] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

Tok Pisin

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Etymology

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From English and.

Conjunction

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na

  1. and
    • 1995, John Verhaar, Toward a reference grammar of Tok Pisin: an experiment in corpus linguistics‎[18], →ISBN, page 433:
      Mekim olsem pinis, orait tupela i planim taro na banana, na kumu, painap, kon, tomato, na kaukau tu.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1986, John Hunter, “Vocabulary”, in Papua New Guinea phrasebook‎[19], →ISBN, page 60:
      and - na
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Derived terms

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Tooro

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Tooro numbers (edit)
40[a], [b]
[a], [b] ←  3 4 5  → [a], [b]
    Cardinal: -na, (in abstract counting) ina
    Ordinal: -a kana
    Adverbial: kana, enyakana, emirundi ena
    Fractional: ekicweka ekya kana

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Bantu *-nàì. Cognate with Swahili -nne and Tswana -nne. Doublet of omunaana (“eight”).

Numeral

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-na

  1. four
Declension
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Inflected forms of -na (plural only)
Noun class indefinite definite
2 bbana abbana
4 ena ena
6 ana ana
8 bbina ebbina
10 ina ina
13 tuna otuna
14 bbuna obbuna
16 hana ahana
Adverbial form
kana

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Bantu *nà. Cognate with Swahili na, Lingala na and Luganda na.

Conjunction

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na (apocopic form n')

  1. and
  2. with, by

Adverb

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na (apocopic form n')

  1. even
    Na Kisembo naasobora kwetegereza. ― Even Kisembo can understand.

References

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  1. Entry 3674 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3
  2. Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[20], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 148, 439-441

Turkish

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Etymology

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From Russian на (na) or Ukrainian на (na).

Interjection

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na

  1. (dialect, Trabzon, Rize) here it is! take it!
    Synonym: işte!

Tzotzil

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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na

  1. house

Inflection

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possessive forms of na
indefinite possession
nail
singular plural
inclusive exclusive
1st jna jnatik jnakutik (San Andrés Larráinzar)
jnatikotik (Zinacantán)
2nd ana anaik
3rd sna snaik

Derived terms

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(Nouns)

References

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Unami

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Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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na

  1. that (animate)

Venda

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Conjunction

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na

  1. and
  2. with

Venetan

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Article

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na f sg

  1. a, an

Vietnamese

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Possibly a direct loan from Spanish anona or through other intermediaries. Compare Thai น้อยหน่า (nɔ́ɔi-nàa) and Malay nona.

Noun

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(classifier cây, trái, quả) na • (𦰡)

  1. (Northern Vietnam) sugar apple (Annona squamosa)
    Synonym: mãng cầu

Etymology 2

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Which dialect is this?”) Sino-Vietnamese word from 挪.

Verb

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na

  1. (transitive) to carry, to move something laboriously

Etymology 3

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Particle

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na

  1. (Bình Định, Phú Yên) interrogative particle
    Synonyms: hả, à

Anagrams

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Welsh

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Old Irish nach[1] and Latin neque.

Pronunciation

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Interjection

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na

  1. no

Particle

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na (triggers mixed mutation)

  1. not (in answers and tag questions)
  2. (literary) don’t (with verbs in the imperative mood)
Usage notes
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  • Triggers mixed mutation (i.e. aspirate of p, t, c and soft of remaining mutatable letters) of a following consonant.
  • The form nac is used before a vowel. When the following consonant is g, which disappears under soft mutation, the form na remains, thus na + gallan becomes na allan, not *nac allan.
Alternative forms
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  • nac (used before a vowel)

Conjunction

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na (triggers mixed mutation)

  1. that … not (introduces a negative noun clause)
    Mae e’n dweud na fydd e’n mynd.
    He says that he will not go.
Usage notes
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  • Triggers mixed mutation (i.e. aspirate of p, t, c and soft of remaining mutatable letters) of a following consonant.
  • The form nad is used before a vowel. When the following consonant is g, which disappears under soft mutation, the form na remains, thus na + gallan becomes na allan, not *nad allan.
  • The form is always nad before an element fronted for emphasis.
Alternative forms
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  • nad (used before a vowel, or where an element is fronted for emphasis)
See also
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  • y (affirmative)

Etymology 2

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Variant of no(g),[2] probably from rebracketing of the comparative “*-achn o” as “-ach no”.[3]

Pronunciation

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Conjunction

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na (triggers aspirate mutation)

  2. than
  3. neither, nor
Alternative forms
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  • nag (used before a vowel, definition 1)
  • nac (used before a vowel, definition 2)

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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na

  1. Soft mutation of gna.

Verb

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na (not mutable)

  1. first-person singular future colloquial of gwneud

Mutation

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Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
gna na ngna unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Etymology 4

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Adjective

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na

  1. Nasal mutation of da.

Noun

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na

  1. Nasal mutation of da.

Mutation

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Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
da dda na unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

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  1. ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “na”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
  2. ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “no”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
  3. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, §§ 113 i (1), 147 iv (3)

Xhosa

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Etymology 1

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Particle

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ná

  1. Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Verb

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-na

  1. (intransitive) to rain
Inflection
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This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Ye'kwana

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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na

  1. (transitive) to clear (a conuco garden)
  2. (transitive) to clear (brush)

References

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  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “na”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎[21], Lyon
  • Hall, Katherine Lee (1988) The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, page 315

Yola

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Etymology 1

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From Middle English na, no, from nan (“none”), from Old English nān. Cognates include English no and Scots nae.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Determiner

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na

  1. no
    • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 10, page 88:
      T' brek up ee bathès h' had na poustee;
      To break up the goal they had not power;
    • 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:
      Na speen to be multh, nar flaase to be shaure.
      no teat to be milked, nor fleece to be shorn.
    • 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:
      Vear'd nodhing mot Portheare. Na skeine e'er ee-waare.
      I feared nothing but Porter. No skein I ever wore.

Particle

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na

  1. no

Etymology 2

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Interjection

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na

  1. Alternative form of naay
    • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 9, page 88:
      Na, now or neveare! w' cry't t' Tommeen,
      Nay, now or never! we cry'd to Tommy,

Etymology 3

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Adverb

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na

  1. Alternative form of no (“not”)
    • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 34:
      Na dicke wye, nar dicka.
      Neither this way, nor that.
    • 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 104:
      Hea pryet ich mought na ha chicke or hen,
      He prayed I might not have chicken nor hen,
    • 1867, “BIT OF DIALOGUE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 111:
      Caulès will na get to wullaw to-die.
      Horses will not get to wallow to-day.

Etymology 4

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Borrowed from Irish na.

Pronunciation

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Article

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na

  1. of the
    • 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 3-4:
      na coshe an loyale dwellerès na Baronie Forthe,
      both (the) faithful and loyal inhabitants of the Barony of Forth,
    • 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 4-5:
      crave na dicke luckie acte t'uck neicher th' Eccellencie,
      beg leave at (of) this favourable opportunity to approach your Excellency,
    • 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 10-11:
      az Irishmen, an az dwellerès na cosh an loyale o' Baronie Forthe,
      as Irishmen, and as inhabitants, (of) faithful and loyal, of the Barony Forth,
  2. in the
    • 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 5-6:
      an na plaine garbe o' oure yola talke,
      and in the simple dress of our old dialect,
    • 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 16-18:
      y'ast, bie ractzom o'honde, ee-delt t'ouz ye laas ee-mate var ercha vassale, ne'er dwythen na dicke waie nar dicka.
      you have with impartial hand ministered the laws made for every subject, without regard to this party or that.
    • 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 1-2:
      Ye state na dicke daie o'ye londe, na whilke be nar fash nar moile, albiet 'constitutional agitation,'
      The condition, (on) this day, of the country, in which is neither tumult nor disorder, but that constitutional agitation,
    • 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 6-8:
      Na oure gladès ana whilke we dellt wi' mattoke, an zing t'oure caulès wi plou,
      In our valleys where we were digging with the spade, or as we whistled to our horses in the plough,
    • 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 8-9:
      wee hert ee zough o'ye colure o' pace na name o' Mulgrave.
      we heard the distant sound of the wings of the dove of peace, in the word Mulgrave.

References

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  • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 58

Yoruba

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Pronunciation

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  • (high-tone): IPA(key): /nã́/
  • (mid-tone): IPA(key): /nã̄/
  • (low-tone): IPA(key): /nã̀/

Etymology 1

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Verb

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nà

  1. to beat; to hit; to smack
    Synonym: lù
    Ó nà án ní pàṣán ― She beat him with a whip
  2. to defeat
    Synonym: borí
Usage notes
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  • na before a direct object.
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Verb

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ná

  1. to spend
    Synonym: náwó (“to spend money”)
    Àníkẹ́ ń ná owó nínàákúkàá ― Anike is spending money extravagently
  2. to cost
    Ó ná mi ní ogún náírà péré ― It only cost me 20 naira
    Ó lè máa ná wọn tó ẹgbẹ̀rún dọ́là ― It may cost them up to a thousand dollars
  3. to haggle; to bargain
    Synonyms: yọwó, nájà
    Ìyá mi ń bá oníkiri ná ― My mother's haggling with the hawker
    1. to trade; to go to the market
      Synonym: nájà
      Mo ná ọjà Mọ́kọ́lá ― I trade at Mokola market
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Verb

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nà

  1. to stretch; to raise
    Mo na ọwọ́ mi dì í mú ― I stretched out my hand to grasp it
    Àwòdì na ìyẹ́ rẹ̀, kí ó sì fò lọ ― The hawk spread its wings and flew away
  2. to aim; to point
    Ọlọ́pàá na ìbọn sí wọn lójú ― The police pointed a gun in their face
Usage notes
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  • na before a direct object.
Derived terms
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  • nàka (“to point one's finger”)
  • nasẹ̀ (“to introduce”)
  • nawọ́ (“to stretch one's hand”)
  • nàyìn (“to stretch one's back”)

Zaghawa

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Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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na

  1. you (singular); thou
    Na dô neygini? : Are you tired?

References

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Zhuang

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Etymology

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From Proto-Tai *ʰnaːᴬ (“thick”). Cognate with Thai หนา (nǎa), Lao ໜາ (nā), Lü ᦐᦱ (ṅaa), Shan ၼႃ (nǎa), Ahom 𑜃𑜡 (nā), Bouyei nal.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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na (Sawndip forms 𭆗 or 那 or 𭡇 or 𦀨, 1957–1982 spelling na)

  1. thick (with opposite surfaces far apart)
    Antonym: mbang
  2. (of vegetation) dense; thick

Zia

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Etymology

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From Proto-Trans-New Guinea *na. Cognate to Blagar na.

Pronoun

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na

  1. I (first person pronoun singular)

Zou

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Kuki-Chin *naa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na. Cognates include Tibetan ན (na) and Burmese နာ (na).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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na

  1. ill

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Kuki-Chin *hnaar, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-na. Cognates include Tibetan སྣ (sna) and Burmese နှာ (hna).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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na

  1. nose

References

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  • Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, pages 40, 47

Zulu

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Etymology 1

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Possibly from na-.

Pronunciation

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Particle

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na

  1. Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Pronunciation

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IPA(key): /na/

Verb

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-na

  1. (intransitive) to rain
Inflection
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Tone L
Infinitive ukuna
Positive Negative
Infinitive ukuna ukungani
Imperative
Simple + object concord
Singular yina -ne
Plural yinani -neni
Present
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyana, ngina enginayo, engina ngina angini engingani ngingani
2nd singular uyana, una onayo, ona una awuni ongani ungani
1st plural siyana, sina esinayo, esina sina asini esingani singani
2nd plural niyana, nina eninayo, enina nina anini eningani ningani
Class 1 uyana, una onayo, ona ena akani ongani engani
Class 2 bayana, bana abanayo, abana bena abani abangani bengani
Class 3 uyana, una onayo, ona una awuni ongani ungani
Class 4 iyana, ina enayo, ena ina ayini engani ingani
Class 5 liyana, lina elinayo, elina lina alini elingani lingani
Class 6 ayana, ana anayo, ana ena awani angani engani
Class 7 siyana, sina esinayo, esina sina asini esingani singani
Class 8 ziyana, zina ezinayo, ezina zina azini ezingani zingani
Class 9 iyana, ina enayo, ena ina ayini engani ingani
Class 10 ziyana, zina ezinayo, ezina zina azini ezingani zingani
Class 11 luyana, luna olunayo, oluna luna aluni olungani lungani
Class 14 buyana, buna obunayo, obuna buna abuni obungani bungani
Class 15 kuyana, kuna okunayo, okuna kuna akuni okungani kungani
Class 17 kuyana, kuna okunayo, okuna kuna akuni okungani kungani
Recent past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular nginile, nginē enginile, enginē nginile, nginē anginanga engingananga ngingananga
2nd singular unile, unē onile, onē unile, unē awunanga ongananga ungananga
1st plural sinile, sinē esinile, esinē sinile, sinē asinanga esingananga singananga
2nd plural ninile, ninē eninile, eninē ninile, ninē aninanga eningananga ningananga
Class 1 unile, unē onile, onē enile, enē akananga ongananga engananga
Class 2 banile, banē abanile, abanē benile, benē abananga abangananga bengananga
Class 3 unile, unē onile, onē unile, unē awunanga ongananga ungananga
Class 4 inile, inē enile, enē inile, inē ayinanga engananga ingananga
Class 5 linile, linē elinile, elinē linile, linē alinanga elingananga lingananga
Class 6 anile, anē anile, anē enile, enē awananga angananga engananga
Class 7 sinile, sinē esinile, esinē sinile, sinē asinanga esingananga singananga
Class 8 zinile, zinē ezinile, ezinē zinile, zinē azinanga ezingananga zingananga
Class 9 inile, inē enile, enē inile, inē ayinanga engananga ingananga
Class 10 zinile, zinē ezinile, ezinē zinile, zinē azinanga ezingananga zingananga
Class 11 lunile, lunē olunile, olunē lunile, lunē alunanga olungananga lungananga
Class 14 bunile, bunē obunile, obunē bunile, bunē abunanga obungananga bungananga
Class 15 kunile, kunē okunile, okunē kunile, kunē akunanga okungananga kungananga
Class 17 kunile, kunē okunile, okunē kunile, kunē akunanga okungananga kungananga
Remote past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngāna engāna ngāna anginanga engingananga ngingananga
2nd singular wāna owāna wāna awunanga ongananga ungananga
1st plural sāna esāna sāna asinanga esingananga singananga
2nd plural nāna enāna nāna aninanga eningananga ningananga
Class 1 wāna owāna āna akananga ongananga engananga
Class 2 bāna abāna bāna abananga abangananga bengananga
Class 3 wāna owāna wāna awunanga ongananga ungananga
Class 4 yāna eyāna yāna ayinanga engananga ingananga
Class 5 lāna elāna lāna alinanga elingananga lingananga
Class 6 āna āna āna awananga angananga engananga
Class 7 sāna esāna sāna asinanga esingananga singananga
Class 8 zāna ezāna zāna azinanga ezingananga zingananga
Class 9 yāna eyāna yāna ayinanga engananga ingananga
Class 10 zāna ezāna zāna azinanga ezingananga zingananga
Class 11 lwāna olwāna lwāna alunanga olungananga lungananga
Class 14 bāna obāna bāna abunanga obungananga bungananga
Class 15 kwāna okwāna kwāna akunanga okungananga kungananga
Class 17 kwāna okwāna kwāna akunanga okungananga kungananga
Potential
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngingana — ngingana ngingene — ngingene
2nd singular ungana — ungana ungene — ungene
1st plural singana — singana singene — singene
2nd plural ningana — ningana ningene — ningene
Class 1 angana — engana angene — engene
Class 2 bangana — bengana bangene — bengene
Class 3 ungana — ungana ungene — ungene
Class 4 ingana — ingana ingene — ingene
Class 5 lingana — lingana lingene — lingene
Class 6 angana — engana angene — engene
Class 7 singana — singana singene — singene
Class 8 zingana — zingana zingene — zingene
Class 9 ingana — ingana ingene — ingene
Class 10 zingana — zingana zingene — zingene
Class 11 lungana — lungana lungene — lungene
Class 14 bungana — bungana bungene — bungene
Class 15 kungana — kungana kungene — kungene
Class 17 kungana — kungana kungene — kungene
Immediate future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngizokuna engizokuna ngizokuna angizukuna engingezukuna ngingezukuna
2nd singular uzokuna ozokuna uzokuna awuzukuna ongezukuna ungezukuna
1st plural sizokuna esizokuna sizokuna asizukuna esingezukuna singezukuna
2nd plural nizokuna enizokuna nizokuna anizukuna eningezukuna ningezukuna
Class 1 uzokuna ozokuna ezokuna akazukuna ongezukuna engezukuna
Class 2 bazokuna abazokuna bezokuna abazukuna abangezukuna bengezukuna
Class 3 uzokuna ozokuna uzokuna awuzukuna ongezukuna ungezukuna
Class 4 izokuna ezokuna izokuna ayizukuna engezukuna ingezukuna
Class 5 lizokuna elizokuna lizokuna alizukuna elingezukuna lingezukuna
Class 6 azokuna azokuna ezokuna awazukuna angezukuna engezukuna
Class 7 sizokuna esizokuna sizokuna asizukuna esingezukuna singezukuna
Class 8 zizokuna ezizokuna zizokuna azizukuna ezingezukuna zingezukuna
Class 9 izokuna ezokuna izokuna ayizukuna engezukuna ingezukuna
Class 10 zizokuna ezizokuna zizokuna azizukuna ezingezukuna zingezukuna
Class 11 luzokuna oluzokuna luzokuna aluzukuna olungezukuna lungezukuna
Class 14 buzokuna obuzokuna buzokuna abuzukuna obungezukuna bungezukuna
Class 15 kuzokuna okuzokuna kuzokuna akuzukuna okungezukuna kungezukuna
Class 17 kuzokuna okuzokuna kuzokuna akuzukuna okungezukuna kungezukuna
Remote future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyokuna engiyokuna ngiyokuna angiyukuna engingeyukuna ngingeyukuna
2nd singular uyokuna oyokuna uyokuna awuyukuna ongeyukuna ungeyukuna
1st plural siyokuna esiyokuna siyokuna asiyukuna esingeyukuna singeyukuna
2nd plural niyokuna eniyokuna niyokuna aniyukuna eningeyukuna ningeyukuna
Class 1 uyokuna oyokuna eyokuna akayukuna ongeyukuna engeyukuna
Class 2 bayokuna abayokuna beyokuna abayukuna abangeyukuna bengeyukuna
Class 3 uyokuna oyokuna uyokuna awuyukuna ongeyukuna ungeyukuna
Class 4 iyokuna eyokuna iyokuna ayiyukuna engeyukuna ingeyukuna
Class 5 liyokuna eliyokuna liyokuna aliyukuna elingeyukuna lingeyukuna
Class 6 ayokuna ayokuna eyokuna awayukuna angeyukuna engeyukuna
Class 7 siyokuna esiyokuna siyokuna asiyukuna esingeyukuna singeyukuna
Class 8 ziyokuna eziyokuna ziyokuna aziyukuna ezingeyukuna zingeyukuna
Class 9 iyokuna eyokuna iyokuna ayiyukuna engeyukuna ingeyukuna
Class 10 ziyokuna eziyokuna ziyokuna aziyukuna ezingeyukuna zingeyukuna
Class 11 luyokuna oluyokuna luyokuna aluyukuna olungeyukuna lungeyukuna
Class 14 buyokuna obuyokuna buyokuna abuyukuna obungeyukuna bungeyukuna
Class 15 kuyokuna okuyokuna kuyokuna akuyukuna okungeyukuna kungeyukuna
Class 17 kuyokuna okuyokuna kuyokuna akuyukuna okungeyukuna kungeyukuna
Present subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngine ngingani
2nd singular une ungani
1st plural sine singani
2nd plural nine ningani
Class 1 ane angani
Class 2 bane bangani
Class 3 une ungani
Class 4 ine ingani
Class 5 line lingani
Class 6 ane angani
Class 7 sine singani
Class 8 zine zingani
Class 9 ine ingani
Class 10 zine zingani
Class 11 lune lungani
Class 14 bune bungani
Class 15 kune kungani
Class 17 kune kungani
Past subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngana ngangana, angana, angangana
2nd singular wana wangana, awana, awangana
1st plural sana sangana, asana, asangana
2nd plural nana nangana, anana, anangana
Class 1 wana wangana, akana, akangana
Class 2 bana bangana, abana, abangana
Class 3 wana wangana, awana, awangana
Class 4 yana yangana, ayana, ayangana
Class 5 lana langana, alana, alangana
Class 6 ana angana, awana, awangana
Class 7 sana sangana, asana, asangana
Class 8 zana zangana, azana, azangana
Class 9 yana yangana, ayana, ayangana
Class 10 zana zangana, azana, azangana
Class 11 lwana lwangana, alwana, alwangana
Class 14 bana bangana, abana, abangana
Class 15 kwana kwangana, akwana, akwangana
Class 17 kwana kwangana, akwana, akwangana

See also

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References

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