共
|
Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han character
[edit]共 (Kangxi radical 12, 八+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 廿金 (TC), four-corner 44801, composition ⿱龷八)
- Shuowen Jiezi radical №64
Derived characters
[edit]- 供 㓋 哄 垬 娂 㤨 拱 洪 䧆 晎 栱 㬴 烘 珙 䀧 硔 粠 舼 鿁(䜤) 谼 輁(𰺄) 鉷(𫟹) 䱋(𲍎) 䢼 䳍(𮭥) 衖 閧 鬨 烡 異 粪 髸 龔(龚) 巽 恭 拲 㭟 㳟 蛬 輂(𰺅) 䢽 巷 蕻
- 𡶵 𤞒 𧋄 𧶯 𡱒 𢩉 𨜕 𨞠 𠔹 𡋍 𢙄 𢮪 𨂚 𦜞
- , 𬮢
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 127, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1458
- Dae Jaweon: page 283, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 243, character 2
- Unihan data for U+5171
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
共 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 𦱹 𠔏 𩇿 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 共 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
|
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
港 | *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs |
巷 | *ɡroːŋs |
衖 | *ɡroːŋs |
鬨 | *ɡroːŋs, *ɡloːŋs |
烘 | *qʰloːŋ, *qʰloːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, *ɡloːŋs |
洪 | *ɡloːŋ |
鉷 | *ɡloːŋ |
谼 | *ɡloːŋ |
葓 | *ɡoːŋ |
哄 | *ɡloːŋs |
蕻 | *ɡloːŋs |
恭 | *kloŋ |
供 | *kloŋ, *kloŋs |
龔 | *kloŋ |
珙 | *kloŋ, *kloŋʔ |
共 | *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs |
髸 | *kloŋ |
拱 | *kloŋʔ |
拲 | *kloŋʔ, *kloɡ |
蛬 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
栱 | *kloŋʔ |
輁 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
舼 | *ɡloŋ |
輂 | *kloɡ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 廾 (“two hands”) + 口 (“an object”) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually 口 (not “mouth”) came to be written 廿 (niàn) (not “twenty”), which later fused with 廾 to form the modern 共.
Possibly the original form of 供 (“to provide; to offer”).
Etymology 1
[edit]Possibly related to 廾 (OC *k(r)oŋʔ, “to fold the hands in front of the breast”), with the stativizing prefix *N- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) also relates this word to 供 (OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs, “to provide”) and suggests the possibility of also relating it to 恭 (OC *kloŋ, “to respect”) and 貢 (OC *koːŋs, “tribute”).
The kā reading in Hokkien is from the weakening of kāng (Wu, 2017; Chappell et al., 2011).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gong4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гун (gun, III)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): qiung5 / kung5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gung3
- Northern Min (KCR): gō̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): gâe̤ng / gê̤ṳng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gon
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong5 / gong4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gòng
- Wade–Giles: kung4
- Yale: gùng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonq
- Palladius: гун (gun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gong4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gung
- Sinological IPA (key): /koŋ²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гун (gun, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuŋ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gung6
- Yale: guhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: gung6
- Guangdong Romanization: gung6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: guung5
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɵŋ³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: qiung5 / kung5
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰiuŋ¹¹/, /kʰuŋ¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- qiung5 - vernacular;
- kung5 - literary.
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung
- Hakka Romanization System: kiung
- Hagfa Pinyim: kiung4
- Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gung3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuŋ⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gō̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gâe̤ng / gê̤ṳng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔyŋ²⁴²/, /køyŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- kāng, kā - vernacular (kā - also written as 甲);
- kiōng - literary.
- gong5 - vernacular;
- gong4 - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: gjowngH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs/
Definitions
[edit]共
- common
- together
- 1984, “天使報信 [Hark! the Herald Angels Sing]”, in 滕近輝 [Philip Teng], 何統雄 [Richard Ho], transl., 《生命聖詩》 [Hymns of Life]:
- 興起!地上大小邦,響應諸天共頌揚 [MSC, trad.]
- Xīngqǐ! Dìshang dà xiǎo bāng, Xiǎngyìng zhūtiān gòng sòngyáng [Pinyin]
- Joyful, all ye nations, rise, Join the triumph of the skies [Original English lyrics]
Rise up! nations of the earth, big and small, Sing praises together in response to the skies [Literal English translation]
兴起!地上大小邦,响应诸天共颂扬 [MSC, simp.]
- to share
- altogether
- Short for 共產黨/共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng, “communist party”).
- 反共 ― fǎngòng ― anti-communist
- (specifically) the Communist Party of China
- 國共/国共 ― guógòng ― Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China
- (literary or dialectal) and
- 1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, volume III, section XII:
- 1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 181:
- 1993, “海闊天空 [Boundless Ocean, Vast Skies]”, performed by Beyond:
- (literary or Eastern Min, Hokkien) with; to
- (Eastern Min, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for
- (Hokkien) Used in imperative sentences for emphasis
- (Eastern Min, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb
- (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) same
- 共款 [Hokkien] ― kāng-khoán [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― the same
- 無共/无共 [Hokkien] ― bô-kāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― not the same; different
Synonyms
[edit]- (and):
- (for):
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 替, 為 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 給, 替 |
Taiwan | 給, 替 | |
Singapore | 替 | |
Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 給, 替 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 替, 給 |
Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 幫, 給, 跟 |
Wuhan | 跟, 幫 | |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 代, 替 |
Hefei | 代, 幫 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 同, 幫 |
Hong Kong | 同, 幫 | |
Yangjiang | 替, 幐 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 跟, 幫 |
Hakka | Meixian | 同, 代 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 替, 給 |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 替, 幫 |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 替, 共 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 替, 共 |
Quanzhou | 共 | |
Zhangzhou | 共 | |
Tainan | 替, 共 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 替, 共 | |
Chaozhou | 代, 個 | |
Jieyang | 個 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 幫, 搭 |
Suzhou | 替, 搭 | |
Wenzhou | 代 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 幫, 跟, 代 |
Shuangfeng | 幫 |
- (used in imperative sentences for emphasis):
- (particle introducing the object of the verb):
Note
[edit]- For the prepositional usage in Hokkien, if it's succeed by 3rd singular personal pronoun 伊, the pronoun can be omitted. eg.:
Compounds
[edit]- 一共
- 不共
- 不共天地
- 不共戴天 (bùgòngdàitiān)
- 不共鑣/不共镳
- 中共 (Zhōnggòng)
- 中共一大
- 中華人民共和國/中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
- 九共
- 五族共和 (wǔzú gònghé)
- 人神共嫉
- 人神共憤/人神共愤 (rénshéngòngfèn)
- 休戚與共/休戚与共 (xiūqīyǔgòng)
- 兄弟共妻
- 兩虎共鬥/两虎共斗
- 公共 (gōnggòng)
- 公共事業/公共事业 (gōnggòng shìyè)
- 公共保險/公共保险
- 公共場所/公共场所 (gōnggòng chǎngsuǒ)
- 公共安全
- 公共廁所/公共厕所 (gōnggòng cèsuǒ)
- 公共建築/公共建筑
- 公共建設/公共建设
- 公共投資/公共投资
- 公共支出
- 公共收入
- 公共政策 (gōnggòng zhèngcè)
- 公共救助
- 公共汽車/公共汽车 (gōnggòng qìchē)
- 公共浴場/公共浴场
- 公共環境/公共环境
- 公共秩序
- 公共租界
- 公共積累/公共积累 (gōnggòng jīlěi)
- 公共給水/公共给水
- 公共行政 (gōnggòng xíngzhèng)
- 公共衛生/公共卫生 (gōnggòng wèishēng)
- 公共設施/公共设施
- 公共財政/公共财政
- 公共部門/公共部门 (gōnggòng bùmén)
- 公共關係/公共关系
- 公共電視/公共电视
- 公共電話/公共电话
- 公同共有
- 共主
- 共乘 (gòngchéng)
- 共乳
- 共事 (gòngshì)
- 共事一夫
- 共享 (gòngxiǎng)
- 共享軟體/共享软体 (gòngxiǎng ruǎntǐ)
- 共人
- 共侶/共侣
- 共偫
- 共傳/共传
- 共儉/共俭
- 共億/共亿
- 共允
- 共兜
- 共具
- 共分
- 共勉 (gòngmiǎn)
- 共勢/共势
- 共勤
- 共匪 (gòngfěi)
- 共同 (gòngtóng)
- 共合
- 共名
- 共同代理
- 共同代表
- 共同企業/共同企业
- 共同保證/共同保证
- 共同努力
- 共同基金 (gòngtóng jījīn)
- 共同市場/共同市场
- 共同感覺/共同感觉
- 共同正犯 (gòngtóng zhèngfàn)
- 共同科目
- 共同管道
- 共同經營/共同经营
- 共同綱領/共同纲领 (gòngtóng gānglǐng)
- 共同繼承/共同继承
- 共同訴訟/共同诉讼
- 共同語/共同语 (gòngtóngyǔ)
- 共同語言/共同语言 (gòngtóng yǔyán)
- 共同財產/共同财产
- 共同趨向/共同趋向
- 共同運銷/共同运销
- 共同體/共同体 (gòngtóngtǐ)
- 共同點/共同点 (gòngtóngdiǎn)
- 共命
- 共和 (gònghé)
- 共和制 (gònghézhì)
- 共和國/共和国 (gònghéguó)
- 共和時代/共和时代
- 共命鳥/共命鸟 (gòngmìngniǎo)
- 共商大計/共商大计 (gòngshāngdàjì)
- 共喻
- 共國/共国
- 共坐
- 共奉
- 共契
- 共姜
- 共存 (gòngcún)
- 共存亡 (gòngcúnwáng)
- 共害
- 共寢/共寝 (gòngqǐn)
- 共審制度/共审制度
- 共少
- 共居
- 共川鼻飲/共川鼻饮
- 共工 (Gònggōng)
- 共己
- 共度 (gòngdù)
- 共弊
- 共張/共张
- 共御
- 共德
- 共心
- 共性 (gòngxìng)
- 共恪
- 共患
- 共患難/共患难 (gònghuànnàn)
- 共慘黨/共惨党 (gòngcǎndǎng)
- 共手
- 共承
- 共抎
- 共持
- 共振 (gòngzhèn)
- 共振器
- 共挽鹿車/共挽鹿车
- 共政
- 共敘舊姻/共叙旧姻
- 共敝
- 共料
- 共方
- 共有 (gòngyǒu)
- 共有人
- 共枕
- 共格
- 共棲/共栖
- 共業/共业
- 共榮辱/共荣辱
- 共權/共权
- 共歲/共岁
- 共氣/共气
- 共治
- 共沸物 (gòngfèiwù)
- 共洩/共泄 (gòngxiè)
- 共濟/共济 (gòngjì)
- 共濟一堂/共济一堂
- 共為唇齒/共为唇齿
- 共為脣齒/共为唇齿
- 共營/共营
- 共牢
- 共犯 (gòngfàn)
- 共犯罪
- 共理
- 共生 (gòngshēng)
- 共生礦/共生矿
- 共產/共产 (gòngchǎn)
- 共產主義/共产主义 (gòngchǎn zhǔyì)
- 共產主義青年團/共产主义青年团 (Gòngchǎn Zhǔyì Qīngniántuán)
- 共產國家/共产国家
- 共產國際/共产国际 (Gòngchǎn Guójì)
- 共產宣言/共产宣言
- 共產集團/共产集团
- 共產黨/共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng)
- 共用 (gòngyòng)
- 共登
- 共益權/共益权
- 共相 (gòngxiàng)
- 共相脣齒/共相唇齿
- 共知 (gòngzhī)
- 共硯席/共砚席
- 共祭
- 共禦/共御
- 共禦外侮/共御外侮
- 共稟/共禀
- 共穗
- 共立
- 共筆硯/共笔砚
- 共管 (gòngguǎn)
- 共給/共给
- 共線點/共线点
- 共總/共总 (gòngzǒng)
- 共聚 (gòngjù)
- 共聚一堂 (gòngjùyītáng)
- 共職/共职
- 共膂
- 共舞 (gòngwǔ)
- 共蔕蓮/共蒂莲
- 共處/共处 (gòngchǔ)
- 共衾
- 共被
- 共襄盛舉/共襄盛举 (gòngxiāngshèngjǔ)
- 共親/共亲
- 共觸/共触
- 共計/共计 (gòngjì)
- 共話/共话
- 共話衷腸/共话衷肠
- 共語/共语 (gòngyǔ)
- 共論/共论
- 共談/共谈 (gòngtán)
- 共謀/共谋 (gòngmóu)
- 共識/共识 (gòngshí)
- 共識決/共识决
- 共議/共议
- 共財/共财
- 共貢/共贡
- 共貫/共贯
- 共貫同條/共贯同条
- 共軌/共轨
- 共軛弧/共轭弧
- 共軛角/共轭角
- 共轡/共辔
- 共通 (gòngtōng)
- 共通意志
- 共進/共进
- 共遞/共递
- 共釂
- 共門/共门
- 共閱/共阅
- 共青團/共青团 (gòngqīngtuán)
- 共韻/共韵
- 共頭/共头
- 共養/共养
- 共餐
- 共饗/共飨
- 共首
- 共驩/共欢
- 共體時艱/共体时艰
- 共鯀/共鲧
- 共鳴/共鸣 (gòngmíng)
- 共鳴器/共鸣器
- 共默
- 共點線/共点线
- 共鼓
- 分形共氣/分形共气
- 分憂共患/分忧共患 (fēnyōu gòng huàn)
- 分甘共苦
- 參共/参共
- 反共 (fǎngòng)
- 反共義士/反共义士 (fǎngòng yìshì)
- 同休共戚
- 同共
- 合共 (hégòng)
- 同床共枕
- 同心共濟/同心共济
- 同心共膽/同心共胆
- 同惡共濟/同恶共济
- 同文共規/同文共规
- 同文共軌/同文共轨
- 同條共貫/同条共贯
- 同源共流
- 同甘共苦 (tónggāngòngkǔ)
- 同生共死 (tóngshēnggòngsǐ)
- 同聲共氣/同声共气
- 同胞共乳
- 同胞共氣/同胞共气
- 同舟共命
- 同舟共濟/同舟共济 (tóngzhōugòngjì)
- 同衾共枕
- 合衷共濟/合衷共济
- 同音共律
- 周召共和
- 和平共存 (hépíng gòngcún)
- 和平共處/和平共处 (hépíng gòngchǔ)
- 和衷共濟/和衷共济 (hézhōnggòngjì)
- 國共/国共 (Guó-Gòng)
- 國際共管/国际共管
- 執共/执共
- 多共少
- 大共
- 大共名
- 天人共棄/天人共弃
- 奇文共賞/奇文共赏 (qíwéngòngshǎng)
- 好共歹
- 小共
- 弟共
- 患難與共/患难与共 (huànnànyǔgòng)
- 懿共
- 攏共/拢共 (lǒnggòng)
- 敬共
- 普天共友
- 有目共睹 (yǒumùgòngdǔ)
- 有目共見/有目共见 (yǒumùgòngjiàn)
- 有目共賞/有目共赏 (yǒumùgòngshǎng)
- 松蘿共倚/松萝共倚
- 核磁共振 (hécí gòngzhèn)
- 榮辱與共/荣辱与共 (róngrùyǔgòng)
- 汽電共生/汽电共生
- 港共 (Gǎnggòng)
- 滿共/满共
- 牛驥共牢/牛骥共牢
- 生死與共/生死与共
- 相共
- 眾所共知/众所共知
- 眾目共睹/众目共睹
- 眾目共視/众目共视
- 神人共悅/神人共悦
- 神人共戮
- 禍福與共/祸福与共
- 統共/统共 (tǒnggòng)
- 綠共/绿共 (Lǜgòng)
- 總共/总共 (zǒnggòng)
- 老共 (lǎogòng)
- 與共/与共 (yǔgòng)
- 芝艾共焚
- 衆所共知/众所共知
- 賞共/赏共
- 足共
- 車軌共文/车轨共文
- 通共 (tōnggòng)
- 通共有無/通共有无
- 通憂共患/通忧共患
- 連枝共塚/连枝共冢
- 通無共有/通无共有
- 阿共仔 (a-kiōng-á) (Min Nan)
- 雅俗共賞/雅俗共赏 (yǎsúgòngshǎng)
- 靖共
- 首尾共濟/首尾共济
- 鹿車共挽/鹿车共挽
Descendants
[edit]Others:
- → Vietnamese: cùng
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: Gòng
- Wade–Giles: Kung4
- Yale: Gùng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gonq
- Palladius: Гун (Gun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan, variant in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: Gong
- Wade–Giles: Kung1
- Yale: Gūng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gong
- Palladius: Гун (Gun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gung1
- Yale: gūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: gung1
- Guangdong Romanization: gung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Middle Chinese: kjowng
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*kloŋ/
Definitions
[edit]共
- a surname
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gong
- Wade–Giles: kung1
- Yale: gūng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gong
- Palladius: гун (gun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gung1
- Yale: gūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: gung1
- Guangdong Romanization: gung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Southern Min
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: giong1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiong
- Sinological IPA (key): /kioŋ³³/
- (Teochew)
- Middle Chinese: kjowng
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*kloŋ/
Definitions
[edit]共
- (literary) Alternative form of 供 (“to provide”)
- (literary) Alternative form of 恭 (gōng, “respectful”)
- (literary) Alternative form of 宮/宫 (gōng, “castration (as punishment)”)
Etymology 4
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gǒng
- Wade–Giles: kung3
- Yale: gǔng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goong
- Palladius: гун (gun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gung2
- Yale: gúng
- Cantonese Pinyin: gung2
- Guangdong Romanization: gung2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
[edit]共
References
[edit]- “共”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
- Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)←きよう (kyou, historical)
- Kan’yō-on: ぐ (gu)
- Kun: とも (tomo, 共, Jōyō)
Pronunciation
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 共演 (kyōen)
- 共学 (kyōgaku)
- 共感 (kyōkan)
- 共産 (kyōsan)
- 共産党 (kyōsantō)
- 共存 (kyōzon)
- 共著 (kyōcho)
- 共通 (kyōtsū)
- 共通語 (kyōtsūgo)
- 共同 (kyōdō)
- 共犯 (kyōhan)
- 共謀 (kyōbō)
- 共鳴 (kyōmei)
- 共有 (kyōyū)
- 共用 (kyōyō)
- 共和国 (kyōwakoku)
- 共依存 (kyōizon)
- 共々 (tomodomo), 共共 (tomodomo)
- 共営 (kyōei)
- 共栄 (kyōei)
- 共益 (kyōeki)
- 共起 (kyōki)
- 共襟 (tomoeri)
- 共催 (kyōsai)
- 共済 (kyōsai)
- 共助 (kyōjo)
- 共晶 (kyōshō)
- 公共 (kōkyō)
- 事共 (kotodomo)
- 社共 (shakyō)
- 是非共 (zehitomo)
- 中共 (chūkyō)
- 防共 (bōkyō)
- 身共 (midomo)
- 諸共 (morotomo)
- 容共 (yōkyō)
- 両方共 (ryōhōtomo)
- 私共 (watakushidomo)
- 何共 (nantomo)
Noun
[edit]Prefix
[edit]Suffix
[edit]- altogether
- ...included
- 送料共
- sōryō-tomo
- including shipping fees, including postage
- 送料共
Synonyms
[edit]- 込 (komi)
Suffix
[edit]- indicates plural:
- when attached to a human noun
- (Classical Japanese) when attached to any noun
- c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Aoi)
- 「まづ、女房出でね」とて、童の姿どものをかしげなるを御覧ず。いとらうたげなる髪どものすそ、 […]
- “Mazu, niyōbau idene” tote, waraha no sugata domo no okashige naru o goran zu. Ito rautage naru kami domo no suso, […]
- "Starting with the court girls", he said, looking at the young servants' pretty forms. The beautiful tips of their hairs, […]
- 「まづ、女房出でね」とて、童の姿どものをかしげなるを御覧ず。いとらうたげなる髪どものすそ、 […]
- c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Aoi)
Usage notes
[edit]Affixing 共 to oneself indicates humbleness. Affixing 共 to other people is disrespectful compared to 達 (たち, -tachi).
Synonyms
[edit]- 達 (tachi)
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 공산주의 (共産主義, gongsanjuui)
- 공산주의자 (共産主義者, gongsanjuuija)
- 공동체 (共同體, gongdongche)
- 공통점 (共通點, gongtongjeom)
- 반공 (反共, ban'gong)
- 공비 (共匪, gongbi)
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]共: Hán Việt readings: cung, cộng, củng
共: Nôm readings: cùng, cũng, cọng, cụng, gọng
References
[edit]- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
- Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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