Gardner Pinnacles: Difference between revisions
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The volcano is {{convert|511|nmi|km mi|0|lk=on}} northwest of [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] and {{convert|108|mi|nmi km}} from [[French Frigate Shoals]]. The total area of the two small islets—remnants of an ancient volcano that is the world's largest [[shield volcano]]—is {{convert|5.939|acre|m2}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The largest volcano in the world sits beneath two small rocky peaks in Hawaii|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/us/puhahonu-largest-volcano-trnd-scn/index.html|first=Francesca |last=Giuliani-Hoffman|website=CNN|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> The highest peak is {{convert|170|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}. The surrounding reef has an area in excess of {{convert|1,904|km2|acre sqmi}}.<ref name="FWS">[https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Hawaiian_Islands/about/Gardner_Pinnacles.html Gardner Pinnacles - Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge]. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. December 14, 2016</ref> |
The volcano is {{convert|511|nmi|km mi|0|lk=on}} northwest of [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] and {{convert|108|mi|nmi km}} from [[French Frigate Shoals]]. The total area of the two small islets—remnants of an ancient volcano that is the world's largest [[shield volcano]]—is {{convert|5.939|acre|m2}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The largest volcano in the world sits beneath two small rocky peaks in Hawaii|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/us/puhahonu-largest-volcano-trnd-scn/index.html|first=Francesca |last=Giuliani-Hoffman|website=CNN|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> The highest peak is {{convert|170|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}. The surrounding reef has an area in excess of {{convert|1,904|km2|acre sqmi}}.<ref name="FWS">[https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Hawaiian_Islands/about/Gardner_Pinnacles.html Gardner Pinnacles - Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge]. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. December 14, 2016</ref> |
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The Gardner Pinnacles were discovered and named in 1820 by the [[whaling ship]] ''Maro''.<ref name="Rauzon2001">{{cite book|author=Mark J. Rauzon|title=Isles of Refuge: Wildlife and History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Liof5xfsCM8C&pg=PA95|year=2001|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2330-6|pages=95–}}</ref> The island may be the last remnant of one of the largest volcanoes on Earth.<ref>[https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/soestwp/announce/news/uh-researchers-reveal-largest-and-hottest-shield-volcano-on-earth/]</ref> |
The Gardner Pinnacles were discovered and named in 1820 by the [[whaling ship]] ''Maro''.<ref name="Rauzon2001">{{cite book|author=Mark J. Rauzon|title=Isles of Refuge: Wildlife and History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Liof5xfsCM8C&pg=PA95|year=2001|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2330-6|pages=95–}}</ref> The island may be the last remnant of one of the largest volcanoes on Earth.<ref name="soest.hawaii.edu">[https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/soestwp/announce/news/uh-researchers-reveal-largest-and-hottest-shield-volcano-on-earth/]</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Log of the Kaalokai. (1909) (14592257528).jpg|thumb|A drawing of Gardner Pinnacles in 1909|left]] |
[[File:Log of the Kaalokai. (1909) (14592257528).jpg|thumb|A drawing of Gardner Pinnacles in 1909|left]] |
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The Gardner Pinnacles were first discovered on June 2, 1820, by the American [[whaler]] ''Maro,'' commanded by Captain Joseph Allen.<ref name="Rauzon2001" |
The Gardner Pinnacles were first discovered on June 2, 1820, by the American [[whaler]] ''Maro,'' commanded by Captain Joseph Allen.<ref name="Rauzon2001"/> |
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In 1859, the position of Gardner Pinnacles was determined by the survey schooner [[USS Fenimore Cooper (1853)|USS ''Fenimore Cooper'']].<ref>[https://georgehbalazs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GARDNER-PINNACLES_ARB_RogerClapp.pdf]</ref> |
In 1859, the position of Gardner Pinnacles was determined by the survey schooner [[USS Fenimore Cooper (1853)|USS ''Fenimore Cooper'']].<ref name="georgehbalazs.com">[https://georgehbalazs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GARDNER-PINNACLES_ARB_RogerClapp.pdf]</ref> |
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The Gardner Pinnacles are home to the Giant [[Cellana|Opihi]] (''[[Cellana talcosa]]''), Hawaiian Limpet known as the ‘opihi ko‘ele, which is not found anywhere else in the world outside the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="FWS"/> Numerous insects live on the island.<ref name="FWS"/><ref>[https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/gardner.html Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)] Papahānaumokuākea (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) Marine National Monument</ref> |
The Gardner Pinnacles are home to the Giant [[Cellana|Opihi]] (''[[Cellana talcosa]]''), Hawaiian Limpet known as the ‘opihi ko‘ele, which is not found anywhere else in the world outside the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="FWS"/> Numerous insects live on the island.<ref name="FWS"/><ref>[https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/gardner.html Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)] Papahānaumokuākea (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) Marine National Monument</ref> |
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In 1903 Gardner Pinnacles became a part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation.< |
In 1903 Gardner Pinnacles became a part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation.<ref name="georgehbalazs.com"/> In 1940 it became a part of the Hawaiian Island's National Wildlife Refuge.<ref>[https://georgehbalazs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GARDNER-PINNACLES_ARB_ RogerClapp.pdf]</ref> In the 21 century it is part of [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]] wildlife refuge |
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Gardner Pinnacles was used for an emergency helicopter landing spot for the Hawaiian HIRAN project, an effort to determine location of area islands with great precision for navigational purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Warren B. |date=March 1973 |title=Conservation Status of Birds of Central Pacific Islands |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |publisher=Wilson Ornithological Society |jstor=4160286 }}</ref> In the Hawaiian Archipelago, adjacent islands/reefs are [[French Frigate Shoals]] to the southeast, and [[Maro Reef]] to the northwest. |
Gardner Pinnacles was used for an emergency helicopter landing spot for the Hawaiian HIRAN project, an effort to determine location of area islands with great precision for navigational purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Warren B. |date=March 1973 |title=Conservation Status of Birds of Central Pacific Islands |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |publisher=Wilson Ornithological Society |jstor=4160286 }}</ref> In the Hawaiian Archipelago, adjacent islands/reefs are [[French Frigate Shoals]] to the southeast, and [[Maro Reef]] to the northwest. |
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[[File:Starr 990524-0853 Portulaca lutea.jpg|thumb|Gardner]] |
[[File:Starr 990524-0853 Portulaca lutea.jpg|thumb|Gardner]] |
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The island is made up of basalt rock, which comes from lava.< |
The island is made up of basalt rock, which comes from lava.<ref name="georgehbalazs.com"/> The rock is dark grey and dense.<ref name="georgehbalazs.com"/> |
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According to a 2020 report in [[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]], Pūhāhonu contains approximately 150,000 cubic kilometers of rock, based on a 2014 sonar survey. This would make it Earth's largest single volcano. Only about one-third of that volume is exposed above the sea floor while the rest is buried beneath a ring of debris, broken coral, and other material that has eroded from the peak. By comparison, from sea floor to peak, [[Mauna Loa]], on Hawaii’s Big Island, is the tallest [[shield volcano]] on Earth, but it is nowhere near as massive as Pūhāhonu; a 2013 study estimates Mauna Loa’s volume at 83,000 cubic kilometers. Pūhāhonu is so heavy, researchers note, that it has caused Earth’s crust nearby—and thus the volcano itself—to sink hundreds of meters over millions of years. |
According to a 2020 report in [[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]], Pūhāhonu contains approximately 150,000 cubic kilometers of rock, based on a 2014 sonar survey. This would make it Earth's largest single volcano. Only about one-third of that volume is exposed above the sea floor while the rest is buried beneath a ring of debris, broken coral, and other material that has eroded from the peak. By comparison, from sea floor to peak, [[Mauna Loa]], on Hawaii’s Big Island, is the tallest [[shield volcano]] on Earth, but it is nowhere near as massive as Pūhāhonu; a 2013 study estimates Mauna Loa’s volume at 83,000 cubic kilometers. Pūhāhonu is so heavy, researchers note, that it has caused Earth’s crust nearby—and thus the volcano itself—to sink hundreds of meters over millions of years. |
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The Puhahonu volcano (Gardner) would be twice as big as Mauna Loa's based on that research.<ref |
The Puhahonu volcano (Gardner) would be twice as big as Mauna Loa's based on that research.<ref name="soest.hawaii.edu"/> |
||
The [[Tamu Massif]], a 4-kilometer-tall volcanic feature the size of the British Isles on the sea floor east of Japan, contains almost 7 million cubic kilometers of material and was once thought to be the world’s largest shield volcano. But Tamu Massif is now believed to have formed along a [[mid-ocean ridge]] rather than over a single source of magma. That makes Pūhāhonu the largest known shield volcano on Earth.<ref> |
The [[Tamu Massif]], a 4-kilometer-tall volcanic feature the size of the British Isles on the sea floor east of Japan, contains almost 7 million cubic kilometers of material and was once thought to be the world’s largest shield volcano. But Tamu Massif is now believed to have formed along a [[mid-ocean ridge]] rather than over a single source of magma. That makes Pūhāhonu the largest known shield volcano on Earth.<ref>[https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/world-s-biggest-volcano-barely-visible World’s biggest volcano is barely visible], ''Science'' Magazine, May. 12, 2020. [[doi:10.1126/science.abc7615]]</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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The island has one plant known to grow on it, the succulent sea purslane.< |
The island has one plant known to grow on it, the succulent sea purslane.<ref name="papahanaumokuakea.gov">[https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/gardner.html]</ref> However, there are over a dozen species of bird observed here, many nesting.<ref name="papahanaumokuakea.gov"/> There is also a variety of insect species on the island.<ref name="papahanaumokuakea.gov"/> |
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In the surrounding waters there is variety of sealife, which is noted as habitat for a limpet, the giant ophi which lives in tidal areas of the rocky island.< |
In the surrounding waters there is variety of sealife, which is noted as habitat for a limpet, the giant ophi which lives in tidal areas of the rocky island.<ref name="papahanaumokuakea.gov"/> There are many species of fish and coral life in the nearby waters.<ref name="papahanaumokuakea.gov"/> |
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The large numbers of birds have coated many surfaces of the island in [[guano]], giving it a whitish appearance.< |
The large numbers of birds have coated many surfaces of the island in [[guano]], giving it a whitish appearance.<ref name="georgehbalazs.com"/> |
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Some of the fish species in the nearby waters include [[red lip parrotfish]], [[doublebar goatfish]], and [[reef triggerfish]].<ref>[https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Hawaiian_Islands/about/Gardner_Pinnacles.html]</ref> |
Some of the fish species in the nearby waters include [[red lip parrotfish]], [[doublebar goatfish]], and [[reef triggerfish]].<ref>[https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Hawaiian_Islands/about/Gardner_Pinnacles.html]</ref> |
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==Name== |
==Name== |
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The name Gardner comes from its discovery in 1820, when the Captain Joseph Allen of the ship ''Maro'' named it Gardner's Island.<ref>[https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/gardner.html Gardner Pinnacles |
The name Gardner comes from its discovery in 1820, when the Captain Joseph Allen of the ship ''Maro'' named it Gardner's Island.<ref>[https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/gardner.html Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)]</ref> They also discovered [[Maro Reef]], which is named for that sailing ship.<ref>[https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/maro.html]</ref> |
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(Pūhāhonu)]</ref> They also discovered [[Maro Reef]], which is named for that sailing ship.<Ref>[https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/maro.html]</ref> |
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It has sometimes been called Gardner Rock or Gardner Island, Besides Gardner Pinnacles.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/logofkaalokai00walk/logofkaalokai00walk#page/n35/mode/1up]</ref> |
It has sometimes been called Gardner Rock or Gardner Island, Besides Gardner Pinnacles.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/logofkaalokai00walk/logofkaalokai00walk#page/n35/mode/1up]</ref> |
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Revision as of 21:29, 21 August 2021
The Gardner Pinnacles (Template:Lang-haw) are two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef and located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at 24°59′56″N 167°59′58″W / 24.99889°N 167.99944°W.
The volcano is 511 nautical miles (946 km; 588 mi) northwest of Honolulu and 108 miles (94 nmi; 174 km) from French Frigate Shoals. The total area of the two small islets—remnants of an ancient volcano that is the world's largest shield volcano—is 5.939 acres (24,030 m2).[1] The highest peak is 170 feet (52 meters). The surrounding reef has an area in excess of 1,904 square kilometres (470,000 acres; 735 sq mi).[2]
The Gardner Pinnacles were discovered and named in 1820 by the whaling ship Maro.[3] The island may be the last remnant of one of the largest volcanoes on Earth.[4]
History
The Gardner Pinnacles were first discovered on June 2, 1820, by the American whaler Maro, commanded by Captain Joseph Allen.[3]
In 1859, the position of Gardner Pinnacles was determined by the survey schooner USS Fenimore Cooper.[5]
The Gardner Pinnacles are home to the Giant Opihi (Cellana talcosa), Hawaiian Limpet known as the ‘opihi ko‘ele, which is not found anywhere else in the world outside the Hawaiian Islands.[2] Numerous insects live on the island.[2][6]
In 1903 Gardner Pinnacles became a part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation.[5] In 1940 it became a part of the Hawaiian Island's National Wildlife Refuge.[7] In the 21 century it is part of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument wildlife refuge
Gardner Pinnacles was used for an emergency helicopter landing spot for the Hawaiian HIRAN project, an effort to determine location of area islands with great precision for navigational purposes.[8] In the Hawaiian Archipelago, adjacent islands/reefs are French Frigate Shoals to the southeast, and Maro Reef to the northwest.
Geology
The island is made up of basalt rock, which comes from lava.[5] The rock is dark grey and dense.[5]
According to a 2020 report in Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Pūhāhonu contains approximately 150,000 cubic kilometers of rock, based on a 2014 sonar survey. This would make it Earth's largest single volcano. Only about one-third of that volume is exposed above the sea floor while the rest is buried beneath a ring of debris, broken coral, and other material that has eroded from the peak. By comparison, from sea floor to peak, Mauna Loa, on Hawaii’s Big Island, is the tallest shield volcano on Earth, but it is nowhere near as massive as Pūhāhonu; a 2013 study estimates Mauna Loa’s volume at 83,000 cubic kilometers. Pūhāhonu is so heavy, researchers note, that it has caused Earth’s crust nearby—and thus the volcano itself—to sink hundreds of meters over millions of years.
The Puhahonu volcano (Gardner) would be twice as big as Mauna Loa's based on that research.[4]
The Tamu Massif, a 4-kilometer-tall volcanic feature the size of the British Isles on the sea floor east of Japan, contains almost 7 million cubic kilometers of material and was once thought to be the world’s largest shield volcano. But Tamu Massif is now believed to have formed along a mid-ocean ridge rather than over a single source of magma. That makes Pūhāhonu the largest known shield volcano on Earth.[9]
Ecology
The island has one plant known to grow on it, the succulent sea purslane.[10] However, there are over a dozen species of bird observed here, many nesting.[10] There is also a variety of insect species on the island.[10]
In the surrounding waters there is variety of sealife, which is noted as habitat for a limpet, the giant ophi which lives in tidal areas of the rocky island.[10] There are many species of fish and coral life in the nearby waters.[10]
The large numbers of birds have coated many surfaces of the island in guano, giving it a whitish appearance.[5]
Some of the fish species in the nearby waters include red lip parrotfish, doublebar goatfish, and reef triggerfish.[11]
Name
The name Gardner comes from its discovery in 1820, when the Captain Joseph Allen of the ship Maro named it Gardner's Island.[12] They also discovered Maro Reef, which is named for that sailing ship.[13]
It has sometimes been called Gardner Rock or Gardner Island, Besides Gardner Pinnacles.[14]
The Hawaiian name, Pūhāhonu, means 'turtle surfacing for air', from pūhā 'to breathe at the surface' and honu 'turtle'.[15]
See also
- List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain
- Nikumaroro (aka Gardner Island)
References
- ^ Giuliani-Hoffman, Francesca. "The largest volcano in the world sits beneath two small rocky peaks in Hawaii". CNN. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ a b c Gardner Pinnacles - Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. December 14, 2016
- ^ a b Mark J. Rauzon (2001). Isles of Refuge: Wildlife and History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2330-6.
- ^ a b [1]
- ^ a b c d e [2]
- ^ Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu) Papahānaumokuākea (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) Marine National Monument
- ^ RogerClapp.pdf
- ^ King, Warren B. (March 1973). "Conservation Status of Birds of Central Pacific Islands". The Wilson Bulletin. 85 (1). Wilson Ornithological Society: 89–103. JSTOR 4160286.
- ^ World’s biggest volcano is barely visible, Science Magazine, May. 12, 2020. doi:10.1126/science.abc7615
- ^ a b c d e [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Dictionary
External links
- Gardner Pinnacles Islands of the Hawaiian Chain
- Gardner Pinnacles Page ~ Bishop Museum
- Quick Facts on the Gardner Pinnacles from the PBS Ocean Adventures site
- Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Information Management System
- Gardner Pinnacles(Pūhāhonu)
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