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*Ministry of Education Malaysia<ref name="Shin 2021"/>
*Ministry of Education Malaysia<ref name="Shin 2021"/>
*Dayak Cultural Foundation<ref name="Shin 2021"/>
*Dayak Cultural Foundation<ref name="Shin 2021"/>
|map=Iban language distribution.svg
| mapcaption = {{Legend | #0062FF | Iban is the majority language where vast majority are [[first language]] speakers}}
{{Legend | #74B4FF | Iban is a minority language}}
}}
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Sedang speaking Iban.webm|thumb|An Iban speaker, recorded in [[Malaysia]].]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Sedang speaking Iban.webm|thumb|An Iban speaker, recorded in [[Malaysia]].]]
The '''Iban language''' ({{Lang|iba|jaku Iban}}) is spoken by the [[Iban people|Iban]], one of the [[Dayak people|Dayak]] ethnic groups, who live in [[Brunei]], the [[Indonesia]]n province of [[West Kalimantan]] and in the [[Malaysia]]n state of [[Sarawak]]. It belongs to the [[Malayic languages|Malayic subgroup]], a [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].
The '''Iban language''' ({{Lang|iba|jaku Iban}}) is spoken by the [[Iban people|Iban]], one of the [[Dayak people|Dayak]] ethnic groups, who live in [[Brunei]], the [[Indonesia]]n province of [[West Kalimantan]] and in the [[Malaysia]]n state of [[Sarawak]]. It belongs to the [[Malayic languages|Malayic subgroup]], a [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].


Iban has reached a stage of becoming a [[koiné language]] in Sarawak due to contact with groups speaking other related Ibanic languages within the state.<ref name="Shin 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Shin |first=Chong |date=2021-05-07 |title=Iban as a koine language in Sarawak |url=https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol22/iss1/6 |journal=Wacana |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=102 |doi=10.17510/wacana.v22i1.985 |issn=2407-6899|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is ranked as Level 5 (i.e. "safe") in term of endangerment on [[Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale]] (EGIDS).<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> In 2024, the Iban language was included in [[Google Translate]] and became a historic moment as the first [[Borneo]] language to be registered into [[Google Translate]] and as the first [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] language to be registered into it other than [[Malay language|Malay]].<ref name="Google"/>
The Iban language is ranked as Level 5 (safe) in term of endangerment on [[Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale]] (EGIDS).<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>


==Classification==
==Classification==
The Malayic language is a [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name="ANU Press"/> The Malayic language can be subdivided into various languages, amongst them are [[Ibanic languages|Ibanic]], [[Malay language]], and [[Urak Lawoi' language|Urak Lawoi]] languages.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> The Malayic languages originate from western Borneo,<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref name="ANU Press">{{Cite book |title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |date=2006 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-920942-85-4 |editor-last=Bellwood |editor-first=Peter |location=Canberra |language=en |doi=10.22459/a.09.2006 |editor-last2=Fox |editor-first2=James J. |editor-last3=Tryon |editor-first3=Darrell |doi-access=free}}</ref> and was brought to Sumatra.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> The Ibanic language is spoken in Sarawak, West Kalimantan,<ref name="Shin 2021"/> and Brunei within the Borneo island.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref name="ANU Press"/> The Urak Lawoi' language was brought to West Malaysia.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>
Iban comes from the [[Ibanic languages|Ibanic language group]] spoken in Sarawak, West Kalimantan,<ref name="Shin 2021"/> and Brunei within [[Borneo]] island.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref name="ANU Press"/> part of the Malayic subshoot of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch in the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name="ANU Press"/> The Malayic languages originate from western Borneo,<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref name="ANU Press">{{Cite book |title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |date=2006 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-920942-85-4 |editor-last=Bellwood |editor-first=Peter |location=Canberra |language=en |doi=10.22459/a.09.2006 |editor-last2=Fox |editor-first2=James J. |editor-last3=Tryon |editor-first3=Darrell |doi-access=free}}</ref> thus Iban is closely related to [[Malay language|Malay]], especially the [[Sarawak Malay|Sarawakian dialect]].<ref name="ANU Press"/> Other [[Variety (linguistics)|isolects]] in the Ibanic group of languages are Sebuyau, Mualang, Kantu, and Seberuang. These groups of languages can be identified by the word-final position in certain [[Lemma (morphology)|lexical forms]] of /-ai/. These lexical forms are similar to other Malayic languages with lexical forms of /-an/, /-ang/, or, less frequently, /-ar/.<ref name="Shin 2021"/>


Iban language is classified under the [[Ibanic languages]], where the latter is under the [[Malayic language]]. The Iban language is closely related to the [[Malay language]], especially the [[Sarawak Malay|Sarawakian Malay]].<ref name="ANU Press"/> Other [[Variety (linguistics)|isolects]] in the Ibanic group of languages are Sebuyau, Mualang, Kantu, and Seberuang. These groups of languages can be identified by the word-final position in certain [[Lemma (morphology)|lexical forms]] of /-ai/. These lexical forms are similar to other Malayic languages with lexical forms of /-an/, /-ang/, or, less frequently, /-ar/.<ref name="Shin 2021"/> The Iban language is also related to other dialects such as Sebuyau, [[Kendayan language|Kendayan]], Balau and Selaku.<ref name="Su Hie 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Su Hie |first1=Ting |last2=Andyson |first2=Tinggang |last3=Mertom |first3=Lily |title=Language use and attitudes as indicators of subjective vitality: The Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia |journal=Language Documentation and Conservation |date=28 July 2021 |volume=15 |pages=190–218 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstreams/0100bb0c-826f-471a-bb2c-e7fcdb7ad479/download |access-date=15 October 2023 |issn=1934-5275}}</ref>
The Iban language is also related to other dialects such as Sebuyau, [[Kendayan language|Kendayan]], Balau and Selaku.<ref name="Su Hie 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Su Hie |first1=Ting |last2=Andyson |first2=Tinggang |last3=Mertom |first3=Lily |title=Language use and attitudes as indicators of subjective vitality: The Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia |journal=Language Documentation and Conservation |date=28 July 2021 |volume=15 |pages=190–218 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstreams/0100bb0c-826f-471a-bb2c-e7fcdb7ad479/download |access-date=15 October 2023 |issn=1934-5275}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
According to the oral history of the Iban people, [[Benedict Sandin]], in 1968, plotted the ancestry of the Iban people as descendants from the Upper Kapuas, [[West Kalimantan]], Indonesia. The Iban people arrived in Sarawak in the 16th century, and settled in the regions of Batang Lupar drainage basin and Undop river in southern Sarawak. From there, they migrated north, east, and west, and expanded into Saribas, Batang Sadong, Batang Layar, and Batang Lupar rivers. In the 1800s, they moved into the Rajang basin (middle region of Sarawak) from Batang Lupar river, Katibas river, and Saribas river (Saribas is a tributary of the [[Rajang River]]). By 1870s, they had reached Mukah and Oya rivers. In the early 1900s, they reached Balingian, Tatau, and Kemena rivers (near Bintulu). They also reached the Baram area and Limbang rivers around the same time in northern Sarawak and would become the largest ethnic group in Sarawak.<ref name="Shin 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Shin |first=Chong |date=2021-05-07 |title=Iban as a koine language in Sarawak |url=https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol22/iss1/6 |journal=Wacana |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=102 |doi=10.17510/wacana.v22i1.985 |issn=2407-6899|doi-access=free }}</ref>
According to the oral history of the Iban people, [[Benedict Sandin]], in 1968, plotted the ancestry of the Iban people as descendants from the Kapuas Hulu Range, the border of Sarawak-Kalimantan. The Iban people arrived in Sarawak in the 16th century, and settled in the regions of Batang Lupar [[drainage basin]] and Undop river in southern Sarawak. From there, they migrated north, east, and west, and expanded into Saribas, Batang Sadong, Batang Layar, and Batang Lupar rivers. In the 1800s, they moved into the Rajang basin (middle region of Sarawak) from Batang Lupar river, Katibas river, and Saribas river (Saribas is a tributary of the [[Rajang River]]). By 1870s, they had reached Mukah and Oya rivers. In the early 1900s, they reached Balingian, Tatau, and Kemena rivers (near Bintulu). They also reached the Baram area and Limbang rivers around the same time in northern Sarawak and would become the largest ethnic group in Sarawak.<ref name="Shin 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Shin |first=Chong |date=2021-05-07 |title=Iban as a koine language in Sarawak |url=https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol22/iss1/6 |journal=Wacana |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=102 |doi=10.17510/wacana.v22i1.985 |issn=2407-6899|doi-access=free }}</ref>


===Brooke administration===
===Brooke administration===
Fearing that the Iban tribes outnumbered the pre-existing local tribes with detrimental environmental effects on lands intended for shifting cultivation, the Brooke government restricted the Iban people from further migration to other river systems such as the Baleh river. However, the Brooke government allowed the Ibans to settle in other areas such as Lundu, Balingian, Bintulu, Limbang and Baram to consolidate the government's authority there. As a result of this policy, several minority ethnic groups such as Bukitans living along the Batang Lupar River were assimilated into the Iban people, thus contributing to the growth of Iban tribe and the expansion of the Iban language in the state.<ref name="Shin 2021"/> The Iban language was taught in schools in the 1940s during the Brooke era.<ref name="Ethnic_language">{{cite journal |last1=Metom |first1=Lilly |last2=Ting |first2=Su-Hie |last3=Ling |first3=Hsin-Nie |title=The Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia Ethnic Language Losing Ground to English and Sarawak Malay |journal=Human Behaviour, Development and Society |date=2021 |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=54-64 |url=https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hbds/article/view/250198 |access-date=19 December 2023 |issn=2651-1762}}</ref>
Fearing that the Iban tribes outnumbered the pre-existing local tribes with detrimental environmental effects on lands intended for shifting cultivation, the Brooke government restricted the Iban people from further migration to other river systems such as the Baleh river. However, the Brooke government allowed the Ibans to settle in other areas such as Lundu, Balingian, Bintulu, Limbang and Baram to consolidate the government's authority there. As a result of this policy, several minority ethnic groups such as Bukitans living along the Batang Lupar River were assimilated into the Iban people, thus contributing to the growth of Iban tribe and the expansion of the Iban language in the state.<ref name="Shin 2021"/> The Iban language was taught in schools in the 1940s during the Brooke era.<ref name="Ethnic_language">{{cite journal |last1=Metom |first1=Lilly |last2=Ting |first2=Su-Hie |last3=Ling |first3=Hsin-Nie |title=The Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia Ethnic Language Losing Ground to English and Sarawak Malay |journal=Human Behaviour, Development and Society |date=2021 |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=54-64 |url=https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hbds/article/view/250198 |access-date=19 December 2023 |issn=2651-1762}}</ref>


===Borneo Literature Bureau (BLB) (1958-1977)===
===1958-1977: Borneo Literature Bureau (BLB) foundation===
During the period of [[Crown Colony of Sarawak]], the Iban language was used in government official letters, courts, announcements, and notices. Radio Sarawak, started by the British, offered Iban language programmes. The Iban language, known under the name of "Asian language", was offered as an examination subject in the Sarawak Junior Certificate. The "Asian language" was renamed to "Iban language" in 1963. [[Borneo Literature Bureau]] (BLB) was founded by the British in 1958 to collect and document oral Iban literature. BLB published more than 60 Iban language books during its lifetime until 1973 when it was replaced by a Malaysian federal government agency [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (DBP) in 1977. After that, the publication of books in Bornean languages came to a halt.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tawai|first=Jimbun A.|year=1998|chapter=Iban mother tongue education|editor=Kia Soong |title= Mother Tongue Education of Malaysia Ethnic Minorities|pages=100–113|location= Kuala Lumpur|publisher=Dong Jiao Zong Higher Learning Center}}</ref> The publication of the ''Nendak'' magazine, which was started by BLB in 1967 also came to a halt.<ref name=":0" /> Jimbun Tawai, the former vice chairman of Sarawak Dayak Iban Association, called this period under Crown Colony as "golden era" of the Iban language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karla J. |date=February 2003 |title=Minority Language Education in Malaysia: Four Ethnic Communities' Experiences |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13670050308667772 |journal=International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=52–65 |doi=10.1080/13670050308667772 |issn=1367-0050}}</ref>
During the period of [[Crown Colony of Sarawak]], the Iban language was used in government official letters, courts, announcements, and notices. Radio Sarawak, started by the British, offered Iban language programmes. The Iban language, known under the name of "Asian language", was offered as an examination subject in the Sarawak Junior Certificate. The "Asian language" was renamed to "Iban language" in 1963. [[Borneo Literature Bureau]] (BLB) was founded by the British in 1958 to collect and document oral Iban literature. BLB published more than 60 Iban language books during its lifetime until 1973 when it was replaced by a Malaysian federal government agency [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (DBP) in 1977. After that, the publication of books in Bornean languages came to a halt.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tawai|first=Jimbun A.|year=1998|chapter=Iban mother tongue education|editor=Kia Soong |title= Mother Tongue Education of Malaysia Ethnic Minorities|pages=100–113|location= Kuala Lumpur|publisher=Dong Jiao Zong Higher Learning Center}}</ref> The publication of the ''Nendak'' magazine, which was started by BLB in 1967 also came to a halt.<ref name=":0" /> Jimbun Tawai, the former vice chairman of Sarawak Dayak Iban Association, called this period under Crown Colony as "golden era" of the Iban language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karla J. |date=February 2003 |title=Minority Language Education in Malaysia: Four Ethnic Communities' Experiences |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13670050308667772 |journal=International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=52–65 |doi=10.1080/13670050308667772 |issn=1367-0050}}</ref>


===After of closure of BLB (1977-2000s)===
===1977-2000s post BLB closure===
After the closure of BLB, other smaller publishers continue in this niche such as the Kuching-based publishing company named ''Klasik''. Examples of works include ''ensera'' (Iban epic story) and ''cherita kelulu'' (morality novellas). Christian churches such as the Catholic church publish prayer books that adopt certain aspects of Iban ''adat'' (culture). Thus, Christian texts bear greater significance as cultural repositories of the Iban language when to compared to other genres after the demise of BLB.<ref name=":0" />
After the closure of BLB, other smaller publishers continue in this niche such as the Kuching-based publishing company named ''Klasik''. Examples of works include ''ensera'' (Iban epic story) and ''cherita kelulu'' (morality novellas). Christian churches such as the Catholic church publish prayer books that adopt certain aspects of Iban ''adat'' (culture). Thus, Christian texts bear greater significance as cultural repositories of the Iban language when to compared to other genres after the demise of BLB.<ref name=":0" />


State-sponsored media such as ''Berita Rakyat'' was founded in 1974 and ended in the 1990s. The magazine was started by Rajang Security Command (RASCOM) in Sibu to defeat the communists' activities in the Rajang basin. The magazine stopped publication after the cessation of [[Communist insurgency in Sarawak]] in 1990. Another magazine named ''Pembrita'' was published by the Information Department of the state government and was aimed at providing developmental news to the rural Iban populace such as exemplary longhouses, lucrative cash crops, and animal husbandry. The magazine also called on the rural Ibans to modernise their ways of farming. There were no Iban newspapers in the 1990s and early 2000s. The high cost of imported paper materials and low advertising revenues contributed to the difficulties of Iban newspaper publishing.<ref name=":0" />
State-sponsored media such as ''Berita Rakyat'' was founded in 1974 and ended in the 1990s. The magazine was started by Rajang Security Command (RASCOM) in Sibu to defeat the communists' activities in the Rajang basin. The magazine stopped publication after the cessation of the [[communist insurgency in Sarawak]] in 1990. The state government's information department published another magazine named ''Pembrita'' and aimed to provide developmental news to the rural Iban populace, such as exemplary longhouses, lucrative cash crops, and animal husbandry. The magazine also called on the rural Ibans to modernise their ways of farming. There were no Iban newspapers in the 1990s and early 2000s. The high cost of imported paper materials and low advertising revenues contributed to the difficulties of Iban newspaper publishing.<ref name=":0" />


Tun Jugah Foundation was established in 1985 after the death of [[Tun Jugah]] to record the oral history of the Iban people, producing Iban dictionaries and surveys of the rural-urban migration of the Iban people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tun Jugah Remembered As Sarawak's Greatest Hero - Taib |url=https://www.nreb.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=news&sub=news_view&nid=40 |publisher=Natural Resources and Environment Board Sarawak |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726131832/https://www.nreb.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=news&sub=news_view&nid=40 |archive-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report on Research Projects |url=https://tunjugahfoundation.org.my/oral-history/report-of-research-projects/ |publisher=Tun Jugah Foundation |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529161709/https://tunjugahfoundation.org.my/oral-history/report-of-research-projects/ |archive-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>
The Tun Jugah Foundation was established in 1985 after the death of [[Jugah Barieng]], paramount chief of the Iban, to record the oral history of the Iban people, producing Iban dictionaries and surveys of the rural-urban migration of the Iban people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tun Jugah Remembered As Sarawak's Greatest Hero - Taib |url=https://www.nreb.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=news&sub=news_view&nid=40 |publisher=Natural Resources and Environment Board Sarawak |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726131832/https://www.nreb.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=news&sub=news_view&nid=40 |archive-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report on Research Projects |url=https://tunjugahfoundation.org.my/oral-history/report-of-research-projects/ |publisher=Tun Jugah Foundation |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529161709/https://tunjugahfoundation.org.my/oral-history/report-of-research-projects/ |archive-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>


[[Radio Televisyen Malaysia]] (RTM) expanded their Iban radio broadcasts to 10 hours on Sundays and 9 hours on rest of the week by the 1980s as WaiFM<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> [[Cats FM]] is the first commercial radio station to broadcast in Iban opening in 1997.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|first=John|last=Postill|title=Media and Nation Building: How the Iban became Malaysian|date=15 May 2006|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-0-85745-687-8|pages=59, 71–8}}</ref>
[[Radio Televisyen Malaysia]] (RTM) expanded their Iban radio broadcasts to 10 hours on Sundays and 9 hours on rest of the week by the 1980s as WaiFM<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> [[Cats FM]] is the first commercial radio station to broadcast in Iban opening in 1997.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|first=John|last=Postill|title=Media and Nation Building: How the Iban became Malaysian|date=15 May 2006|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-0-85745-687-8|pages=59, 71–8}}</ref>


The Iban language was included in the primary school curriculum in 1968 and a few secondary schools in 1988. In 1968-1969, teachers' training colleges offered Iban as an elective subject. It was only in 1988, that Iban was formalised as part of the Malaysian national curriculum.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/> There are no Iban-medium schools in Sarawak.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/> In 2008, Iban was taught as an elective language subject in Malaysian Form 5 secondary schools for [[Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia]] (SPM) certificate examination.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> A survey done in Sarawak in 2008 showed that a total of 367 primary schools and 55 secondary schools have taught the Iban subjects since 1968. The number of primary schools offering the Iban language subject increased to 1,264 in 2015 while the number of secondary schools reduced to 52 in 2015. Most of the schools are located in Kapit, Sibu, Sri Aman, and Sarikei Divisions where there are significant Iban population. The Iban language subject is also offered in undergraduate programmes in two teachers' institutions in Sarawak. In [[Sultan Idris Education University]], [[Perak]], the Iban language is offered as a minor subject for Iban students majoring in Malay studies.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>
The Iban language was included in the primary school curriculum in 1968 and a few secondary schools in 1988. From 1968-9, teachers' training colleges offered Iban as an elective subject. It was only in 1988 that Iban was formalised as part of the Malaysian national curriculum.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/> There are no Iban-medium schools in Sarawak.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/> In 2008, Iban was taught as an elective language subject in Malaysian Form 5 secondary schools for the [[Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia]] (SPM) certificate examination.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> A survey done in Sarawak in 2008 showed that a total of 367 primary schools and 55 secondary schools have taught the Iban subjects since 1968. The number of primary schools offering the Iban language subject increased to 1,264 in 2015, while the number of secondary schools reduced to 52 in 2015. Most schools have a significant Iban population in the Kapit, Sibu, Sri Aman, and Sarikei Divisions. The Iban language subject is also offered in undergraduate programmes in two teachers' institutions in Sarawak. In [[Sultan Idris Education University]], [[Perak]], the Iban language is offered as a minor subject for Iban students majoring in Malay studies.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>


In 2003, Malaysian federal authorities banned the Iban Bible (known as ''Bup Kudus'' in Iban) as the use of the word ''Allah'' in the Iban bible is the same as the Islamic name of God ''Allah (Taala)'' which may confuse the Muslim populace in the state. The ban was lifted by the then deputy prime minister [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] after persistent protests.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anis |first1=Mazwin Nik |title=Ban on Iban Bible lifted |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2003/04/26/ban-on-iban-bible-lifted |access-date=6 January 2024 |publisher=The Star (Malaysia) |date=26 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106104939/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2003/04/26/ban-on-iban-bible-lifted |archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
In 2003, Malaysian federal authorities banned the Iban-language Bible or ''Bup Kudus'' as [[Allah#Malaysian and Indonesian language|its use of the word "Allah" for God]] overlaps with the use of [[Allah]] as the name of [[God in Islam]]. While [[Christianity]] is the majority faith of the Iban, [[Islam in Malaysia#Religion of the Federation|Islam has official federal status]], which the government argues can "confuse" the Muslim populace in the state. The ban was lifted by the then deputy prime minister [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] after persistent protests.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anis |first1=Mazwin Nik |title=Ban on Iban Bible lifted |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2003/04/26/ban-on-iban-bible-lifted |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=The Star (Malaysia) |date=26 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106104939/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2003/04/26/ban-on-iban-bible-lifted |archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>


===2010-present===
===2010-present: emergence of vernacular mass media===
The [[The Borneo Post]] and [[Utusan Borneo]] newspapers started Iban language sections in 2010<ref>{{cite web |title=Berita Iban |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/page/2722/ |publisher=The Borneo Post |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612014513/https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/page/2722/ |archive-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> and 2014 respectively.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Berita Iban |url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/iban?page=2557 |publisher=Utusan Borneo |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106013510/https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/iban?page=2557 |archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> The Borneo Post stopped the Iban section in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Berita Iban |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531191835/https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/ |archive-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> The ''Pegari'' Iban language monthly magazine was also published by a small company named PEGARI Iban Production from 2012 to 2018.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Majalah PEGARI |url=https://pegari02.wordpress.com/servis/majalah-pegari/ |publisher=PEGARI Iban Production |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103054739/https://pegari02.wordpress.com/servis/majalah-pegari/ |archive-date=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bigol |first1=Alvestor |title=Sukung mih Radio Pegari Web FM (Please support Pegari Web FM Radio) |url=https://suarasarawak.my/sukung-mih-radio-pegari-web-fm/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=Suara Sarawak |date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610214425/https://suarasarawak.my/sukung-mih-radio-pegari-web-fm/ |archive-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> Borneo Media Solutions, a subsidiary of PEGARI Iban Production, also published several books in Iban language.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven Iban books published by Borneo Media Solutions so far |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/01/03/seven-iban-books-published-by-borneo-media-solutions-so-far/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609174740/https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/01/03/seven-iban-books-published-by-borneo-media-solutions-so-far/ |archive-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>
Newspapers ''[[The Borneo Post]]'' and ''[[Utusan Borneo]]'' started Iban language sections in 2010<ref>{{cite web |title=Berita Iban |date=28 December 2009 |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/page/2722/ |publisher=The Borneo Post |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612014513/https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/page/2722/ |archive-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> and 2014 respectively.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Berita Iban |url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/iban?page=2557 |publisher=Utusan Borneo |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106013510/https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/iban?page=2557 |archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> The Borneo Post stopped the Iban section in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Berita Iban |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531191835/https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/ |archive-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> A monthly Iban magazine named ''Pegari'' was also published by a small company named PEGARI Iban Production from 2012 to 2018.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Majalah PEGARI |date=5 January 2012 |url=https://pegari02.wordpress.com/servis/majalah-pegari/ |publisher=PEGARI Iban Production |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103054739/https://pegari02.wordpress.com/servis/majalah-pegari/ |archive-date=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bigol |first1=Alvestor |title=Sukung mih Radio Pegari Web FM (Please support Pegari Web FM Radio) |url=https://suarasarawak.my/sukung-mih-radio-pegari-web-fm/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=Suara Sarawak |date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610214425/https://suarasarawak.my/sukung-mih-radio-pegari-web-fm/ |archive-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> Borneo Media Solutions, a subsidiary of PEGARI Iban Production, also published several books in Iban language.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven Iban books published by Borneo Media Solutions so far |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/01/03/seven-iban-books-published-by-borneo-media-solutions-so-far/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609174740/https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/01/03/seven-iban-books-published-by-borneo-media-solutions-so-far/ |archive-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>


RTM later opened their first Borneo-oriented channel TVi in 2011 which later became [[TV Okey]] in 2018 which includes a 30-minute Iban news slot.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2011 |title=New TV channel for Sabah and Sarawak |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2011/04/07/new-tv-channel-for-sabah-and-sarawak |access-date=30 October 2022 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |agency=[[Bernama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Suzianah |first1=Jiffar |last2=Olivia |first2=Miwil |title=TV OKEY guna bahasa tempatan (TV OKEY uses local languages) |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/03/402206/tv-okey-guna-bahasa-tempatan |access-date=21 February 2024 |publisher=Berita Harian |date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240221120807/https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/03/402206/tv-okey-guna-bahasa-tempatan |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> [[TVS (Malaysian TV channel)|TV Sarawak]] started the Iban language section in October 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVS nyerungkai pengidup Iban (TVS unwraps the Iban way of life) |url=https://suarasarawak.my/tvs-nyerungkai-pengidup-iban/ |access-date=21 February 2024 |publisher=Suara Sarawak |date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240221120748/https://suarasarawak.my/tvs-nyerungkai-pengidup-iban/ |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>
RTM opened their first Borneo-oriented channel TVi in 2011 which later became [[TV Okey]] in 2018 which includes a 30-minute Iban news slot.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2011 |title=New TV channel for Sabah and Sarawak |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2011/04/07/new-tv-channel-for-sabah-and-sarawak |access-date=30 October 2022 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |agency=[[Bernama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Suzianah |first1=Jiffar |last2=Olivia |first2=Miwil |title=TV OKEY guna bahasa tempatan (TV OKEY uses local languages) |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/03/402206/tv-okey-guna-bahasa-tempatan |access-date=21 February 2024 |publisher=Berita Harian |date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240221120807/https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/03/402206/tv-okey-guna-bahasa-tempatan |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> [[TVS (Malaysian TV channel)|TV Sarawak]] started the Iban language section in October 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVS nyerungkai pengidup Iban (TVS unwraps the Iban way of life) |url=https://suarasarawak.my/tvs-nyerungkai-pengidup-iban/ |access-date=21 February 2024 |publisher=Suara Sarawak |date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240221120748/https://suarasarawak.my/tvs-nyerungkai-pengidup-iban/ |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> Iban language support was added to Malaysian domain of [[Google Translate]] in 2024.<ref name="Google">{{cite news |last1=Aubrey |first1=Samuel |title=Iban among new languages added to Google Translate |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/06/29/iban-among-new-languages-added-to-google-translate/ |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629022155/https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/06/29/iban-among-new-languages-added-to-google-translate/ |archive-date=29 June 2024}}</ref>


==Extent of use==
==Extent of use==
The Iban language is allowed in the [[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly]] with the special permission from the Speaker and simultaneous interpretations will be provided during the assembly sitting and when written into the Hansard.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>
The Iban language is allowed in the [[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly]] with the special permission from the Speaker and simultaneous interpretations will be provided during the assembly sitting and when written into the Hansard.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>


[[Rentap]]'s battle cry while fighting against [[James Brooke]] in 1860s “Agi Idup, Agi Ngelaban!” (“I will fight as long I will live!”) was adopted by Sarawak [[Royal Ranger Regiment]] as their motto. The battle cry is also used in speeches and car stickers to evoke the warrior spirit of the Iban people.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> The word "Oo-ha", an Iban call for celebration, was popularised by the former chief minister of Sarawak [[Adenan Satem]] as a form of "hello" before giving speeches in order to motivate a crowd.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> The Chinese-predominant [[Sarawak United Peoples' Party]] used the Iban word "Sa'ati" (United) as their party slogan.<ref>{{cite news |title=SUPP members told to move forward with 'Sa'ati' |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/06/04/supp-members-told-to-move-forward-with-saati/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=4 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604225341/https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/06/04/supp-members-told-to-move-forward-with-saati/ |archive-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SUPP to set up Sa'Ati Education Foundation to aid students |url=https://dayakdaily.com/supp-to-set-up-saati-education-foundation-to-aid-students/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=Dayak Daily |date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705125203/https://dayakdaily.com/supp-to-set-up-saati-education-foundation-to-aid-students/ |archive-date=5 July 2022}}</ref> Another Chinese-predominant Sarawak [[Democratic Action Party]] has been using the Iban language to garner support from the Iban population.<ref>{{cite web |title=YES! Jom Aram Neh Berubah! (Yes! Let's just change!) |url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/Digitisation/OCR/OCR6/000018/1008899.pdf |website=Perdana Leadership Foundation Library |publisher=Democratic Action Party |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dayaks As The Kingmaker In Coming State Election |url=https://en.dapsarawak.org/dayaks-as-the-kingmaker-in-coming-state-election/ |publisher=Sarawak Democratic Action Party |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602151432/https://en.dapsarawak.org/dayaks-as-the-kingmaker-in-coming-state-election/ |archive-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> Other words include "Segulai sejalai" (going together} that was selected as the slogan for Malaysian national unity,<ref>{{cite news|title=PM: Segulai sejalai, cogan kata perpaduan dari bahasa Iban (Prime Minister: "Segulai sejalai" slogan from the Iban language)|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/667864 |access-date=16 October 2023 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608165245/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/667864|archive-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> and "Ngap Sayot" (literally means "eat vegetables") used by [[Sarawak FA]] football team battle cry to signify taking down opponents just like eating vegetables.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lau |first1=Ceres |title=Ngap Sayot |url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/57947215/Ngap-Sayot |website=Behance |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017011332/https://www.behance.net/gallery/57947215/Ngap-Sayot |archive-date=17 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Don't use Ngap Sayot for politics' |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2013/06/16/dont-use-ngap-sayot-for-politics/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608183003/https://www.theborneopost.com/2013/06/16/dont-use-ngap-sayot-for-politics/ |archive-date=8 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Masilamany |first1=Joseph |title=Ngap sayot! Sarawakians upbraid 'Harimau Malaya' on Malaysia Day |url=https://www.thevibes.com/articles/sports/41733/ngap-sayot-sarawakians-upbraid-harimau-malaya-on-malaysia-day |publisher=The Vibes |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917064944/https://www.thevibes.com/articles/sports/41733/ngap-sayot-sarawakians-upbraid-harimau-malaya-on-malaysia-day |archive-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
[[Rentap]]'s battle cry while fighting against [[James Brooke]] in 1860s “Agi Idup, Agi Ngelaban!” (“I will fight as long I will live!”) is adopted by Sarawak [[Royal Ranger Regiment]] as their motto. The battle cry is also used in speeches and car stickers to evoke the warrior spirit of the Iban people.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> The word "Oo-ha", an Iban call for celebration, was popularised by the former chief minister of Sarawak [[Adenan Satem]] as a form of "hello" before giving speeches in order to motivate a crowd.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> The Chinese-predominant [[Sarawak United Peoples' Party]] used the Iban word "Sa'ati" (United) as their party slogan.<ref>{{cite news |title=SUPP members told to move forward with 'Sa'ati' |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/06/04/supp-members-told-to-move-forward-with-saati/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=4 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604225341/https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/06/04/supp-members-told-to-move-forward-with-saati/ |archive-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SUPP to set up Sa'Ati Education Foundation to aid students |url=https://dayakdaily.com/supp-to-set-up-saati-education-foundation-to-aid-students/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=Dayak Daily |date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705125203/https://dayakdaily.com/supp-to-set-up-saati-education-foundation-to-aid-students/ |archive-date=5 July 2022}}</ref> Another Chinese-predominant Sarawak [[Democratic Action Party]] has been using the Iban language to garner support from the Iban population.<ref>{{cite web |title=YES! Jom Aram Neh Berubah! (Yes! Let's just change!) |url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/Digitisation/OCR/OCR6/000018/1008899.pdf |website=Perdana Leadership Foundation Library |publisher=Democratic Action Party |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dayaks As The Kingmaker In Coming State Election |date=6 November 2020 |url=https://en.dapsarawak.org/dayaks-as-the-kingmaker-in-coming-state-election/ |publisher=Sarawak Democratic Action Party |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602151432/https://en.dapsarawak.org/dayaks-as-the-kingmaker-in-coming-state-election/ |archive-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> Other words include "Segulai sejalai" (going together) that was selected as the slogan for Malaysian national unity,<ref>{{cite news|title=PM: Segulai sejalai, cogan kata perpaduan dari bahasa Iban (Prime Minister: "Segulai sejalai" slogan from the Iban language)|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/667864 |access-date=16 October 2023 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608165245/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/667864|archive-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> and "Ngap Sayot" (literally means "eat vegetables") used by [[Sarawak FA]] football team battle cry to signify taking down opponents just like eating vegetables.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lau |first1=Ceres |title=Ngap Sayot |url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/57947215/Ngap-Sayot |website=Behance |date=November 2017 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017011332/https://www.behance.net/gallery/57947215/Ngap-Sayot |archive-date=17 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Don't use Ngap Sayot for politics' |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2013/06/16/dont-use-ngap-sayot-for-politics/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608183003/https://www.theborneopost.com/2013/06/16/dont-use-ngap-sayot-for-politics/ |archive-date=8 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Masilamany |first1=Joseph |title=Ngap sayot! Sarawakians upbraid 'Harimau Malaya' on Malaysia Day |url=https://www.thevibes.com/articles/sports/41733/ngap-sayot-sarawakians-upbraid-harimau-malaya-on-malaysia-day |publisher=The Vibes |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917064944/https://www.thevibes.com/articles/sports/41733/ngap-sayot-sarawakians-upbraid-harimau-malaya-on-malaysia-day |archive-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>


Iban churches in Sarawak conduct services in the Iban language.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>
Iban churches in Sarawak conduct services in the Iban language.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>


Trades in the Sarawak bazaars are also frequently conducted in the Iban language.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>
Trades in the Sarawak bazaars are also frequently conducted in the Iban language.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>




==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 94: Line 95:
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|p}}
Line 178: Line 179:
There are four types of affixes in Iban, namely [[prefix]]es, [[suffix]]es, [[circumfix]]es and [[infix]]es.
There are four types of affixes in Iban, namely [[prefix]]es, [[suffix]]es, [[circumfix]]es and [[infix]]es.


{| {{table}}
{|class="wikitable"
⚫
! Type of noun affixes
|-
! Affix
⚫
! style="background:#efefef;" | Type of noun affixes
! Example of root word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Affix
! style="background:#efefef;" | Example of root word
! Example of derived word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Example of derived word
|-
|-
|Prefix
|Prefix
Line 301: Line 301:
Iban has separate words for [[Clusivity|inclusive and exclusive we]], and distinguishes [[Grammatical number|singular]], [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]], and [[plural]].{{sfnp|Asmah Haji Omar|1969|p=185}}
Iban has separate words for [[Clusivity|inclusive and exclusive we]], and distinguishes [[Grammatical number|singular]], [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]], and [[plural]].{{sfnp|Asmah Haji Omar|1969|p=185}}


{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|
⚫
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| 1st person
!First-[[Grammatical person|person]] exclusive
! exclusive
| {{Lang|iba|aku}}
| {{Lang|iba|aku}}
| {{Lang|iba|kami səduai}}
| {{Lang|iba|kami səduai}}
| {{Lang|iba|kami}}
| {{Lang|iba|kami}}
|-
|-
! First-person inclusive
! inclusive
| ---
| ---
| {{Lang|iba|tua}}
| {{Lang|iba|tua}}
| {{Lang|iba|kitai}}
| {{Lang|iba|kitai}}
|-
|-
! Second person
!colspan=2| 2nd person
| {{Lang|iba|deʔ}}<br/>{{Lang|iba|noan}}
| {{Lang|iba|deʔ}}<br />{{Lang|iba|noan}}
| {{Lang|iba|deʔ səduai}}<br/>{{Lang|iba|noan səduai}}
| {{Lang|iba|deʔ səduai}}<br />{{Lang|iba|noan səduai}}
| {{Lang|iba|kitaʔ}}
| {{Lang|iba|kitaʔ}}
|-
|-
! Third person
!colspan=2| 3rd person
| {{Lang|iba|iya}}
| {{Lang|iba|iya}}
| {{Lang|iba|səduai}}
| {{Lang|iba|səduai}}
Line 347: Line 348:


===Possessive pronouns===
===Possessive pronouns===
{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Iban
!Iban
!English
!English
Line 368: Line 369:
|{{Lang|iba|enggi sida}}
|{{Lang|iba|enggi sida}}
|theirs
|theirs
|-
|}
|}


Line 379: Line 379:
There are three [[demonstrative determiner]]s in Iban. {{Lang|iba|Tu}} 'this, these' is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker, {{Lang|iba|nya}} 'that, those' is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker, and {{Lang|iba|nyin}}, which is the furthest from the speaker.
There are three [[demonstrative determiner]]s in Iban. {{Lang|iba|Tu}} 'this, these' is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker, {{Lang|iba|nya}} 'that, those' is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker, and {{Lang|iba|nyin}}, which is the furthest from the speaker.


{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Pronoun
! Pronoun
Line 385: Line 385:
! English
! English
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|tu
| {{lang|iba|tu}}
| {{Lang|iba|bup tu}}
| {{lang|iba|bup tu}}
| This book, these books
| This book, these books
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|nya
| {{lang|iba|nya}}
| {{Lang|iba|ukui nya}}
| {{lang|iba|ukui nya}}
| That dog, those dogs
| That dog, those dogs
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|nyin
| {{lang|iba|nyin}}
| {{Lang|iba|bungai nyin}}
| {{lang|iba|bungai nyin}}
| That (furthest) flower(s)
| That (furthest) flower(s)
|-
|}
|}


Line 409: Line 408:
In Iban, demonstrative pronouns are words that show which person or thing is being referred in relation to the location of the addressee to the speaker. There are three demonstrative pronouns in Iban depending on location to the speaker. They can only be used to refer to an addressee (human) and cannot be used to refer to inanimate objects.
In Iban, demonstrative pronouns are words that show which person or thing is being referred in relation to the location of the addressee to the speaker. There are three demonstrative pronouns in Iban depending on location to the speaker. They can only be used to refer to an addressee (human) and cannot be used to refer to inanimate objects.


{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center"
|+caption | '''Demonstrative pronouns'''
|+ Demonstrative pronouns
⚫
!
!Space||Form||Gloss
!Form
!Gloss
|-
|-
|'''Proximal'''
!Proximal
|{{Lang|iba|iya tu}}
|{{Lang|iba|iya tu}}
|''this person''
|this person
|-
|-
|'''Medial'''
!Medial
|{{Lang|iba|iya nya}}
|{{Lang|iba|iya nya}}
|''that person''
|that person
|-
|-
|'''Distal'''
!Distal
|{{Lang|iba|iya nyin}}
|{{Lang|iba|iya nyin}}
|''the other person (furthest) ''
|the other person (furthest)
|}
|}


Line 434: Line 435:


====Demonstrative adverbs====
====Demonstrative adverbs====
Demonstrative adverbs in Iban are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in Iban grammar. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronouns are the adverbs such as {{Lang|iba|kitu}} ('going here'), {{Lang|iba|kia}} ('going there') and {{Lang|iba|kin}} ('going there (farthest)') equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun this are {{Lang|iba|tu}}, {{Lang|iba|nya}} and {{Lang|iba|nyin}}.
Demonstrative adverbs in Iban are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in Iban grammar. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronouns are the adverbs such as {{Lang|iba|kitu}} ('going here'), {{Lang|iba|kia}} ('going there') and {{Lang|iba|kin}} ('going there (farthest)') equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun this are {{Lang|iba|tu}}, {{Lang|iba|nya}} and {{Lang|iba|nyin}}.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center"
{| {{table}}
|+caption | '''Demonstrative adverbs'''
|+ Demonstrative adverbs
!Space||Form||Gloss
!
!Form
!Gloss
|-
|-
|'''Proximal'''
!Proximal
|{{Lang|iba|kitu}}
|{{Lang|iba|kitu}}
|going here
|going here
|-
|-
|'''Medial'''
!Medial
|{{Lang|iba|kia}}
|{{Lang|iba|kia}}
|going there
|going there
|-
|-
|'''Distal'''
!Distal
|{{Lang|iba|kin}}
|{{Lang|iba|kin}}
|going there, going yonder
|going there, going yonder
Line 458: Line 462:


====Locatives====
====Locatives====
{| {{table}}

⚫
|+ Locative determiners
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!
⚫
|+caption | '''Locative determiners'''
!Space||Form||Gloss
!Form
!Gloss
|-
|-
|'''Proximal'''
!Proximal
|{{Lang|iba|ditu}}
|{{Lang|iba|ditu}}
|here
|here
|-
|-
|'''Medial'''
!Medial
|{{Lang|iba|dia}}
|{{Lang|iba|dia}}
|there
|there
|-
|-
|'''Distal'''
!Distal
|{{Lang|iba|din}}
|{{Lang|iba|din}}
|there, yonder
|there, yonder
Line 485: Line 490:
Iban also has a set of adverbs referring to manner. They are a combination of {{Lang|iba|baka (ke)}} ('like/as') and the abbreviated determiner forms {{Lang|iba|tu}}, {{Lang|iba|nya}} and {{Lang|iba|nyin}}.
Iban also has a set of adverbs referring to manner. They are a combination of {{Lang|iba|baka (ke)}} ('like/as') and the abbreviated determiner forms {{Lang|iba|tu}}, {{Lang|iba|nya}} and {{Lang|iba|nyin}}.


{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center"
|+caption | '''Locative determiners'''
|+ Locative determiners
!
!Space||Form||Gloss
!Form
!Gloss
|-
|-
|'''Proximal'''
!Proximal
|{{Lang|iba|baka tu}}
|{{Lang|iba|baka tu}}
|like this, this way
|like this, this way
|-
|-
|'''Medial'''
!Medial
|{{Lang|iba|baka nya}}
|{{Lang|iba|baka nya}}
|like that, that way
|like that, that way
|-
|-
|'''Distal'''
!Distal
|{{Lang|iba|baka nyin}}
|{{Lang|iba|baka nyin}}
|like that, that way
|like that, that way
Line 553: Line 560:


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
The first Iban-English Dictionary was published in 1900 by Rev. William Howell, an Anglican priest based at Sabu, near Simanggang (Sri Aman) and D.J.S. Bailey, a Brooke administrative officer as ''A Sea Dayak Dictionary''. The dictionary was important in the early development of the Iban as a written language.<ref name="Comprehensive dictionary">{{cite journal |last1=Clifford |first1=Sather |title=A Comprehensive Iban-English Dictionary. |journal=Borneo Research Bulletin |date=2016 |volume=47 |pages=256-261 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107101415/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+Comprehensive+Iban-English+Dictionary.-a0503262457 |access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref>
The first Iban-English Dictionary was published in 1900 by Rev. William Howell, an Anglican priest based at Sabu, near Simanggang (Sri Aman) and D.J.S. Bailey, a Brooke administrative officer as ''[[s:A Sea Dyak Dictionary|A Sea Dyak Dictionary]]''.<ref name="Comprehensive dictionary">{{cite journal |last1=Clifford |first1=Sather |title=A Comprehensive Iban-English Dictionary. |journal=Borneo Research Bulletin |date=2016 |volume=47 |pages=256–261 |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+Comprehensive+Iban-English+Dictionary.-a0503262457 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107101415/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+Comprehensive+Iban-English+Dictionary.-a0503262457 |access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=2024-01-07 }}</ref>


''A Comprehensive Iban-English Dictionary'', jointly published by The Dayak Cultural Foundation and The Tun Jugah Foundation in 2016, contains 31,000 entries and about 1900 pages.<ref name="Comprehensive dictionary"/>
''A Comprehensive Iban-English Dictionary'', jointly published by The Dayak Cultural Foundation and The Tun Jugah Foundation in 2016, contains 31,000 entries and about 1900 pages.<ref name="Comprehensive dictionary"/>
Line 560: Line 567:


==Writing system==
==Writing system==
According to Iban legend, an ancestor named Renggi devised a writing script on the skin of wood, but it was soaked in water and the writing vanished. Anguished with the tragedy, Renggi munched the script and swallowed it<ref name="Churchill 2012"/> where the script became ingrained in Renggi's brain and blood and also his descendants. Since then, the Ibans became adept at memorising oral traditions, just like exactly written in books.<ref>{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Jacqueline |title=Dunging Script into the millennium |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2021/07/11/dunging-script-into-the-millennium/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027081422/https://www.theborneopost.com/2021/07/11/dunging-script-into-the-millennium/ |archive-date=27 October 2022}}</ref> Occasionally, the Ibans used personalised symbols as memory aids on their writing boards.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pringle |first1=Robert |title=Rajahs & Rebels - The Ibans of Sarawak under Brooke Rule (1841-1941) |date=1970 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=New York |pages=37 |url=https://archive.org/details/rajahs-rebels-robert-pringle |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>
According to Iban legend, an ancestor named Renggi devised a writing script on the skin of wood, but it was soaked in water and the writing vanished. Anguished with the tragedy, Renggi munched the script and swallowed it<ref name="Churchill 2012"/> where the script became ingrained in Renggi's brain and blood and also his descendants. Since then, the Ibans became adept at memorising oral traditions, just like exactly written in books.<ref>{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Jacqueline |title=Dunging Script into the millennium |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2021/07/11/dunging-script-into-the-millennium/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027081422/https://www.theborneopost.com/2021/07/11/dunging-script-into-the-millennium/ |archive-date=27 October 2022}}</ref> Occasionally, the Ibans used personalised symbols as memory aids on their writing boards (''papan turai'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pringle |first1=Robert |title=Rajahs & Rebels - The Ibans of Sarawak under Brooke Rule (1841-1941) |date=1970 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=New York |pages=37 |url=https://archive.org/details/rajahs-rebels-robert-pringle |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Sarawak Hieroglyphics: A Lost Legacy? |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/05/13/the-sarawak-hieroglyphics-a-lost-legacy1187066/#:~:text=It%20consists%20of%20a%20series,during%20the%20Gawai%20Batu%20ceremony. |access-date=13 May 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513111146/https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/05/13/the-sarawak-hieroglyphics-a-lost-legacy1187066/ |archive-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>


The Iban language does not have a writing system of its own. Christian missionaries later adopted the Latin alphabet in an attempt to codify the language.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/> During the Crown Colony era, the Borneo Literature Bureau also worked on the written form of the Iban language.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/>
As the Iban language had no extant writing system of its own, [[Missionary#Christian_missions|Christian missionaries]] adopted the Latin alphabet in an attempt to codify the language.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/> ''A Sea Dyak Dictionary'', published in 1900, was important in the early development of the Iban as a written language.<ref name="Comprehensive dictionary"/> During the [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Crown Colony]] era, the Borneo Literature Bureau also worked on the written form of the Iban language.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/>


From 1947 to 1962, Dunging anak Gunggu invented an Iban [[syllabary]] known as the [[Dunging script]].<ref name="omniglot">{{Cite web |title=Iban |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/iban.htm |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[Omniglot]]}}</ref><ref name="Churchill 2012">{{Cite news |last=Churchill Edward |date=20 June 2012 |title='Long Lost' Iban Alphabet Script 'Found' |work=[[The Borneo Post]] |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/06/20/long-lost-iban-alphabet-script-found/ |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> In 2010, Dr. Bromeley Philip of [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]], who is also a grandnephew to Dunging,<ref name="Churchill 2012"/> created digital fonts for Dunging script, named "LaserIban", available for Windows and Macintosh computers. Dr Bromeley also launched a course to promote the use of LaserIban and had transcribed several traditional folktales from Latin alphabet into Dunging script.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reviving the Iban alphabet |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030094108/https://news.uitm.edu.my/reviving-the-iban-alphabet/ |publisher=UiTM News Hub |access-date=19 December 2023 |date=15 March 2016}}</ref> However, the Dunging script is not widely adopted.<ref name="omniglot"/> As of 2011, only three people in the world mastered the Dunging script, namely Dr Bromeley himself, longhouse chief Tuai Rumah Bagat Nunui and teacher Ngambong Katoi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edward |first1=Churchill |title=‘Pioneer Iban alphabet students will promote system’ |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/19/%E2%80%98pioneer-iban-alphabet-students-will-promote-system%E2%80%99/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602151513/https://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/19/%E2%80%98pioneer-iban-alphabet-students-will-promote-system%E2%80%99/ |archive-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>
From 1947 to 1962, Dunging anak Gunggu invented an Iban [[syllabary]] known as the [[Dunging script]].<ref name="omniglot">{{Cite web |title=Iban |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/iban.htm |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[Omniglot]]}}</ref><ref name="Churchill 2012">{{Cite news |last=Churchill Edward |date=20 June 2012 |title='Long Lost' Iban Alphabet Script 'Found' |work=[[The Borneo Post]] |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/06/20/long-lost-iban-alphabet-script-found/ |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> In 2010, Dr. Bromeley Philip of [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]], who is also a grandnephew to Dunging,<ref name="Churchill 2012"/> created digital fonts for Dunging script, named "LaserIban", available for Windows and Macintosh computers. Dr Bromeley also launched a course to promote the use of LaserIban and had transcribed several traditional folktales from Latin alphabet into Dunging script.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reviving the Iban alphabet |url=https://news.uitm.edu.my/reviving-the-iban-alphabet/ |publisher=UiTM News Hub |access-date=19 December 2023 |date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030094108/https://news.uitm.edu.my/reviving-the-iban-alphabet/ |archive-date=2019-10-30 }}</ref> However, the Dunging script is not widely adopted.<ref name="omniglot"/> As of 2011, only three people in the world mastered the Dunging script, namely Dr Bromeley himself, longhouse chief Tuai Rumah Bagat Nunui and teacher Ngambong Katoi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edward |first1=Churchill |title='Pioneer Iban alphabet students will promote system' |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/19/%E2%80%98pioneer-iban-alphabet-students-will-promote-system%E2%80%99/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602151513/https://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/19/%E2%80%98pioneer-iban-alphabet-students-will-promote-system%E2%80%99/ |archive-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
Line 571: Line 578:


=== Dialect comparison ===
=== Dialect comparison ===
{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison between Sarawak Iban and [[Mualang language|Mualang]]
|+Comparison between Sarawak Iban and [[Mualang language|Mualang]]
! English
! English
Line 620: Line 627:
|{{Lang|iba|Seput}}
|{{Lang|iba|Seput}}
|{{Lang|mtd|Penyuan}}
|{{Lang|mtd|Penyuan}}
|-
|}
|}
'''Sample text (Luke 2:10-11)'''
'''Sample text (Luke 2:10-11)'''


<u>Mualang</u>
<u>Mualang</u>
:10 Baroꞌ mlikat Tuhan Allah madah ke sidaꞌ: “Nang kitaꞌ takot! Ku madah brita bayek ari Tuhan Allah ke kitaꞌ, te nyuroh gaga ugaꞌ bansa.

10 Baroꞌ mlikat Tuhan Allah madah ke sidaꞌ: “Nang kitaꞌ takot! Ku madah brita bayek ari Tuhan Allah ke kitaꞌ, te nyuroh gaga ugaꞌ bansa.
:11 Malam toꞌ de kuta Daod<sup>e</sup> udah adai Penyelamat kitaꞌ, Al Maseh Raja te dedanyi Tuhan Allah, nyaꞌ mah Tuhan.

11 Malam toꞌ de kuta Daod<sup>e</sup> udah adai Penyelamat kitaꞌ, Al Maseh Raja te dedanyi Tuhan Allah, nyaꞌ mah Tuhan.



<u>Iban</u>
<u>Iban</u>
⚫
:10 Tang ku melikat nya bejaku ngagai sida, “Anang takut! Laban aku mai ngagai kita Berita Manah ti ngasuh ati semua mensia gaga:
⚫
:11 sehari tu, di nengeri David, Juruselamat kita udah ada, iya nya Kristus ti Tuhan!


{| {{table}}
⚫
10 Tang ku melikat nya bejaku ngagai sida, “Anang takut! Laban aku mai ngagai kita Berita Manah ti ngasuh ati semua mensia gaga:

⚫
11 sehari tu, di nengeri David, Juruselamat kita udah ada, iya nya Kristus ti Tuhan!

{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison between Standard Iban and [[Remun language|Remun]]
|+Comparison between Standard Iban and [[Remun language|Remun]]
! English
! English
Line 690: Line 691:
|{{Lang|iba|Manah}}
|{{Lang|iba|Manah}}
|{{Lang|lkj|Nyelaie}}
|{{Lang|lkj|Nyelaie}}
|-
|}
|}


Line 697: Line 697:
* {{Lang|lkj|Entauk ku badak}} – {{Lang|lkj|Enda ku nemu.}} ('I don't know.')
* {{Lang|lkj|Entauk ku badak}} – {{Lang|lkj|Enda ku nemu.}} ('I don't know.')


{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison between Standard Iban and Sebuyau
|+Comparison between Standard Iban and Sebuyau
! English
! English
Line 766: Line 766:
|{{Lang|iba|Lubah}}
|{{Lang|iba|Lubah}}
|{{Lang|iba|Lumbu}}
|{{Lang|iba|Lumbu}}
|-
|}
|}


==Examples==
==Examples==
===Numbers===
===Numbers===
{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Iban
!Iban
!Iban Standard
!Iban Standard
Line 818: Line 817:


===Family===
===Family===
{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Iban
!Iban
!English
!English
Line 857: Line 856:


For extended family in Iban
For extended family in Iban
{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Iban
!Iban
!English
!English
Line 912: Line 911:


===Days===
===Days===
{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Iban
!Iban
!English/Roman
!English/Roman
Line 945: Line 944:
===Months===
===Months===
The Iban calendar is one month ahead of the Gregorian calendar as follows:
The Iban calendar is one month ahead of the Gregorian calendar as follows:
{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Iban
!Iban
!English/Gregorian
!English/Gregorian
Line 987: Line 986:


===Sample phrases===
===Sample phrases===
{| {{table}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Iban
!Iban
!English/Roman
!English/Roman
Line 1,109: Line 1,108:


===Genesis 1:1–3===
===Genesis 1:1–3===
{{Verse translation|Ba pun iya kelia, lebuh Allah Taala berengkah ngaga langit enggau dunya, dunya endang apin bisi bakal tauka gamal sereta nadai utai nguan. Semina ribut ti deras ari Allah Taala aja ti bepuput atas tasik ti agi petang. Allah Taala lalu bejaku, “Awakka penampak pegari.” Penampak lalu pegari. Allah Taala meda penampak nya manah; lalu Iya nyeraraka penampak nya ari pemetang. Iya ngumbai penampak nya “Siang” lalu pemetang nya dikumbai Iya “Malam.” Lemai ambis lalu pagi pen datai. Nya hari ti keterubah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bup Kudus Baru |url=http://www.gerijaiban.com/bup_kudus.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022172244/http://www.gerijaiban.com/bup_kudus.php |archive-date=2018-10-22 |website=G-KRIS}}</ref>|In the beginning God created heaven and earth. The earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the deep water. The spirit of God was hovering over the water. Then God said, "Let there be light!" So there was light. God saw the light was good. So God separated the light from the darkness. God named the light "day", and the darkness he named "night". There was evening, then morning, the first day.|lang=iba|attr1=}}
{{Verse translation|Ba pun iya kelia, lebuh Allah Taala berengkah ngaga langit enggau dunya, dunya endang apin bisi bakal tauka gamal sereta nadai utai nguan. Semina ribut ti deras ari Allah Taala aja ti bepuput atas tasik ti agi petang. Allah Taala lalu bejaku, “Awakka penampak pegari.” Penampak lalu pegari. Allah Taala meda penampak nya manah; lalu Iya nyeraraka penampak nya ari pemetang. Iya ngumbai penampak nya “Siang” lalu pemetang nya dikumbai Iya “Malam.” Lemai ambis lalu pagi pan datai. Nya hari ti keterubah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bup Kudus Baru |url=http://www.gerijaiban.com/bup_kudus.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022172244/http://www.gerijaiban.com/bup_kudus.php |archive-date=2018-10-22 |website=G-KRIS}}</ref>|In the beginning God created heaven and earth. The earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the deep water. The spirit of God was hovering over the water. Then God said, "Let there be light!" So there was light. God saw the light was good. So God separated the light from the darkness. God named the light "day", and the darkness he named "night". There was evening, then morning, the first day.|lang=iba|attr1=}}


Human Rights
===Human Rights===


English:
English:
Line 1,120: Line 1,119:


Standard Iban:
Standard Iban:
Pekara 1 : Semua mensia ada meratai enggau hak ke sebaka. Sida diberi pemikir enggau ati tuchi lalu patut begulai enggau diri sama diri dalam serakup entara bala menyadi.
Pekara 1 : Semua mensia ada meratai enggau hak ke sebaka. Sida diberi penau runding enggau ati tuchi lalu enda tau enda begulai enggau pangan diri dalam serakup entara bala menyadi.


Balau Iban Dialect:
Balau Iban Dialect:
Pekaha 1 : Semua mensia ada bebas enggau hak ti sebaka. Sida dibehi pikih enggau ati behesi alu patut begulai enggau dihi sama dihi dalam gehempung entaha bala menyadi.
Pekaha 1 : Semua mensia ada bebas enggau hak ti sebaka. Sida dibehi penau runding enggau ati behesi alu enda tau enda begulai enggau dihi sama dihi dalam gehempung entaha bala menyadi.


Other Iban Dialect:
Other Iban Dialect:
Pekaro 1 : Semuo mensio ado bebas enggau hak ti sebako. Sida diberi pikir enggau ati tuchi lalu patut begulai enggau diri samo diri dalam serakup entaro balo menyadi.
Pekaro 1 : Semuo mensio ado bebas enggau hak ti sebako. Sida diberi penau runding enggau ati tuchi lalu enda tau enda begulai enggau diri samo diri dalam serakup entaro balo menyadi.


Pikaro 1 : Simuo minsio ado bibas nggau hak ti sibako. Sida dibiri pikir enggau ati tuchi lalu patut bigulai nggau diri samo diri dalam sirakup intaro balo minyadi.
Pikaro 1 : Simuo minsio ado bibas nggau hak ti sibako. Sida dibiri penau runding enggau ati tuchi lalu endo tau endo bigulai enggau diri samo diri dalam sirakup intaro balo minyadi.


==References==
==References==
Line 1,134: Line 1,133:


==Sources==
==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Richards |first=Anthony |title=An Iban-English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |publication-date=1981}} [Paperback reprint in the 1988 by Penerbit Fajar Bakti, Petaling Jaya. {{ISBN|967653384X}}]
* {{Cite book |last=Richards |first=Anthony |title=An Iban-English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |publication-date=1981|url=https://archive.org/details/AnIbanEnglishDictionaryByAnthonyRichards/page/n17/mode/2up?}} [Paperback reprint in the 1988 by Penerbit Fajar Bakti, Petaling Jaya. {{ISBN|967653384X}}]
* {{Cite thesis |last=Asmah Haji Omar |title=The Iban Language of Sarawak: A Grammatical Description |date=1969 |degree=PhD |publisher=SOAS University of London |url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/id/eprint/29481}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Asmah Haji Omar |title=The Iban Language of Sarawak: A Grammatical Description |date=1969 |degree=PhD |publisher=SOAS University of London |url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/id/eprint/29481}}
* {{Cite book |last=Asmah Haji Omar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KZkAAAAMAAJ |title=The Iban Language of Sarawak: A Grammatical Description |date=1981 |publisher=Kementarian Pelajaran Malaysia |location=Kuala Lumpur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Asmah Haji Omar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KZkAAAAMAAJ |title=The Iban Language of Sarawak: A Grammatical Description |date=1981 |publisher=Kementarian Pelajaran Malaysia |location=Kuala Lumpur}}
Line 1,140: Line 1,139:
* {{Citation |last=Renang Anak Ansali |title=Jaku Iban serta basa kitai |work=University of London Magazine |date=2002}}
* {{Citation |last=Renang Anak Ansali |title=Jaku Iban serta basa kitai |work=University of London Magazine |date=2002}}


*Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia / Jabatan Pelajaran Sarawak /Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum KPM 2007
==External links==
==External links==
{{incubator|iba}}
{{InterWiki|code=iba}}
{{Wikivoyage|Iban phrasebook|Iban|a phrasebook}}
{{Wikivoyage|Iban phrasebook|Iban|a phrasebook}}
*[https://digital.soas.ac.uk/iban Digitized books about Iban at the SOAS library]
*[https://digital.soas.ac.uk/iban Digitized books about Iban at the SOAS library]

Latest revision as of 14:58, 17 October 2024

Iban
Jaku Iban
Native toBrunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
RegionBorneo
EthnicityIban
Native speakers
2,450,000 (2019)[1]
1,900,000 L2 speakers in Malaysia (2019)[1]
Latin, Dunging
Official status
Regulated by
  • Tun Jugah Foundation[2]
  • Ministry of Education Malaysia[3]
  • Dayak Cultural Foundation[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-2iba
ISO 639-3iba
Glottologiban1264
   Iban is the majority language where vast majority are first language speakers
   Iban is a minority language
An Iban speaker, recorded in Malaysia.

The Iban language (jaku Iban) is spoken by the Iban, one of the Dayak ethnic groups, who live in Brunei, the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan and in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It belongs to the Malayic subgroup, a Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family.

Iban has reached a stage of becoming a koiné language in Sarawak due to contact with groups speaking other related Ibanic languages within the state.[3] It is ranked as Level 5 (i.e. "safe") in term of endangerment on Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS).[2] In 2024, the Iban language was included in Google Translate and became a historic moment as the first Borneo language to be registered into Google Translate and as the first Malaysian language to be registered into it other than Malay.[4]

Classification

[edit]

Iban comes from the Ibanic language group spoken in Sarawak, West Kalimantan,[3] and Brunei within Borneo island.[2][5] part of the Malayic subshoot of the Malayo-Polynesian branch in the Austronesian language family.[5] The Malayic languages originate from western Borneo,[2][5] thus Iban is closely related to Malay, especially the Sarawakian dialect.[5] Other isolects in the Ibanic group of languages are Sebuyau, Mualang, Kantu, and Seberuang. These groups of languages can be identified by the word-final position in certain lexical forms of /-ai/. These lexical forms are similar to other Malayic languages with lexical forms of /-an/, /-ang/, or, less frequently, /-ar/.[3]

The Iban language is also related to other dialects such as Sebuyau, Kendayan, Balau and Selaku.[2]

History

[edit]

According to the oral history of the Iban people, Benedict Sandin, in 1968, plotted the ancestry of the Iban people as descendants from the Kapuas Hulu Range, the border of Sarawak-Kalimantan. The Iban people arrived in Sarawak in the 16th century, and settled in the regions of Batang Lupar drainage basin and Undop river in southern Sarawak. From there, they migrated north, east, and west, and expanded into Saribas, Batang Sadong, Batang Layar, and Batang Lupar rivers. In the 1800s, they moved into the Rajang basin (middle region of Sarawak) from Batang Lupar river, Katibas river, and Saribas river (Saribas is a tributary of the Rajang River). By 1870s, they had reached Mukah and Oya rivers. In the early 1900s, they reached Balingian, Tatau, and Kemena rivers (near Bintulu). They also reached the Baram area and Limbang rivers around the same time in northern Sarawak and would become the largest ethnic group in Sarawak.[3]

Brooke administration

[edit]

Fearing that the Iban tribes outnumbered the pre-existing local tribes with detrimental environmental effects on lands intended for shifting cultivation, the Brooke government restricted the Iban people from further migration to other river systems such as the Baleh river. However, the Brooke government allowed the Ibans to settle in other areas such as Lundu, Balingian, Bintulu, Limbang and Baram to consolidate the government's authority there. As a result of this policy, several minority ethnic groups such as Bukitans living along the Batang Lupar River were assimilated into the Iban people, thus contributing to the growth of Iban tribe and the expansion of the Iban language in the state.[3] The Iban language was taught in schools in the 1940s during the Brooke era.[6]

1958-1977: Borneo Literature Bureau (BLB) foundation

[edit]

During the period of Crown Colony of Sarawak, the Iban language was used in government official letters, courts, announcements, and notices. Radio Sarawak, started by the British, offered Iban language programmes. The Iban language, known under the name of "Asian language", was offered as an examination subject in the Sarawak Junior Certificate. The "Asian language" was renamed to "Iban language" in 1963. Borneo Literature Bureau (BLB) was founded by the British in 1958 to collect and document oral Iban literature. BLB published more than 60 Iban language books during its lifetime until 1973 when it was replaced by a Malaysian federal government agency Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) in 1977. After that, the publication of books in Bornean languages came to a halt.[7] The publication of the Nendak magazine, which was started by BLB in 1967 also came to a halt.[8] Jimbun Tawai, the former vice chairman of Sarawak Dayak Iban Association, called this period under Crown Colony as "golden era" of the Iban language.[9]

1977-2000s post BLB closure

[edit]

After the closure of BLB, other smaller publishers continue in this niche such as the Kuching-based publishing company named Klasik. Examples of works include ensera (Iban epic story) and cherita kelulu (morality novellas). Christian churches such as the Catholic church publish prayer books that adopt certain aspects of Iban adat (culture). Thus, Christian texts bear greater significance as cultural repositories of the Iban language when to compared to other genres after the demise of BLB.[8]

State-sponsored media such as Berita Rakyat was founded in 1974 and ended in the 1990s. The magazine was started by Rajang Security Command (RASCOM) in Sibu to defeat the communists' activities in the Rajang basin. The magazine stopped publication after the cessation of the communist insurgency in Sarawak in 1990. The state government's information department published another magazine named Pembrita and aimed to provide developmental news to the rural Iban populace, such as exemplary longhouses, lucrative cash crops, and animal husbandry. The magazine also called on the rural Ibans to modernise their ways of farming. There were no Iban newspapers in the 1990s and early 2000s. The high cost of imported paper materials and low advertising revenues contributed to the difficulties of Iban newspaper publishing.[8]

The Tun Jugah Foundation was established in 1985 after the death of Jugah Barieng, paramount chief of the Iban, to record the oral history of the Iban people, producing Iban dictionaries and surveys of the rural-urban migration of the Iban people.[10][11]

Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) expanded their Iban radio broadcasts to 10 hours on Sundays and 9 hours on rest of the week by the 1980s as WaiFM[8][2] Cats FM is the first commercial radio station to broadcast in Iban opening in 1997.[8]

The Iban language was included in the primary school curriculum in 1968 and a few secondary schools in 1988. From 1968-9, teachers' training colleges offered Iban as an elective subject. It was only in 1988 that Iban was formalised as part of the Malaysian national curriculum.[6] There are no Iban-medium schools in Sarawak.[6] In 2008, Iban was taught as an elective language subject in Malaysian Form 5 secondary schools for the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) certificate examination.[2] A survey done in Sarawak in 2008 showed that a total of 367 primary schools and 55 secondary schools have taught the Iban subjects since 1968. The number of primary schools offering the Iban language subject increased to 1,264 in 2015, while the number of secondary schools reduced to 52 in 2015. Most schools have a significant Iban population in the Kapit, Sibu, Sri Aman, and Sarikei Divisions. The Iban language subject is also offered in undergraduate programmes in two teachers' institutions in Sarawak. In Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, the Iban language is offered as a minor subject for Iban students majoring in Malay studies.[2]

In 2003, Malaysian federal authorities banned the Iban-language Bible or Bup Kudus as its use of the word "Allah" for God overlaps with the use of Allah as the name of God in Islam. While Christianity is the majority faith of the Iban, Islam has official federal status, which the government argues can "confuse" the Muslim populace in the state. The ban was lifted by the then deputy prime minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi after persistent protests.[8][12]

2010-present: emergence of vernacular mass media

[edit]

Newspapers The Borneo Post and Utusan Borneo started Iban language sections in 2010[13] and 2014 respectively.[2][14] The Borneo Post stopped the Iban section in 2017.[15] A monthly Iban magazine named Pegari was also published by a small company named PEGARI Iban Production from 2012 to 2018.[2][16][17] Borneo Media Solutions, a subsidiary of PEGARI Iban Production, also published several books in Iban language.[18]

RTM opened their first Borneo-oriented channel TVi in 2011 which later became TV Okey in 2018 which includes a 30-minute Iban news slot.[19][20] TV Sarawak started the Iban language section in October 2020.[21] Iban language support was added to Malaysian domain of Google Translate in 2024.[4]

Extent of use

[edit]

The Iban language is allowed in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly with the special permission from the Speaker and simultaneous interpretations will be provided during the assembly sitting and when written into the Hansard.[2]

Rentap's battle cry while fighting against James Brooke in 1860s “Agi Idup, Agi Ngelaban!” (“I will fight as long I will live!”) is adopted by Sarawak Royal Ranger Regiment as their motto. The battle cry is also used in speeches and car stickers to evoke the warrior spirit of the Iban people.[2] The word "Oo-ha", an Iban call for celebration, was popularised by the former chief minister of Sarawak Adenan Satem as a form of "hello" before giving speeches in order to motivate a crowd.[2] The Chinese-predominant Sarawak United Peoples' Party used the Iban word "Sa'ati" (United) as their party slogan.[22][23] Another Chinese-predominant Sarawak Democratic Action Party has been using the Iban language to garner support from the Iban population.[24][25] Other words include "Segulai sejalai" (going together) that was selected as the slogan for Malaysian national unity,[26] and "Ngap Sayot" (literally means "eat vegetables") used by Sarawak FA football team battle cry to signify taking down opponents just like eating vegetables.[27][28][29]

Iban churches in Sarawak conduct services in the Iban language.[2]

Trades in the Sarawak bazaars are also frequently conducted in the Iban language.[2]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]

Iban has the following consonant inventory:[30]

Iban consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t tʃ k ʔ
voiced b d dʒ ɡ
Fricative s h
Lateral l
Rhotic r
Approximant w j

Vowels

[edit]

Iban has a six-vowel system, with five cardinal vowels plus schwa:[31]

Iban vowels
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a

Vowel sounds are nasalized when preceded by a nasal consonant.[31]

Grammar

[edit]

Lexical roots can be expanded by many affixes in Iban, as exemplified here with the verb gagai.

  • gagai 'chase'
  • begagai 'chasing/playing with each other'
  • begagaika 'chasing something/someone'
  • ngagai 'to chase'
  • digagai 'being chased by'
  • dipegagaika 'being chased by many'
  • pengagai 'chaser'
  • tegagaika 'outrun/outpace'

There are four types of affixes in Iban, namely prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes and infixes.

Type of noun affixes Affix Example of root word Example of derived word
Prefix pe- mangah (angry) pemangah (hot tempered)
pen- datai (arrive) penatai (arrival)
penge- rindu (love) (verb) pengerindu (love) (noun)
be- reta (property, possessions) bereta (rich)
bepe- rindang (entertained) beperindang (being entertained)
beke- bete kitang (hang) bekekitang (hanging in group)
ke- rimpak (break) kerimpak (broken pieces)
m- n- me- nge- nye panduk (cooked) manduk (cooking)
di- sium (kiss) disium (being kissed)
dipe- jaku (word, talk) dipejaku (being talk about, gossiped)
se- iku (tail) seiku, siku (one (person))
sepe(m)- panjai (long) sepemanjai (as long as, measurement of long)
te- indik (footstep) terindik (accidentally stepping on something)
Infix ⟨er⟩ titik (drip) teritik (dripping)
Suffix -ka pasuk (wear) pasukka (wear) (command)
-i garam (salt) garami, gerami (marinade)
Circumfix ng-...-kn ayah (waste) ngayahka (wasting, playing)
be-...-ka kena (hit, for) bekenaka (wears)

Other examples:

  • Sayau 'love'
  • Dikesayauka 'was loved by'
  • Penyayau 'affection'
  • Kiruh 'busy'
  • Ngiruhka 'to make someone busy'
  • Pengiruh 'preoccupied'
  • Pengiruh-ngiruh 'really preoccupied'
  • Enjuk 'give'
  • Berenjuk 'giving each other' (present)
  • ngenjuk[clarification needed]
  • Dienjuk 'gave' (past)
  • Deka ngenjuk 'will be given' (future)
  • Pengenjuk 'giver'
  • Kangau 'call'
  • Bekangau 'calling each other' (present)
  • Ngangau 'calling' (present)
  • Dikangau 'was called' (past)
  • Deka dikangau 'will be called' (future)
  • Pengangau 'caller'

Personal pronouns

[edit]

Iban has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural.[32]

singular dual plural
1st person exclusive aku kami səduai kami
inclusive --- tua kitai
2nd person deʔ
noan 		deʔ səduai
noan səduai 		kitaʔ
3rd person iya səduai sidaʔ

Sample

  • Ke nuan 'for you'
  • Ke aku 'for me'
  • Ke kami 'for us'
  • Bup aku 'my book'
  • Bakih aku 'my friend'
  • Apai aku 'my father'
  • Gamal nuan 'your look'
  • Sulu nuan 'your beloved'
  • Sekula kami 'our school'
  • Ke pangan aku 'for my beloved'
  • Ke anak aku 'for my child'
  • Ari indai di 'from your mother'
  • Ari bakih aku 'from my friend'

Pronouns are primarily put after subjects.

Possessive pronouns

[edit]
Iban English
engku mine
enggi di, ngedi your
enggi iya, ngi'ya his/her
enggi tua ours (both of us)
engkita belong to all of you
enggi sida theirs

Sample phases:

  • baju tu engku 'This shirt is mine.'
  • Tu enggi nuan 'This is yours.'
  • Siti nyin enggi tua 'That one belongs to both of us.'

Demonstrative determiners

[edit]

There are three demonstrative determiners in Iban. Tu 'this, these' is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker, nya 'that, those' is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker, and nyin, which is the furthest from the speaker.

Pronoun Iban English
tu bup tu This book, these books
nya ukui nya That dog, those dogs
nyin bungai nyin That (furthest) flower(s)

These words can also act as demonstrative pronouns where they can stands on theirs own, replacing rather than modifying a noun.

Example:

  • Nyamai tu. 'This is good.'
  • Ok meh nya. 'That's ok.'
  • Peda di nyin dih. 'Look at that.'

Demonstrative pronouns

[edit]

In Iban, demonstrative pronouns are words that show which person or thing is being referred in relation to the location of the addressee to the speaker. There are three demonstrative pronouns in Iban depending on location to the speaker. They can only be used to refer to an addressee (human) and cannot be used to refer to inanimate objects.

Demonstrative pronouns
Form Gloss
Proximal iya tu this person
Medial iya nya that person
Distal iya nyin the other person (furthest)

Examples:

  • Nama gaga iya tu baka nya? 'Why is this person acting in such a way?'
  • Kini ke iya nya tadi? 'Where is he going?' (Referring to the second closest person to the speaker)
  • Ni iya nyin tadi dih? 'Where is the other (person) one?' (referring to third person which is the furthest from the speaker)

Adverbs

[edit]

Demonstrative adverbs

[edit]

Demonstrative adverbs in Iban are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in Iban grammar. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronouns are the adverbs such as kitu ('going here'), kia ('going there') and kin ('going there (farthest)') equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun this are tu, nya and nyin.

Demonstrative adverbs
Form Gloss
Proximal kitu going here
Medial kia going there
Distal kin going there, going yonder

Examples:

  • Kitu nuan. 'Come here (you).'
  • Kini di kia? 'Why are you going there?' (within the sight of the speaker)
  • Aram kin tua. 'Let's go there.' (referring to location far away from speaker)

Locatives

[edit]
Locative determiners
Form Gloss
Proximal ditu here
Medial dia there
Distal din there, yonder

Examples:

  • Ditu ku nganti nuan. 'I wait for you here.'
  • Dia ku nganti nuan. 'I wait for you there.' (not far from the speaker's location)
  • Din ku nganti nuan. 'I wait for you there.' (referring to a far place)


Manner

[edit]

Iban also has a set of adverbs referring to manner. They are a combination of baka (ke) ('like/as') and the abbreviated determiner forms tu, nya and nyin.

Locative determiners
Form Gloss
Proximal baka tu like this, this way
Medial baka nya like that, that way
Distal baka nyin like that, that way

Examples:

  • Aku ka iya baka tu. 'I want it to be like this.'
  • Nama di ngaga iya baka nya? 'Why did you treat him like this?'
  • Uji gaga di baka ke nyin. 'Try to do it like that.'

Interrogative words

[edit]

Iban also has a few interrogative words: sapa, nama, ni, lapa, kemaya and berapa.

  • Sapa – Who

Sapa

Who

empu

own

jam

watch

tu?

this

Sapa empu jam tu?

Who own watch this

Who owns this watch?

  • Nama – What

Nama

What

gaga

doing

nuan

you

ditu?

here

Nama gaga nuan ditu?

What doing you here

What are you doing here?

  • Ni – Where (Dini and Ba ni also used to ask for specific location)

Ni

Where

ai

water/drink

ku

my

tadi?

just now

Ni ai ku tadi?

Where water/drink my {just now}

Where is my drink?

  • Lapa – Why (Nama kebuah also used.)

Lapa

Why

nuan

you

nyabak?

crying

Lapa nuan nyabak?

Why you crying

Why are you crying?

  • Kemaya – When

Kemaya

When

tua

we

deka

going to

betemu?

meet

Kemaya tua deka betemu?

When we {going to} meet

When are we going to meet?

  • Berapa – How many

Berapa

How many

iku

CL

manuk

chicken

tupi

raise

nuan?

you

Berapa iku manuk tupi nuan?

{How many} CL chicken raise you

How many chicken you raise?

  • Bakani – How

Bakani

How

gaya

look

mua ari

weather

saritu?

today

Bakani gaya {mua ari} saritu?

How look weather today

How is the weather today?

Vocabulary

[edit]

The first Iban-English Dictionary was published in 1900 by Rev. William Howell, an Anglican priest based at Sabu, near Simanggang (Sri Aman) and D.J.S. Bailey, a Brooke administrative officer as A Sea Dyak Dictionary.[33]

A Comprehensive Iban-English Dictionary, jointly published by The Dayak Cultural Foundation and The Tun Jugah Foundation in 2016, contains 31,000 entries and about 1900 pages.[33]

The Iban-Malay dictionary was first published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), in 1989. The second edition was published in 2015. It contains 11,530 entries dan 9,710 subentries.[34]

Writing system

[edit]

According to Iban legend, an ancestor named Renggi devised a writing script on the skin of wood, but it was soaked in water and the writing vanished. Anguished with the tragedy, Renggi munched the script and swallowed it[35] where the script became ingrained in Renggi's brain and blood and also his descendants. Since then, the Ibans became adept at memorising oral traditions, just like exactly written in books.[36] Occasionally, the Ibans used personalised symbols as memory aids on their writing boards (papan turai).[37][38]

As the Iban language had no extant writing system of its own, Christian missionaries adopted the Latin alphabet in an attempt to codify the language.[6] A Sea Dyak Dictionary, published in 1900, was important in the early development of the Iban as a written language.[33] During the Crown Colony era, the Borneo Literature Bureau also worked on the written form of the Iban language.[6]

From 1947 to 1962, Dunging anak Gunggu invented an Iban syllabary known as the Dunging script.[39][35] In 2010, Dr. Bromeley Philip of Universiti Teknologi MARA, who is also a grandnephew to Dunging,[35] created digital fonts for Dunging script, named "LaserIban", available for Windows and Macintosh computers. Dr Bromeley also launched a course to promote the use of LaserIban and had transcribed several traditional folktales from Latin alphabet into Dunging script.[40] However, the Dunging script is not widely adopted.[39] As of 2011, only three people in the world mastered the Dunging script, namely Dr Bromeley himself, longhouse chief Tuai Rumah Bagat Nunui and teacher Ngambong Katoi.[41]

Dialects

[edit]

Iban can be subdivided into different sub-ethnic groups, each of which speak in different dialects. The most formal, intermediate, and working dialect is the Saribas dialect, and mainly Betong and Saratok. Others such as Balau, Sebuyau, Ulu Ai, and Rejang are mutually intelligible throughout the Sarawak region. The exception is the Iban Remun/Milikin dialect, which is still understood by Ibans from other districts. In West Kalimantan, dialects such as Bugau, Seberuang, Mualang, Chengkang, Sebaru, and Dau are more disparate.

Dialect comparison

[edit]
Comparison between Sarawak Iban and Mualang
English Balau (Sarawak) Mualang (Kalimantan)
Rooster Manuk Renyau
Smell Nyium Lulum
Stupid Tuyu, banga Mawa
Twins sapit Rakup
Window Penyinga/jenila Telingu'
Father Apai Mpai
Feel Asai Asa'
And Enggau Aba'
Animal Jelu Ibun
Arrange Tusun Tunsun, tipan
Breathe Seput Penyuan

Sample text (Luke 2:10-11)

Mualang

10 Baroꞌ mlikat Tuhan Allah madah ke sidaꞌ: “Nang kitaꞌ takot! Ku madah brita bayek ari Tuhan Allah ke kitaꞌ, te nyuroh gaga ugaꞌ bansa.
11 Malam toꞌ de kuta Daode udah adai Penyelamat kitaꞌ, Al Maseh Raja te dedanyi Tuhan Allah, nyaꞌ mah Tuhan.

Iban

10 Tang ku melikat nya bejaku ngagai sida, “Anang takut! Laban aku mai ngagai kita Berita Manah ti ngasuh ati semua mensia gaga:
11 sehari tu, di nengeri David, Juruselamat kita udah ada, iya nya Kristus ti Tuhan!
Comparison between Standard Iban and Remun
English Standard Iban Remun/Milikin
No Enda Entai
See Meda Ngilau
Know Nemu Badak
Shirt Gari Kelatang
Run Belanda Belawa
Silence! Anang inggar Sengian
Stupid Beli'/Palui/bangka Labuan
No/Did not Nadai Entai
Tomorrow Pagila Pagi
Later Lagi/legi Ila
Mat Tikai Kelaya
Good Manah Nyelaie

Sample phases in Iban Remun

  • Entai ku ngilau – Nadai aku meda. ('I did not see it.')
  • Entauk ku badak – Enda ku nemu. ('I don't know.')
Comparison between Standard Iban and Sebuyau
English Standard Iban Sebuyau/Kua'
You Nuan Kua'
Why Lapa Mentang
Stupid Tuyu, beli Banga
No Enda Adai
Later Lagi Ila
Tomorrow Pagila Pagi
Know Nemu Siba
To hurry Beguai/Berumban Temengat
Side dishes Engkayu Hempah
Come out Pansut Temenyul
Restless Kekasak Kekajal
Untidy Temerak Kemada
Like this Baka nya Baka nia
Causes Ngasuh Mela
Shocked Tekenyit Tekanyat
Slow Lubah Lumbu

Examples

[edit]

Numbers

[edit]
Iban Iban Standard English
San Sa/satu One
Duan Dua Two
Dangku Tiga Three
Dangkan Empat Four
Dana/Tebak Lima Five
Dia/Tunggul Nam Six
Tuchung/Kusil Tujuh Seven
Dalun/Kulat Lapan Eight
Dunggau/Kedu Semilan Nine
Dupuk/Kedat Sepuluh Ten

Family

[edit]
Iban English
Apai/Aba Father
Indai/Ina Mother
Aki Grandfather
Ini Grandmother
Aya Uncle
Ibu Aunt
Menyadi/Madi Siblings
Aka/Ika/Menyadi tuai Elder brother/Elder sister
Adi/Menyadi biak Younger brother/sister
Uchu Grandchildren
Ichit Great grandchildren

For extended family in Iban

Iban English
Entua Parent-in-law
Entua ke laki Father-in-law
Entua ke indu Mother-in-law
Apai/Indai tiri Stepfather or stepmother
Menyadi/Madi ipar Siblings-in-law
Ipar ke laki Brother-in-law
Ipar ke indu Sister-in-law
Aki ichit Great-grandfather
Ini ichit Great-grandmother
Anak buah Nibling
Anak buah ke laki Nephew
Anak buah ke indu Niece
Petunggal Cousin
Isan One's parent to parents-in-law

Example;

  • Anak buah bini ku nya. 'That is my wife's nibling.'
  • Anak buah ke indu laki ku nya. 'That is my husband's niece.'
  • Entua laki ku nya. 'That is my husband's parent-in-law.'
  • Entua ke laki laki ku nya. 'That is my husband's father-in-law.'
  • Petunggal bini ku nya. 'That is my wife's cousin.'

Days

[edit]
Iban English/Roman
Ensanus/Ensana Day before yesterday
Kemari Yesterday
Saritu Today
Pagila Tomorrow
Lusa Day after tomorrow
Tulat 3 days later
Lupat The fourth day

Example:

  • Tulat tua betemu. 'We'll meet again the third day.'
  • Ensanus ku bisi meda iya 'I saw him two days ago.'

Months

[edit]

The Iban calendar is one month ahead of the Gregorian calendar as follows:

Iban English/Gregorian
Empalai rubai January
Emperega/Empekap February
Lelang March
Turun panggul April
Sandih tundan May
Tujuh June
Berenggang reban July
Kelebun August
Labuh benih September
Gantung senduk October
Chechanguk November
Pangka di labu (first month of Iban calendar) December

Sample phrases

[edit]
Iban English/Roman
Nama berita nuan? How are you?
Sapa nama nuan? What is your name?
Berapa/mesa rega utai tu? How much is this?
Dini alai ___? Where is ___?
Ari ni penatai nuan? Where are you from?
Datai ari ___aku I come from ___
Pukul berapa diatu? What is the time now?
Selamat lemai! Good evening!
Selamat ngalih ari! Good afternoon!
Lalu nemuai! Welcome!
Anang manchal! Don't be naughty!
Enda ulih datai Couldn't make it
Anang guai Hold on/Wait a second
Nadai ngawa nya/enda ngawa Nevermind/it does not matter
Ka belaya Do you want to fight?
Pulai/mupuk dulu Going back
Aram bekelala tua Let's get to know each other
Pengerindu Love, passion
Aku lelengauka nuan I miss you/I am missing you
Sapa enggau nuan? Who came/is with you?
Aku enggau ___ I came / went with ___; I am with ___
Alau dinga Please listen (Saratok dialect)
Anang inggar / ragak Silent, please
Kini ke nuan? Where are you going?
Mar amat! Too expensive/difficult
Tusah endar! Too difficult
Kapa nya! Couldn't care less/what is that for!
Selamat pagi, Pengajar Good morning, teacher
Enda nemu aku tu I don't know
Aram ngirup mih kitai Let's we drink[clarification needed]
Ka ke pasar ku pagila I want to go to the town tomorrow
Mupuk gawa aku I'm going to work
Ka tinduk aku I want to go to sleep/bed
Sapa kita ke manchal? Who is being naughty?
Bajik amat nuan You are pretty/beautiful (for women)
Sigat amat nuan You are handsome (for men)
Aku meruan sayauka nuan belama I will always love you
Asai ke kala meda nuan I feel like I have seen you before

Bible translation and Sample Text

[edit]

Genesis 1:1–3

[edit]

Human Rights

[edit]

English: Article 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Malay: Perkara 1 – Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama dalam hak. Mereka dikurniakan akal dan hati nurani dan harus bertindak antara satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.

Standard Iban: Pekara 1 : Semua mensia ada meratai enggau hak ke sebaka. Sida diberi penau runding enggau ati tuchi lalu enda tau enda begulai enggau pangan diri dalam serakup entara bala menyadi.

Balau Iban Dialect: Pekaha 1 : Semua mensia ada bebas enggau hak ti sebaka. Sida dibehi penau runding enggau ati behesi alu enda tau enda begulai enggau dihi sama dihi dalam gehempung entaha bala menyadi.

Other Iban Dialect: Pekaro 1 : Semuo mensio ado bebas enggau hak ti sebako. Sida diberi penau runding enggau ati tuchi lalu enda tau enda begulai enggau diri samo diri dalam serakup entaro balo menyadi.

Pikaro 1 : Simuo minsio ado bibas nggau hak ti sibako. Sida dibiri penau runding enggau ati tuchi lalu endo tau endo bigulai enggau diri samo diri dalam sirakup intaro balo minyadi.

References

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Sources

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[edit]
Iban edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Iban.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iban_language&oldid=1251693125"