The Neural Crest as a Fourth Germ Layer And Vertebrates as Quadroblastic Not Triploblastic
"...[N]eural crest cells are not a homogenous population of cells, but rather a collective of populations of cells. Although they overlap in the neural crest, some of these cell populations have been separate since the origin of the vertebrates almost 500 million years ago... [N]eural crest cells transform to mesenchyinal cells and migrate away from the developing brain and spinal cord, migrating as discrete populations of cells. Similar populations of cells can be observed across the vertebrates, i.e.. they have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. The neural crest gives rise to so many different cell types - more types than arise from mesoderm - that the neural crest can be regarded as a fourth germ layer, one that is unique to vertebrates and that allowed many distinctive vertebrate tissues to arise."
Brian K. Hall (2000)
Publications
- Hall, Brian K. (1988). "The Embryonic Development of Bone". American Scientist 76 (2): 174-181. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27855072?refreqid=excelsior%3A0177c51861627bdb4b9995b2130504bb.
- Hall, Brian K. (1998a). "Germ Layers and the Germ-Layer Theory Revisited: Primary and Secondary Germ Layers, Neural Crest as a Fourth Germ Layer, Homology, and Demise of the Germ-Layer Theory". In Max K. Hecht, Ross J. MacIntyre & Michael T. Clegg. Evolutionary Biology. 30. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 121–186. ISBN 978-0-306-45674-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=cOMhNgc0jhwC&q=%22germ+layers%22+%22theory+revisited%22&pg=PR11.
- Hall, Brian K. (1998b). "Epigenetics: Regulation Not Replication". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 11 (2): 201-205. March 1998. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1998.11020201.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1998.11020201.x.
- Hall, Brian K. (1999). "Evolutionary Origins". The Neural Crest in Development and Evolution. Springer. pp. 34-45. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3064-7. ISBN 978-1-4757-3064-7. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781475730647.
- Hall, Brian K. (2000a). "The Neural Crest as a Fourth Germ Layer and Vertebrates as Quadroblastic Not Triploblastic". Evolution & Development 2 (1): 3-5. January-February 2000. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00032.x. PMID 11256415. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00032.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed.
- Hall, Brian K. (2000b). "Guest Editorial: Evo-devo or Devo-evo - Does it Matter?". Evolution & Development 2 (4): 177-178. July-August 2000. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00003e.x. PMID 11252559. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00003e.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed.
- Hall, Brian K. (2001). "The Gene is Not Dead, Merely Orphaned and Seeking a Home". Evolution & Development 3 (4): 225-228. July/August 2001. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.003004225.x. PMID 11478519. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.003004225.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed.
- Hall, Brian K. (2002). "Palaeontology and Evolutionary Developmental Biology: A Science of the Nineteenth and Twenty-First Centuries". Palaeontology 45 (4): 647-699. July 2002. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00253. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00253.
- Hall, Brian K. (2004). "In Search of Evolutionary Developmental Mechanisms: The 30-year Gap Between 1944 and 1974". Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part B - Molecular and Developmental Evolution 302 (1): 5-18. January 15, 2004. doi:10.1002/jez.b.20002. PMID 14760651. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00253.
Robert et al.
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