Market capitalization
Market capitalization, sometimes referred to as market cap, is the total value of a publicly traded company's outstanding common shares owned by stockholders.[2]
Market capitalization is equal to the market price per common share multiplied by the number of common shares outstanding.[3][4][5]
Description
Market capitalization is sometimes used to rank the size of companies. It measures only the equity component of a company's capital structure, and does not reflect management's decision as to how much debt (or leverage) is used to finance the firm. A more comprehensive measure of a firm's size is enterprise value (EV), which gives effect to outstanding debt, preferred stock, and other factors. For insurance firms, a value called the embedded value (EV) has been used.
It is also used in ranking the relative size of stock exchanges, being a measure of the sum of the market capitalizations of all companies listed on each stock exchange. The total capitalization of stock markets or economic regions may be compared with other economic indicators (e.g. the Buffett indicator). The total market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in 2023 was approximately US$111 trillion.[6]
Historical estimates of world market cap
Total market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in the world from 1975 to 2020.[7]
| Year | World market cap (in mil. US$) |
World market cap (% of GDP) |
Number of listed companies |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | 1,149,245 | 27.2 | 14,577 |
| 1980 | 2,525,736 | 29.6 | 17,273 |
| 1985 | 4,684,978 | 47.0 | 20,555 |
| 1990 | 9,519,107 | 50.8 | 23,732 |
| 1991 | 11,340,785 | 56.8 | 24,666 |
| 1992 | 10,819,256 | 50.2 | 24,947 |
| 1993 | 13,897,390 | 61.7 | 28,300 |
| 1994 | 14,639,924 | 60.9 | 30,290 |
| 1995 | 17,263,728 | 64.0 | 33,379 |
| 1996 | 19,806,691 | 72.3 | 35,617 |
| 1997 | 22,029,761 | 80.7 | 36,946 |
| 1998 | 24,555,201 | 89.6 | 37,928 |
| 1999 | 33,181,159 | 115.1 | 38,414 |
| 2000 | 30,925,434 | 101.1 | 39,892 |
| 2001 | 26,792,162 | 88.4 | 40,157 |
| 2002 | 22,802,792 | 72.7 | 38,894 |
| 2003 | 31,107,425 | 84.9 | 41,051 |
| 2004 | 36,540,980 | 89.2 | 38,724 |
| 2005 | 40,512,446 | 92.6 | 39,096 |
| 2006 | 50,074,966 | 106.1 | 43,104 |
| 2007 | 60,456,082 | 114.0 | 44,034 |
| 2008 | 32,418,516 | 56.2 | 43,949 |
| 2009 | 47,471,293 | 83.8 | 42,669 |
| 2010 | 54,259,518 | 87.3 | 43,427 |
| 2011 | 47,521,341 | 68.8 | 44,323 |
| 2012 | 54,503,237 | 78.4 | 43,772 |
| 2013 | 64,367,842 | 89.0 | 44,853 |
| 2014 | 67,177,254 | 90.3 | 45,743 |
| 2015 | 62,268,184 | 94.5 | 43,983 |
| 2016 | 65,117,714 | 97.1 | 43,806 |
| 2017 | 79,501,948 | 111.1 | 43,440 |
| 2018 | 68,893,044 | 91.9 | 43,554 |
| 2019 | 78,825,583 | 108.4 | 43,248 |
| 2020 | 93,686,226 | 134.7 |
Calculation
Market cap is given by the formula , where MC is the market capitalization, N is the number of common shares outstanding, and P is the market price per common share.[8]
For example, if a company has 4 million common shares outstanding and the closing price per share is $20, its market capitalization is then $80 million. If the closing price per share rises to $21, the market cap becomes $84 million. If it drops to $19 per share, the market cap falls to $76 million. This is in contrast to mercantile pricing where purchase price, average price and sale price may differ due to transaction costs.
Not all of the outstanding shares trade on the open market. The number of shares trading on the open market is called the float. It is equal to or less than N because N includes shares that are restricted from trading. The free-float market cap uses just the floating number of shares in the calculation, generally resulting in a smaller number.
Market cap terms
Traditionally, companies were divided into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap.[9][4] The terms mega-cap and micro-cap have since come into common use,[10][11] and nano-cap is sometimes heard. Large caps have a slow growth rate as compared to small caps. [2] Different numbers are used by different indexes;[12] there is no official definition of, or full consensus agreement about, the exact cutoff values. The cutoffs may be defined as percentiles rather than in nominal dollars. The definitions expressed in nominal dollars need to be adjusted over decades due to inflation, population change, and overall market valuation (for example, $1 billion was a large market cap in 1950, but it is not very large now), and market caps are likely to be different country to country.
See also
- Authorised capital
- List of countries by stock market capitalization
- List of public corporations by market capitalization
- Market price
- Treasury stock
References
- ^ "Market highlights for first half-year 2010" (PDF). World Federation of Exchanges. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
- ^ a b Graham, John R; Smart, Scott B.; Megginson, William J. (2010). Corporate Finance (third ed.). Mason OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. p. 387. ISBN 9780324782967.
- ^ Graham, Smart and Megginson op cit p. 387.
- ^ a b "Market Capitalization Definition". Retrieved April 2, 2013.
- ^ "Financial Times Lexicon". Archived from the original on September 25, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
- ^ "FY 2023 Market Highlights" (PDF). 2023. Archived from the original on September 17, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
- ^ "Market capitalization of listed domestic companies (current US$) | Data". Data.WorldBank.org. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
- ^ Graham, Smart and Megginson op cit p. 387.
- ^ "Large Cap, Mid Cap, and Small Cap Stocks". Financial Edge. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
- ^ "Mega Cap Definition". Retrieved April 2, 2013.
- ^ "Micro Cap Definition". Retrieved April 2, 2013.
- ^ "Definition of Market Capitalization". Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
External links
- How to Value Assets – from the Washington State (U.S.) government web site
- Year-end market capitalization by country – World Bank, 1988–2018