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Notable Scientists & Natural Philosophers

P

Pape, Robert A. (1960 - )

Notable Accomplishments

Robert Pape is Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago specializing in international security affairs
The Strategic Logic of Suicide Bombing

Publications

Pape, Robert (2003). "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism". American Political Science Review 97 (3): 343 - 361. August 27, 2003. doi:10.1017/S000305540300073X. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/strategic-logic-of-suicide-terrorism/A6F51C77E3DE644EBD20ADE176973547.
Pape, Robert (2005). Dying to Win - The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. Random House Publishing Group (published May 24, 2005). ISBN 978-1-588-36460-9. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dying_to_Win/SOlnH3f_dXwC?hl=en&gbpv=0.
Pape, Robert (2006). Conversations with History: Robert Pape (Recorded April 2006 [Show ID: 11599]). Conversations with History. University of California Television (UCTV) (published May 16, 2008). (0:59:11)
Pape, Robert (2015). The Strategic Logic of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (Recorded March 24, 2015). Chicago Project on Security & Terrorism (CPOST)/Emory University (published March 26, 2015). (1:18:39)
Pape, Robert; Ornstein, Norm (2021). The Insurrectionist Movement Continues to Grow. Chicago Project on Security & Terrorism (CPOST)/Adlai Stevenson Center on Democracy (published August 12, 2021). (1:13:32)

Web Resources

Robert Pape at the University of Chicago

Papez, James W. (1883 - 1958)

Notable Accomplishments

Papez Circuit

Publications

Papez, James W. (1937). "A Proposed Mechanism of Emotion". Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 38: 725-734. http://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/ClassicPapers/Emotion/papez.ashx?la=en&hash=8D1266A051584D781408AB4686B49F3E705235C2.
Papez, James W. (1937). "A Proposed Mechanism of Emotion. 1937". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. Classical Article 7 (1): 103-112. February 1995. doi:10.1176/jnp.7.1.103. PMID 7711480. https://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/jnp.7.1.103.

Pauling, Linus Carl (1901 - 1994)

Beckman Model D Oxygen Meter with infant incubator

Notable Accomplishments

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 - “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 -“for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West.”

Publications

Pauling, Linus Carl (1928). "The Shared-Electron Chemical Bond". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 14 (4): 359-362. April 15, 1928. doi:10.1073/pnas.14.4.359. PMID 16587350. PMC 1085493. https://www.pnas.org/content/14/4/359.
Pauling, Linus Carl (1932). "The Nature of the Chemical Bond. IV. The Energy of Single Bonds and the Relative Electronegativities of Atoms". Journal of the American Chemical Society 54: 3570-3582. September 1932. doi:10.1021/ja01348a011. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01348a011.
Pauling, Linus Carl (1951a). "Quantum Theory and Chemistry". Science 113 (2926): 94-94. January 26, 1951. doi:10.1126/science.113.2926.92. PMID 17808941. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.113.2926.92.
Pauling, Linus Carl (1951b). "Arnold Sommerfeld: 1868-1951". Science 114 (2963): 383-384. Oct. 12, 1951. doi:10.1126/science.114.2963.383. PMID 17811720. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.114.2963.383.
Pauling, Linus Carl (1967). The Chemical Bond: A Brief Introduction to Modern Structural Chemistry. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-40332-3. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Chemical_Bond/Np4RAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0.
Pauling, Linus; Corey, Robert B. (1951). "The Pleated Sheet, a New Layer Configuration of Polypeptide Chains". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 37 (5): 251-256. May 15, 1951. doi:10.1073/pnas.37.5.251. PMID 14834147. PMC 1063350. https://www.pnas.org/content/37/5/251.
Pauling, Linus; Corey, Robert B.; Branson, H.R. (1951). "The Structure of Proteins: Two Hydrogen-bonded Helical Configurations of The Polypeptide Chain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 37 (4): 205-211. April 15, 1951. doi:10.1073/pnas.37.4.205. PMID 14816373. PMC 1063337. https://www.pnas.org/content/37/4/205.

Popper, Karl R. (1902 – 1994)

Notable Accomplishments

Criteria for Falsifiability in Scientific Theorizing
The Open Society and Its Enemies
Logic of Scientific Discovery

Publications

Popper, Karl R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07892-4. https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/KnmsjgEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjrs9Sz7Nf0AhUgCTQIHcwFB2sQ8fIDegQIAxBy.
Popper, Karl R. (1963). Conjectures and Refutations. London: Routledge and Keagan Paul. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Conjectures_and_Refutations/_PXWAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0.
Popper, Karl R. (1963). "Science as Falsification". In Theodore Schick. Readings in the Philosophy of Science. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company. 2000. pp. 9–13. https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/liu10/files/2010/08/KPopper_Falsification.pdf.
Popper, Karl R.; Eccles, John C. (1977). The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61891-8. ISBN 978-3-642-61893-2. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642618932.
Popper, Karl R.; Wächtershäuser, Günter (1990). "Progenote or Protogenote?". Science 250 (4984): 1070. November 23, 1990. doi:10.1126/science.250.4984.1070.a. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.250.4984.1070.a.

Porges, Stephen W. (1945 – )

Notable Accomplishments

Evolutionary Analysis of the Vertebrate Autonomic Nervous System
Polyvagal Theory

Publications

Porges, Stephen W. (1995). "Orienting in a defensive world: Mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. A Polyvagal Theory.". Psychophysiology 32 (4): 301–318. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01213.x. PMID 7652107. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01213.x.
Porges, Stephen W. (1997). "Emotion: An Evolutionary By-Product of the Neural Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 807: 62-77. January 15, 1997. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51913.x. PMID 9071344. https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51913.x.
Porges, Stephen W. (1998). "Love: An Emergent Property of the Mammalian Autonomic Nervous System". Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 (8): 837-861. November 1998. doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00057-2. PMID 9924740. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453098000572?via%3Dihub.
Porges, Stephen W. (2001). "The Polyvagal Theory: Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system.". International Journal of Psychophysiology 42 (2): 123–146. doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(01)00162-3. PMID 11587772. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167876001001623?via%3Dihub.
Porges, Stephen W. (2003). "The Polyvagal Theory: Phylogenetic contributions to social behavior.". Physiology and Behavior 79 (3): 503–513. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00156-2. PMID 12954445. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938403001562?via%3Dihub.

Related

Dunning, Brian (2022). The Dark Side of Polyvagal Theory - A controversial mental health framework is also being peddled by unqualified coaches. Skeptoid Podcast. Skeptoid Media (published January 25, 2022). transcript (0:20:46)

Prigogine, Ilya (1917 – 2003)

Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction sequence in petri dish over time.

Notable Accomplishments

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977 “for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures.”
Theory of Dissipative Structures

Entropy in Non-equilibrium Dissipative Systems

$T\,dS=\Delta Q-\sum _{j}\,\Xi _{j}\,\Delta \xi _{j}+\sum _{\alpha =1}^{k}\,\eta _{\alpha }\,\Delta N_{\alpha }$
where

$T\,dS$ is the variation in the system entropy at the constant volume and temperature T (in Kelvin)

and is a function of

$\Delta Q$ represents a stream of thermal energy into the system.
$\sum _{j}\,\Xi _{j}\,\Delta \xi _{j}$ depicts Energy Dissapation due to the relaxation of internal variables $\xi _{j}$ .
$\sum _{\alpha =1}^{k}\,\eta _{\alpha }\,\Delta N_{\alpha }.$ a stream of energy $h_{\alpha }$ entering the system with the stream of particles $\Delta N_{\alpha }$ , $\eta _{\alpha }=h_{\alpha }-\mu _{\alpha }$
$\mu _{\alpha }$ is chemical potential of substance $\alpha$ .