Appendix:Okinawan Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Okinawan, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| No. | English | 沖縄口 Kanji characters |
うちなーぐち Hiragana syllabary |
Uchināguchi Hepburn romanization |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 我ん | わん | wan |
| 2 | you (singular) | 御所 | うんじゅ (formal), っやー (informal) | unju, 'yā |
| 3 | he | 彼り | あり (distant to both the speaker and the listener),
うり (distant to the speaker, but near or familiar to the listener) |
ari, uri |
| 4 | we | 我達 | わったー | wattā |
| 5 | you (plural) | 御所なー | うんじゅなー (formal), いったー (informal) | unjunā, ittā |
| 6 | they | 彼達 | あったー, うったー | attā, uttā |
| 7 | this | 此り | くり | kuri |
| 8 | that | 彼り | あり | ari |
| 9 | here | 此処 | くま | kuma |
| 10 | there | 彼処 | あま、んま | ama, nma |
| 11 | who | 誰 | たー | tā |
| 12 | what | 何 | ぬー | nū |
| 13 | where | 何処 | まー | mā |
| 14 | when | 何時 | いち | ichi |
| 15 | how | 如何 | ちゃー | chā |
| 16 | not | 無ーん | ねーん | nēn |
| 17 | all | 諸 | むる | muru |
| 18 | many | 多さん | うふさん | ufusan |
| 19 | some | 幾ら、少 | いきら、くーてん、うひ | ikira, kūten, uhi |
| 20 | few | 幾らさん | いきらさん | ikirasan |
| 21 | other | 他 | ふか | fuka |
| 22 | one | 一ち | てぃーち | tīchi |
| 23 | two | 二ち | たーち | tāchi |
| 24 | three | 三ち | みーち | mīchi |
| 25 | four | 四ち | ゆーち | yūchi |
| 26 | five | 五ち | いちち | ichichi |
| 27 | big | 大さん | まぎさん | magisan |
| 28 | long | 長さん | ながさん | nagasan |
| 29 | wide | 広さん | ふぃるさん | firusan |
| 30 | thick | 厚さん | あちさん | achisan |
| 31 | heavy | 重さん | っんぶさん | 'nbusan |
| 32 | small | 小さん | くーさん | kūsan |
| 33 | short | 短さん | いんちゃさん | inchasan |
| 34 | narrow | 狭さん | しばさん, いばさん | shibasan, ibasan |
| 35 | thin | 細さん | うるーさん | urūsan |
| 36 | woman | 女子 | ゐなぐ | winagu |
| 37 | man (male) | 男 | ゐきが | wikiga |
| 38 | man (human) | 人 | っちゅ | tchu |
| 39 | child | 童、児 | わらび (someone who is not yet an adult)、 | warabi, warabā, kwa |
| 40 | wife | 刀自 | とぅじ | tuji |
| 41 | husband | 夫 | をぅとぅ | utu |
| 42 | mother | 母 | あんまー, ふぁふぁ | anmā, fafa |
| 43 | father | 父 | すー (historically used by commoners),
たーりー (used by nobles) |
sū, tārī |
| 44 | animal | 生ち物 | いちむん | ichimun |
| 45 | fish | 魚 | いゆ | iyu |
| 46 | bird | 鳥 | とぅい | tui |
| 47 | dog | 犬 | いん | in |
| 48 | louse | 虱 | しらん | shiran |
| 49 | snake | 蛇 | はぶ | habu |
| 50 | worm | 蚯蚓 | みみじゃー | mimijā |
| 51 | tree | 木 | きー | kī |
| 52 | forest | 山 | やま | yama |
| 53 | stick | 杖 | ぐーさん | gūsan |
| 54 | fruit | 果 | ない, ないむん | nai, naimun |
| 55 | seed | 種 | さに | sani |
| 56 | leaf | 葉 | ふぁー | fā |
| 57 | root | 根 | にー | nī |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 木ぬ皮 | きーぬかー | kī nu kā |
| 59 | flower | 花 | はな | hana |
| 60 | grass | 草 | くさ | kusa |
| 61 | rope | 綱 | ちな | china |
| 62 | skin | 革 | かー | kā |
| 63 | meat | 肉 | しし | shishi |
| 64 | blood | 血 | ちー | chī |
| 65 | bone | 骨 | ふに | funi |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 油 | あんだ | anda |
| 67 | egg | 卵 | くーが | kūga |
| 68 | horn | 角 | ちぬ | chinu |
| 69 | tail | 尾 | じゅー | jū |
| 70 | feather | 羽 | はに | hani |
| 71 | hair | 髪 | からじ | karaji |
| 72 | head | 頭 | ちぶる | chiburu |
| 73 | ear | 耳 | みみ, みん | mimi, min |
| 74 | eye | 目 | みー | mī |
| 75 | nose | 鼻 | はな | hana |
| 76 | mouth | 口 | くち | kuchi |
| 77 | tooth | 歯 | はー | hā |
| 78 | tongue | 舌 | しちゃ、しば | shicha, shiba |
| 79 | fingernail | 爪 | ちみ | chimi |
| 80 | foot | 足 | ふぃさ | fisa |
| 81 | leg | 脚 | ふぃさ | fisa |
| 82 | knee | 膝 | ちんし | chinshi |
| 83 | hand | 手 | てぃー | tī |
| 84 | wing | 羽毛 | はにげー | hanigē |
| 85 | belly | 腸 | わた | wata |
| 86 | guts | 腸 | わたみーむん | watamīmun |
| 87 | neck | 頸 | くび | kubi |
| 88 | back | 背 | くし, くしながに, ながに | kushi, kushinagani, nagani |
| 89 | breast | 胸 | むに、んに | muni, nni |
| 90 | heart | 心 | ふくまーみ (anatomy)、くくる、ちむ (seat of emotion) | fukumāmi (anatomy), chimu (seat of emotion) |
| 91 | liver | 肝 | ちむ | chimu |
| 92 | to drink | 飲むん | ぬむん | numun |
| 93 | to eat | 噛むん | かむん | kamun |
| 94 | to bite | 噛すん | かなーすん | kanāsun |
| 95 | to suck | 吸ゆん | すーゆん、しぷゆん | sūyun, shipuyun |
| 96 | to spit | 唾みかしゅん | つふぇーみかしゅん | tsufe-mikashun |
| 97 | to vomit | 吐ちゅん | はちゅん | hachun |
| 98 | to blow | 吹ちゅん | ふちゅん | fuchun |
| 99 | to breathe | 息すん | いーちすん | īchi sun |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑ゆん | わらゆん | warayun |
| 101 | to see | 見るん | 見るん、んーじゅん | mirun, nnjun |
| 102 | to hear | 聴ちゅん | ちちゅん | chichun |
| 103 | to know | 知ゆん | しゆん | shiyun |
| 104 | to think | 思ゆん | うむゆん | umuyun |
| 105 | to smell | 嗅すん | かばすん | kabasun |
| 106 | to fear | 恐るさすん | うとぅるさすん | uturusasun |
| 107 | to sleep | 寝じゅん | にんじゅん | ninjun |
| 108 | to live | 生ちちゅん | いちちゅん | ichichun |
| 109 | to die | 死ん | まーすん (death of a human),
しぬん (mainly used to refer to accidental death or death of an animal; also used as a derogatory term for a death) |
māsun, shinun |
| 110 | to kill | 殺すん | くるすん | kurusun |
| 111 | to fight | 戦ゆん | たたかゆん、おーいん | tatakayun, ōin |
| 112 | to hunt | 狩 | ||
| 113 | to hit | 叩ちゅん | たたちゅん | tatachun |
| 114 | to cut | 切ん | きるん、ちーん | chiyun, kirun |
| 115 | to split | 割ゆん | わゆん | wayun |
| 116 | to stab | 刺すん | さすん、ぬちゅん | sasun, nuchun |
| 117 | to scratch | 掻ちゅん | かちゅん | kachun |
| 118 | to dig | 掘ゆん | ふゆん | fuyun |
| 119 | to swim | 泳じゅん | っゐーじゅん | 'wījun |
| 120 | to fly | 飛ぶん | とぅぶん | tubun |
| 121 | to walk | 歩っちゅん | あっちゅん | acchun |
| 122 | to come | 来ーん | ちゅーん | chūn |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 寝じゅん | にんじゅん、あーわなちゅん（formal） | ninjun, āwanachun |
| 124 | to sit | 居ゆん | いゆん | iyun |
| 125 | to stand | 起きゆん | うきゆん | ukiyun |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 回ゆん、 | まーゆん、みぐゆん | māyun, miguyun |
| 127 | to fall | 落てぃゆん | うてぃゆん | utiyun |
| 128 | to give | 呉れるん | くれるん、やらしゅん | yarashun, kurerun |
| 129 | to hold | 持ちゅん | むちゅん | muchun |
| 130 | to squeeze | 絞ゆん | しぶゆん | shibuyun |
| 131 | to rub | 擦ゆん | しゆん | shiyun |
| 132 | to wash | 洗ゆん | あらゆん | arayun |
| 133 | to wipe | 啜ゆん | すすゆん | susuyun |
| 134 | to pull | 引ちゅん | ふぃちゅん | fichun |
| 135 | to push | 押しゅん | うしゅん | ushun |
| 136 | to throw | 投ぎゆん | なぎゆん | nagiyun |
| 137 | to tie | 結ぶん | むすぶん、くくゆん | musubun, kukuyun |
| 138 | to sew | 縫ゆん | のーゆん | nōyun |
| 139 | to count | 読むん | ゆむん | yumun |
| 140 | to say | 言ゆん | いゅん | 'yun |
| 141 | to sing | 歌ゆん | うたゆん | utayun |
| 142 | to play | 遊ぶん | あしぶん | ashibun |
| 143 | to float | 浮かぶん | うかぶん, うちゅん | ukabun, uchun |
| 144 | to flow | 流ゆん | ながりゆん、はゆん | nagariyun, hayun |
| 145 | to freeze | 凍ゆん | くーわゆん、くうる | kūwayun, kūru |
| 146 | to swell | 膨りゆん | ふーけーりゆん | fūkēriyun |
| 147 | sun | 日 | ひー, てぃーだ | hī, tīda |
| 148 | moon | 月 | ちち | chichi |
| 149 | star | 星 | ふし | fushi |
| 150 | water | 水 | みじ | miji |
| 151 | rain | 雨 | あみ | ami |
| 152 | river | 河 | かーら | kāra |
| 153 | lake | 湖 | くむい | kumui |
| 154 | sea | 海 | うみ | umi |
| 155 | salt | 真塩 | まーす | māsu |
| 156 | stone | 石 | いし | ishi |
| 157 | sand | 砂 | しな、うる | shina, uru |
| 158 | dust | 塵 | ちり、あくた | chiri, akuta |
| 159 | earth | 土 | んーちゃ | n-cha |
| 160 | cloud | 雲 | くむ | kumu |
| 161 | fog | 霧 | ちり | chiri |
| 162 | sky | 空 | すら、てぃん | sura, tin |
| 163 | wind | 風 | かじ | kaji |
| 164 | snow | 雪 | ゆち | yuchi |
| 165 | ice | 氷 | くーり | kūri |
| 166 | smoke | 煙 | きぶし, ちむり | kibushi, chimuri |
| 167 | fire | 火 | ふぃー | fī |
| 168 | ash | 灰 | ふぇー | fē |
| 169 | to burn | 燃ゆん | めーゆん | mēyun |
| 170 | road | 道 | みち | michi |
| 171 | mountain | 盛 | むい | mui |
| 172 | red | 赤 | あか | aka |
| 173 | green | 青色 | おーるー | ōrū |
| 174 | yellow | 黄色 | ちーるー | chīrū |
| 175 | white | 白 | しるー | shirū |
| 176 | black | 黒 | くるー | kurū |
| 177 | night | 夜 | ゆー, ゆる | yū, yuru |
| 178 | day | 日 | ひー | hī |
| 179 | year | 年 | とぅし | tushi |
| 180 | warm | 温さん | ぬくさん | nukusan |
| 181 | cold | 寒さん | ふぃーさん | fīsan |
| 182 | full | 満ちゅん | みちゅん | michun |
| 183 | new | 新さん | みーさん | mīsan |
| 184 | old | 古さん | ふるさん | furusan |
| 185 | good | 良い | いー、ゆたさん | ī, yutasan |
| 186 | bad | 悪さん | わっさん | wassan |
| 187 | rotten | 腐りとーる | くさりとーる | kusaritōru |
| 188 | dirty | 汚さん | したなさん, ちたなさん, はごー, はごーさん, ゆんはごーさん | shitanasan, chitanasan, hagō, hagōsan, yunhagōsan |
| 189 | straight | 真っ直ぐ、 | まっしーぐ、まっとーば | masshīgu, mattōba |
| 190 | round | 丸さん | まるさん | marusan |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 鋭ん | たちゅん、ちゆりん | tachun, chiyurin |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 鈍なさん | どぅんなさん | dunnasan |
| 193 | smooth | 滑るむん | なんどぅるむん | nandurumun |
| 194 | wet | 濡りゆん | んりゆん、しったゆん | nriyun, shittayun |
| 195 | dry | 乾きゆん | かーきゆん、かーらちゅん | kākiyun, kārachun |
| 196 | correct | 明らか | あちらか、まっとーば | achiraka, mattōba |
| 197 | near | 近さん | ちかさん | chikasan |
| 198 | far | 遠さん | とぅーさん | tūsan |
| 199 | right | 右 | にじり | nijiri |
| 200 | left | 左 | ひじゃい | hijai |
| 201 | at | 於 | ||
| 202 | in | 内 | ||
| 203 | with | 与 | とぅ | tu |
| 204 | and | 而 | あんさーに（And then~）、とぅ（A and B） | ansāni、tu |
| 205 | if | 若 | むし、まに | musi, mani |
| 206 | because | から | kara | |
| 207 | name | 名 | なー | nā |