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Khaw Boon Wan

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Khaw Boon Wan
许文远
Khaw in 2008
Minister for Transport
In office
6 April 2019 – 26 July 2020
Prime MinisterLee Hsien Loong
Preceded byVivian Balakrishnan (acting)
Succeeded byOng Ye Kung
In office
1 October 2015 – 28 February 2019
Prime MinisterLee Hsien Loong
Second MinisterNg Chee Meng (2016-2018
Preceded byLui Tuck Yew
Succeeded byVivian Balakrishnan (acting)
Coordinating Minister for Infrastructure
In office
1 October 2015 – 26 July 2020
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byOffice abolished
5th Chairman of the People's Action Party
In office
1 June 2011 – 23 November 2018
Preceded byLim Boon Heng
Succeeded byGan Kim Yong
Minister for National Development
In office
21 May 2011 – 30 September 2015
Prime MinisterLee Hsien Loong
Preceded byMah Bow Tan
Succeeded byLawrence Wong
Minister for Health
In office
12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011
Acting: 1 August 2003 – 11 August 2004
Prime MinisterGoh Chok Tong
Lee Hsien Loong
Preceded byLim Hng Kiang
Succeeded byGan Kim Yong
Member of the Singapore Parliament
for Sembawang GRC
(Sembawang)
In office
7 May 2006 – 23 June 2020
Preceded byTony Tan (PAP)
Succeeded byPoh Li San (PAP)
Member of the Singapore Parliament
for Tanjong Pagar GRC
(Moulmein)
In office
25 October 2001 – 20 April 2006
Preceded bySinnakaruppan C. Ramasamy (PAP)
Succeeded byLui Tuck Yew (PAP)
Personal details
Born
Khaw Boon Wan

(1952-12-08) 8 December 1952 (age 71)[1]
Penang, Federation of Malaya, British Malaya (now Malaysia)
NationalitySingaporean
Political partyPeople's Action Party
SpouseJean Khaw
Children3
Alma materUniversity of Newcastle (BEng, BCom)
National University of Singapore (MS)
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese許文遠
Simplified Chinese许文远
Hanyu PinyinXǔ Wényuǎn
JyutpingHeoi2 Man4 Jyun5
Hokkien POJKhó͘ Bûn-oán
Tâi-lôKhóo Bûn-uán
In this Chinese name, the family name is Khaw.

Khaw Boon Wan (Chinese: 许文远; pinyin: Xǔ Wényuǎn; Jyutping: Heoi2 Man4 Jyun5; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khó͘ Bûn-oán; born 8 December 1952)[1] is a Malaysian-born Singaporean former politician who served as Minister for Transport between 2015 and 2020, Minister for National Development between 2011 and 2015, and Minister for Health between 2003 and 2011. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Moulmein division of Tanjong Pagar GRC between 2001 and 2006, and the Sembawang division of Sembawang GRC between 2006 and 2020.

Following his retirement from politics in 2020,[2] Khaw has been serving the chairman of SPH Media Trust, a not-for-profit media entity set up by Singapore Press Holdings (SPH) after it underwent a restructuring of its media operations in 2021.[3]

During his political career, Khaw was noted for being appointed to ministerial portfolios which deal with wedge issues such as housing and transport, thus earning himself the moniker "Mr. Fix-it".[4][5]

Early life and career

[edit]

Born in Penang to a Malaysian Chinese family,[6] Khaw was the seventh of eight children.[7] He moved to Singapore in 1977 and began his career in the Singapore Civil Service, working at the Ministry of Health.[8]

From 1985 to 1987, Khaw served as the first chief executive officer of the National University Hospital (NUH).[9] He also worked in the KK Women's and Children's Hospital, and the Singapore General Hospital (SGH).

From 1992 to 1995, Khaw served as the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong.

From 1995 to 2001, he served as the permanent secretary at the Ministry of Trade and Industry.[10]

Khaw was an elected Member of Parliament for 19 years, from 2001 to 2020.[11]

From February to June 2003, Khaw played a key role in combating the SARS pandemic that happened while he was Senior Minister of State for Health,[12] which put a strain on and tested Singapore's public health resources. Then, Khaw took over as acting Health Minister from 1 August 2003 before being promoted to a full Minister on 12 August 2004 in the new prime minister Lee Hsien Loong's cabinet.[13]

He had served the Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency (2001–2006) and subsequently the Sembawang GRC (2006–2020), where he succeeded outgoing minister and MP Tony Tan, who later served as Singapore's 7th President from 2011 to 2017.

Khaw is well known for having tackled thorny issues across various ministries over his nearly two-decade-long political career.[14] In a valedictory letter to Khaw, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong noted that the veteran politician has helped Singapore overcome challenges spanning healthcare, housing and transport.[15]

In 2011, Khaw took over outgoing minister Lim Boon Heng as the party's chairman,[16] and in 2018 his role was taken over by Health Minister Gan Kim Yong.[17]

In 2015, Khaw was also appointed as the Co-ordinating Minister for Infrastructure by the prime minister.

Minister for Health (2004–2011)

[edit]

Khaw was noted for his role in handling the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) scandal, and made Gerard Ee the new Chairman of the NKF following the resignation of T. T. Durai. Responding to a report by international auditing firm KPMG in Parliament in December 2005, Khaw vowed to punish all wrongdoers in the saga and heavily criticised NKF's "bizarre HR policies".[18]

In a parliamentary speech on 9 February 2009, in the context of tackling the rising healthcare costs, Khaw suggested that Singaporeans can consider sending their elderly parents to nursing homes in Johor Bahru in Malaysia, which is a developing country located close to Singapore.[19][20][21] This was quoted by news reports and a public outcry ensued. Khaw subsequently clarified that his statement was quoted out of context by the media and his suggestion was only one of the many choices available to Singaporeans.[22]

In 2010, Khaw wrote on his blog explaining that his heart bypass surgery had only cost him a mere $8 (SGD) in cash in a class A ward, as the rest of the cost was offset by payments combined from his universal Medishield account and private insurance. This sparked off a debate in the public sphere, with many questioning if an ordinary Singaporean had the means to pay for such high insurance premiums as he did in the first place.[23] Members of the pro-PAP group, Silent No More, defended Khaw's claim and encouraged one another to rebut Internet users who had made jibes at Khaw.[24]

Minister for National Development (2011–2015)

[edit]

Following the 2011 general election where the ruling PAP garnered its lowest vote share of 60.1% since independence, Khaw was appointed the Minister for National Development. At a press conference, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong revealed that Khaw had volunteered for this new role as the public was extremely unhappy with the Government's housing policy, and Khaw felt that he had the ability to solve the problem. In his new appointment, Khaw assured the public that he will make housing affordable and accessible to all Singaporeans.[25] In his 2013 budget debate, he said:

“We can now pause and see what else we can do to bring Build-to-Order (BTO) prices in non-mature estates to, say, around four years of salary as it was before the current property cycle started.”[26]

Though the relative prices of Build To Order (BTO) flats have fallen since Khaw's speech, most of the flats still cost more than four years of an applicant's salary.[27] The prices of new flats remain high despite six rounds of cooling measures.[28] In January 2013, a seventh round of property cooling measures was introduced to moderate the increase in residential and industrial prices.

In July 2012, National Parks Board's (NParks) purchase of 26 Brompton bikes costing $2,200 each sparked a nationwide uproar after it was revealed by a whistleblower on online forum HardwareZone of possible corruption due numerous red flags in the way the procurement was done.[29] Khaw, who initially defended NPark's purchase of the high-end foldable bikes, was criticised for handling the saga poorly. Subsequent investigation by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau resulted in National Parks Board assistant director Bernard Lim Yong Soon being fined $5,000 for lying to auditors about his relationship with the bicycle firm which was awarded the tender.[30]

He also led the initiative to encourage cycling in the city state, such as through transforming the Park Connector Network for use by people on bikes as well as walking.[31]

During a parliamentary session on 12 February 2015, Khaw spoke on the Auditor-General's findings on the opposition-run Aljunied–Hougang-Punggol East Town Council's alleged financial irregularities.

If an auditor makes such a finding on a listed company, it will immediately cause consternation among the shareholders, and a call for the removal of the CEO and the Board of Directors. In Japan, the Chairman and CEO would hold a press conference and take a deep bow. And in the good old days, they may even commit harakiri.[32]

The quote on committing seppuku (harakiri) when top leaders make mistakes became part of Singapore's political lexicon[33][34] as various irregularities and lapses of other government agencies started surfacing,[35][36] along with the persistent train breakdowns under Khaw's Transportation portfolio in later years.[37][38]

Khaw came under fire in 2015 when it was revealed that a site in Sengkang designated for religious use was awarded to a commercial company to develop a columbarium instead. Residents of an upcoming BTO public housing project in the vicinity demanded a refund as they did not know they would have to live next to a columbarium.[39] Responding to opposition MP Lee Li Lian's questions in Parliament, Khaw acknowledged the oversight and used the Butterfly Lovers analogy to explain how "tender procedures have not caught up with time ... the (HDB) officers assessing the tender just assumed that it must be a company affiliated to some religious organisation".[40] The columbarium plan was eventually aborted.[41]

Minister for Transport (2015–2020)

[edit]

On 28 September 2015, it was announced that Khaw will be the Co-ordinating Minister for Infrastructure as well as the Minister for Transport from 1 October 2015,[42] taking over a portfolio that has been under heavy public scrutiny.[43] Khaw wrote on his blog that he did not volunteer for the "thankless" job, but accepted it nevertheless as he put the nation's interest above his own.[44] A key tenet of Khaw's transport policy is his vision of transforming Singapore into a car-lite city by 2030, which includes building a "smarter, greener and more inclusive transport system".[45] He has stated publicly that 75% of trips should be made by public transport by 2030.[46] Khaw has also advocated for the use of driverless buses to tackle the manpower crunch. Three towns in Singapore will introduce these new vehicles by 2022.[47]

Khaw has had several run-ins with both the state and independent media. In one notable incident on 27 July 2017 at a forum on infrastructure management, Khaw stated that train reliability has improved three times since he took over.[48] He was subsequently criticised online by commuters who had experienced persistent breakdowns in the same period. Khaw had derived his statistics based on preliminary data excluding all delays caused by re-signalling works.[49] Khaw further berated the Singapore press for reporting extensively on the MRT breakdowns, criticizing them for "turning tabloid", "publishing frightening figures",[50] and magnifying the problem to which he has no solution. He added that if solving the problem was as simple as "holding a pen and writing a few articles", members of the media should run the transport system instead and Singapore does not need any engineers.[51]

As Minister of Transport, Khaw had indicated in March 2017 that public transportation fares were set to increase and a fare review will be conducted by the Public Transport Council (PTC). Rationalizing the move, Khaw said that operating costs have been increasing, rendering the current fare structure "unsustainable" despite subsidies from the government.[52] He further stressed the need to strike a "fair balance" in the proportion of transport costs between commuters, the government and the transport operators.[53] His comments were subsequently met with discontent among the public, with many questioning if transport fare increases have been tied to service improvements, and whether there is a need for a fare hike when the transport operators have been generating profitable growth.[54][55] On 7 March 2018, Khaw pushed for a review of the current fare formula and transfers. However, fares will be reviewed depending on the economic and market conditions. Currently, the "bus service must not be the same as the preceding bus service" is abolished and became a transfer.[56]

FactWire exposé on defective trains

[edit]

On 5 July 2016, Hong Kong based investigative news agency, FactWire broke news about 35 SMRT trains being secretively shipped back to China for repair by manufacturer CSR Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Company Ltd.[57] It was reported that cracks were found in the structure connecting the car body and the bogie. After remaining silent for a week, Khaw came out to explain that the cracks were not safety issues and that the news could result in “undue panic” during a briefing at the Bishan Depot.[58] He criticised the news agency for mischief and even suggested that Singapore is a victim caught in the rivalry between political factions in Hong Kong and China.[59][60]

FactWire noted that instead of taking responsibility for an incident which has damaged the Singaporean public's trust in the authorities, Khaw chose to blame the news agency for exposing the cover up.[61] FactWire defended its reporting and denied allegations of political interference. In an open letter to Khaw on 14 July, the agency maintained that it is funded by the Hong Kong public and that its reporting is independent of commercial or political considerations.[62]

Bishan MRT tunnel flooding

[edit]

On the evening of 7 October 2017, the tunnels along the North–South MRT line (NSL) were flooded as a result of a malfunctioned pump, causing a 20 hours disruption.[63] Khaw addressed the media 9 days later, holding the SMRT maintenance team responsible for failing Singaporeans.[64] On 19 October 2017, the Singapore Democratic Party issued a strongly worded statement calling for Khaw to step down as Minister of Transport. In the letter, the party charged that Khaw has failed to stop the recurring breakdowns and other serious lapses all these years, signalling his incompetence and lack of leadership. It said, rather than shifting the blame to everyone else, as the Minister for Transport, he must take responsibility for the ongoing fiasco and resign.[65]

Responding to mounting public pressure, Khaw delivered a 47-minute Ministerial Statement in Parliament on 7 November 2017. The parliamentary sitting was attended by SMRT's senior management, which included CEO Desmond Kuek and Chairman Seah Moon Ming. In his speech, Khaw revealed that anti-flooding pumps at Lavender and Kembangan stations were also found to be in non-serviceable condition, and maintenance records might have been falsified since 2016. Khaw disagreed with opposition chief Low Thia Khiang's charge that SMRT's main aim is to "make money for the government" at the expense of commuters, saying that "there are many other simpler ways to make money".[66]

Khaw declined any shortcomings or lapses in regulatory oversight by LTA or MOT staff and dismissed proposals to form a committee of inquiry.[67] A poll conducted by market research company Blackbox, however, showed that 69% of Singaporeans felt a public inquiry into the incident should have been held.[68] In the same poll, more than half of Singaporeans felt SMRT CEO Desmond Kuek should resign.[68] Defending Kuek's performance, Khaw said, "he wasn’t parachuted in or being asked to go and fix this, he volunteered for this job. As the former Chief of Defence Force, I know his heart is in the right place".[69] However, members of the public questioned Khaw's choice of the word "volunteer" given that Kuek is paid $1.87 million per annum, and whether there is a proper selection process at SMRT given that Kuek, a former Singapore Armed Forces Lieutenant-General and civil servant, had no experience running a company in engineering or rail operations before joining SMRT.[70][71]

Speaking at the inaugural Public Transport Workers Appreciation Day on 14 November 2017, Khaw further criticised SMRT's maintenance team responsible for the tunnel flooding, saying that they had "tarnished the reputation of Singapore and Singaporeans",[72] and "brought disrepute" to other transport workers.[73] The saga led to the sacking of 8 SMRT employees and legal action is expected to commence.[74]

Joo Koon rail accident

[edit]
Main article: Joo Koon rail accident

An MRT train collided with another at Joo Koon station at approximately 0818 hours (SST) on 15 November 2017. It was initially reported that the accident caused 28 people to sustain injuries and they were taken to Ng Teng Fong General Hospital and the National University Hospital.[75] Of the 28 injured, 2 were SMRT staff (including the driver) and 3 had to remain warded in hospital for observation. The collision caused massive delays on the East–West MRT line.[76] More commuters sought treatment thereafter, which saw the number of injured rising to 38.[77]

Speaking to the media hours after the accident occurred, Khaw said he was "deeply sorry" and it was "an awful day".[78] It was revealed at a press conference that the collision occurred due to an "inadvertent removal" of a signalling software protection feature. Train services between Joo Koon and Tuas Link station had to be suspended for four days to allow signaling contractor Thales to conduct further assurance checks.[79][80] The last train collision occurred over 2 decades ago in 1993 which resulted in 156 injured.[81][82]

According to a statement from SMRT and LTA, the protective "bubble" around the first train was "unexpectedly disabled" when it passed a trackside device, which was not compatible with the new signalling system. The second train failed to keep safe distances from the first train as it moved forward automatically. Speaking to reporters at a press conference on 21 November, Khaw said that Thales, the provider of the new signalling system, "could have done better" to avoid the Joo Koon collision.[83] Khaw asserts that if one disregards the collision and the flooding incident, SMRT was "actually making good progress" with regards to train operation.[84][85]

Education

[edit]

Prior moving to Singapore, Khaw attended and graduated from Chung Ling High School.

In 1973, he was awarded the Colombo Plan scholarship from the Ministry of Education to study a combined degree programme in engineering and commerce at the University of Newcastle in Australia. He graduated in 1977 with a Bachelor of Engineering (Honours Class I) degree and Bachelor of Commerce degree.[8]

He later went on to complete a Master of Science degree in industrial engineering from the National University of Singapore in 1982.

He was awarded Doctor of Engineering honoris causa from the University of Newcastle in 2002.[8]

Personal life

[edit]

Khaw is of Malaysian Chinese descent. He is a Buddhist and a self-professed "religious man".[86] He met his wife in pre-university. They got married in Australia in his final year and settled in Singapore.[7]

In 2010, Khaw underwent a heart bypass operation[87] and after his recovery, it was reported that he had switched to a vegan diet, avoiding all meat, fish and dairy products.[88] In March 2019, Khaw underwent an arm operation for a fracture[89][90] that took place a month earlier. During this period, Dr Vivian Balakrishnan took over the role as Acting Transport Minister.[91] On 23 July 2020, Khaw Boon Wan was diagnosed with dengue fever after a sudden rise in temperature, his third time and was subsequently discharged two days later.[92][93]

Khaw is also known to the public for his strikingly similar looks to Singaporean actor Henry Thia, a fact Thia often acknowledges by jokingly referring to Khaw as his twin.[94][95]

Honours

[edit]

2019: Medal of Honour, National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), Singapore.[96]

2022: Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Merit, Republic of Poland.[97]

2022: Key to the City of Newcastle, Australia.[98]

References

[edit]
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  67. ^ "Khaw Boon Wan: No evidence of shortcomings or lapses in regulatory oversight by MOT and LTA". The Online Citizen. 7 November 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  68. ^ a b "Majority think MRT is not well run, and are not confident things will improve soon: Survey". www.todayonline.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  69. ^ "SMRT Group CEO Desmond Kuek volunteered for job, has 'heart in the right place': Khaw". m.todayonline.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  70. ^ Philemon, Jewel. "Netizens flame Khaw for saying million-dollar earning SMRT CEO volunteered for the job, "has heart in the right place."". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  71. ^ "'Volunteer' or not, experience and results count in managing SMRT". www.todayonline.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  72. ^ "Khaw Boon Wan: Errant SMRT staff 'have tarnished the reputation of Singapore'". The New Paper. 15 November 2017. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  73. ^ "Lapses by SMRT maintenance staff brought disrepute to transport workers, says Khaw Boon Wan". The Straits Times. 14 November 2017. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  74. ^ "SMRT dismisses 8 employees involved in Oct 7 tunnel flooding incident". TODAYonline. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  75. ^ "MRT train collides with stationary train at Joo Koon station; 29 people hurt". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  76. ^ "Train services between Joo Koon and Tuas Link to be suspended for at least a day on Nov 16". www.todayonline.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  77. ^ "Joo Koon train collision: Total number of injured rises to 38". CNA. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  78. ^ "Khaw Boon Wan apologises to commuters affected by Joo Koon train collision". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  79. ^ "Joo Koon collision: Tuas West Extension train services suspended until Sunday for further checks". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  80. ^ "SMRT train collision at Joo Koon due to 'inadvertent' removal of software protection feature". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  81. ^ "MRT train collides with stationary train at Joo Koon station; 29 people hurt". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  82. ^ "SMRT collision is second incident in MRT's 30 year history". The Business Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  83. ^ "Joo Koon train collision: Signalling system provider Thales 'could have done better', says Khaw Boon Wan". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 21 November 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  84. ^ "Channel NewsAsia". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  85. ^ "Joo Koon train collision: Khaw chides signalling system provider Thales". www.todayonline.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  86. ^ "Singapore Notes: The Sham Going On In Parliament". 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  87. ^ "Minister's bill for bypass surgery: $8". Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  88. ^ "Did the health minister just go veg?". 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  89. ^ Ng, Huiwen (1 March 2019). "Khaw Boon Wan undergoes 3-hour surgery on fractured left arm". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  90. ^ Choo, Yun Ting (8 March 2019). "'I am going #home!': Khaw Boon Wan discharged one week after arm surgery". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  91. ^ Ng, Huiwen; Lim, Adrian (25 February 2019). "Khaw Boon Wan breaks arm in fall; Vivian Balakrishnan to act as Transport Minister". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  92. ^ Ng, Keng Gene (23 July 2020). "Khaw Boon Wan diagnosed with dengue fever after admission to isolation ward". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  93. ^ "Khaw Boon Wan discharged from hospital after dengue fever". CNA. 25 July 2020. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  94. ^ "Photo of Khaw Boon Wan lookalike on the train goes viral – The Independent News". 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  95. ^ 巧遇许文远 辉哥求合照 相似度高达93%？ (in Chinese). 8 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  96. ^ Seow, Joanna (3 May 2019). "Khaw Boon Wan receives NTUC's top May Day honour". The Straits Times. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  97. ^ Low, Dominic (5 April 2022). "Ex-minister Khaw Boon Wan receives award from Poland for helping to build ties with S'pore". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  98. ^ newcastle (25 July 2022). "6 Alumni Receive Keys to the City of Newcastle". Newcastle Australia. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Minister for Health
2004 – 2011
Acting: 2003–2004 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister for National Development
2011 – 2015 		Succeeded by
New office Co-ordinating Minister for Infrastructure
2015 – 2020 		Position abolished
Preceded by Minister for Transport
2015 – 2020 		Succeeded by
Parliament of Singapore
Preceded by
R. Sinnakaruppan
as MP, Kreta Ayer–Tanglin GRC (Moulmein) 		Member of Parliament for
Tanjong Pagar GRC (Moulmein)
2001 – 2006 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for
Sembawang GRC (Sembawang)
2006 – 2020 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the People's Action Party
2011 – 2018 		Succeeded by
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