堵

堵 U+5835, 堵 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5835 ← 場 [U+5834] CJK Unified Ideographs 堶 → [U+5836]

Translingual

Han character

堵 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土十大日 (GJKA), four-corner 4416₀, composition ⿰土者)

Derived characters

• 𧹻

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 234, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5279
• Dae Jaweon: page 472, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 448, character 7
• Unihan data for U+5835

Chinese

simp. and trad.		堵
alternative forms		𡦡 𩫭

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (者) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
觰	*rtaːʔ, *rtaː
諸	*tjaː, *tja
者	*tjaːʔ
堵	*tjaːʔ, *taːʔ
赭	*tjaːʔ
撦	*l̥ʰjaːʔ
扯	*tʰjaːʔ
闍	*djaː, *taː
奢	*hljaː
鍺	*toːlʔ
都	*taː
醏	*taː
覩	*taːʔ
睹	*taːʔ
暏	*taːʔ
賭	*taːʔ
帾	*taːʔ
楮	*taːʔ, *tʰaʔ
屠	*daː, *da
瘏	*daː
廜	*daː
鷵	*daː
緒	*ljaʔ
豬	*ta
猪	*ta
瀦	*ta
藸	*ta, *da
櫫	*ta
褚	*taʔ, *tʰaʔ
著	*taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ
箸	*tas, *das
儲	*da
躇	*da
櫧	*tja
藷	*tja, *djas
蠩	*tja
煮	*tjaʔ
渚	*tjaʔ
煑	*tjaʔ
陼	*tjaʔ
翥	*tjas
署	*djas
薯	*djas
曙	*djas
書	*hlja
暑	*hjaʔ
鐯	*taɡ
擆	*taɡ
櫡	*taɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaːʔ, *taːʔ) : semantic 土 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dǔ (du³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˇ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dou²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): u²

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tù
• Eastern Min (BUC): dū
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tó͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): du²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵tu

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dǔ
    • Wade–Giles: tu³
    • Yale: dǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duu
    • Palladius: ду (du)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dou²
    • Yale: dóu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dou²
    • Guangdong Romanization: dou²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou̯³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: u²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tù
    • Hakka Romanization System: du^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: du²
    • Sinological IPA: /tu¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dū
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tó͘
    • Tâi-lô: tóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dor
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: du²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tú
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵tu
    • MiniDict: tu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tu³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: tuX

Rime
Character	堵
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	當古切
Baxter	tuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/toX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tɔX/
Li Rong	/toX/
Wang Li	/tuX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dou2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤaʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*taːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堵	堵
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dǔ	dǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ tuX ›	‹ tuX ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁaʔ/	/*tˁaʔ/
English	a row or set of bells or musical stones	measure of length of wall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堵
Reading #	2/2
No.	16975
Phonetic component	者
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	覩
Old Chinese	/*taːʔ/

Definitions

堵

1. (obsolete) a unit of measure of the length and height of a wall
2. (literary) wall

   觀者如堵／观者如堵  ―  guānzhěrúdǔ  ―  a wall of spectators

3. to block up; to stop up

   堵車／堵车  ―  dǔchē  ―  to be jammed with traffic

   堵上這個漏洞／堵上这个漏洞  ―  dǔ shàng zhège lòudòng  ―  to close this loophole

   下水管堵了。  ―  Xiàshuǐguǎn dǔ le.  ―  The drain pipe is clogged.

4. (Teochew) to encounter
5. stifled; suffocated

   心裡堵得慌／心里堵得慌  ―  xīnlǐ dǔ dé huāng  ―  to feel suffocated; to be depressed

6. (obsolete) An ancient unit of measure, denoting sixteen bells or chimes hanging on a bell pendant stand.
7. Classifier for walls. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
8. a surname

   姬申扶堵  ―  Jī Shēn Fú Dǔ  ―  (a verse from the Hundred Family Surnames)

Synonyms

• (to block up): 塞 (sāi)
• (to encounter):

Dialectal synonyms of 遇 (“to encounter”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		遇, 碰, 遭
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	遇, 碰
	Malaysia	遇, 碰
	Singapore	遇, 碰
Cantonese	Guangzhou	遇, 撞
	Hong Kong	遇, 撞
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	遇, 撞
	Singapore (Guangfu)	遇
Hakka	Meixian	遇, 撞
Southern Min	Xiamen	拄, 撞, 衝, 磅
	Quanzhou	拄, 撞, 衝
	Zhangzhou	拄, 衝
	Tainan	拄, 撞, 磅
	Penang (Hokkien)	拄
	Singapore (Hokkien)	拄
	Manila (Hokkien)	拄, 遇
	Chaozhou	遇, 堵
	Shantou	遇
	Jieyang	遇, 堵
	Singapore (Teochew)	堵
Wu	Shanghai	碰

• (classifier for walls):

Dialectal synonyms of 堵 (“(classifier for walls)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		堵, 面, 道
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	堵, 面, 道
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	堵
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	堵
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	堵
	Xi'an	堵
	Xining	堵
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	堵
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	堵
	Guiyang	堵
	Liuzhou	堵
Cantonese	Guangzhou	埲, 幅
	Hong Kong	埲, 幅
	Dongguan	條
Hakka	Meixian	皮
Huizhou	Jixi	堵, 面
Jin	Taiyuan	堵
	Xinzhou	堵
Northern Min	Jian'ou	板, 堵
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	堵
Southern Min	Xiamen	堵
	Quanzhou	堵
	Zhangzhou	堵
	Taipei (Wanhua)	片
	Kaohsiung	面
	Yilan	堵
	Changhua (Lukang)	面
	Taichung	片
	Taichung (Wuqi)	片
	Tainan	堵, 面
	Taitung	片
	Hsinchu	片
	Penghu (Magong)	片
	Jieyang	爿, 埤, 片
	Puning	方, 埤
	Haikou	幅
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	幅
Wu	Shanghai	堵
	Shanghai (Chongming)	堵
	Suzhou	堵
	Danyang	堵
	Hangzhou	堵
	Jinhua	堵
Xiang	Changsha	堵

Compounds

• 七堵 (Qīdǔ)
• 傳神阿堵／传神阿堵
• 八堵 (Bādǔ)
• 圍堵／围堵 (wéidǔ)
• 堵人
• 堵喪／堵丧
• 堵嘴 (dǔzuǐ)
• 堵城 (Dǔchéng)
• 堵塞
• 堵心 (dǔxīn)
• 堵牆／堵墙
• 堵門兒／堵门儿
• 堵頭／堵头
• 壁堵 (piah-tó͘) (Min Nan)
• 安堵 (āndǔ)
• 安堵如故
• 安堵樂業／安堵乐业
• 對堵／对堵
• 按堵如故
• 環堵／环堵
• 環堵蕭然／环堵萧然
• 當堵／当堵
• 百堵
• 百堵皆作
• 觀者如堵／观者如堵
• 防堵 (fángdǔ)
• 阿堵 (ādǔ)
• 阿堵物 (ādǔwù)

 

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhě (zhe³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄜˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ze²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhě
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄜˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhě
    • Wade–Giles: chê³
    • Yale: jě
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jee
    • Palladius: чжэ (čžɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ze²
    • Yale: jé
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dze²
    • Guangdong Romanization: zé²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛː³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: tsyaeX

Rime
Character	堵
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	麻 (100)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	章也切
Baxter	tsyaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiaX/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiaX/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiaX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ciaX/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiaX/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭaX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯aX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhě
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ze2

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*tjaːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堵
Reading #	1/2
No.	16961
Phonetic component	者
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	者
Old Chinese	/*tjaːʔ/

Definitions

堵

1. (～河) Zhe or Du River (river in Hubei Province, China)

References

• “堵”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	Shinjitai (extended)	堵󠄀 堵+󠄀? (Adobe-Japan1)
堵󠄂 堵+󠄂? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
Kyūjitai	堵
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

堵

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: つ (tsu)
• Kan-on: と (to)
• Kun: かき (kaki, 堵)

Korean

Hanja

堵 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

堵: Hán Nôm readings: đổ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation